表面活性剂酸性压裂液的研究与应用
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摘要
硼交联胍胶及其改性产品是目前应用最为广泛的水基压裂液体系。水基压裂液伤害集中在大分子物质吸附滞留堵塞储层流体渗流通道、压裂液残渣堵塞支撑裂缝和滤饼对裂缝壁面的伤害这三个方面。近年来国内外针对这几个方面做了大量的研究工作,但大分子物质在储层孔道的吸附滞留问题以及碱性流体对储层的侵入伤害等问题始终没有得到解决。针对上述问题,本文开展了表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系的研究,该压裂液体系是由表面活性剂和反离子盐在酸溶液中溶解交联而成,分子量小,不含任何高分子,体系呈酸性,在压裂的同时进行人工裂缝周围的基质酸化,因而酸化的范围大幅度增加,不仅能酸化井筒周围的基质,解除井筒周围的污染,而且能解除随着裂缝的扩展引起近裂缝附近基质的渗透率伤害。
最终形成的不是简单的一条主裂缝渗流通道,而是一条沿着主裂缝的渗透带,其带宽远远大于主裂缝的缝宽,彻底改善近井地带和近裂缝地带的渗流能力。
根据粘弹性表面活性剂液体的聚集原理,合成了一种耐酸表面活性剂,所合成的表面活性剂体系是双头表面活性剂(Gemini)。经过优选组分,最终形成了酸性压裂液配方体系。通过对最终配方体系的性能测试,其耐温、耐剪切能力能够满足大庆某区块的要求,体系对岩心的伤害小于20%,对含碳酸盐岩的储层,渗透率甚至还有增加。由于采用泵后加酸,有力地预防了酸对压裂施工设备的腐蚀,解决了施工时酸腐蚀设备的技术难题,为酸性压裂液体系的现场安全实施扫清了障碍。
虽然高效压裂液体系是保证安全施工和提高压裂效果的关键因素,但科学实用的施工监测分析系统也是提高施工效率、完善压裂设计和分析压裂效果的有力工具。本文结合新开发的表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系的流变、滤失、黏温及破胶等特征,针对大庆某区油藏地层特征,建立了裂缝延伸的拟三维模型、支撑剂运移分布模型、井筒流动模型、温度场模型及液体滤失模型,优化了算法。研制了便携式加砂压裂酸化监测仪,能够进行压裂施工数据的采集和反馈。研制了监测及解释软件系统,以数据为中心,可视化操作为主体,模块化设计,算法稳定可靠,数据采集和传输速度快,完全满足现场实时监测解释的要求。
酸化和水力压裂均存在一定的局限性,表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系的开发使二者有机的结合起来。实时监测解释系统的开发,实现了表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系加砂压裂酸化施工、现场实时监测、数据分析、压裂设计调整一体化的单井增产技术模式。
表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系既清除近井地带的污染和结垢,又解除了近裂缝壁面滤失带中压裂液对地层的伤害,在更大范围内降低渗流阻力。同时,该体系在地层温度下遇到油、气和地层水,将自动破胶,无残渣,返排彻底。通过表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系在大庆油田5口井的现场试验,提高了低渗透含钙砂岩的油井产能,见到了良好的效果,是一种非常有前景的技术。
Boron cross-linked hydroxylpropyl guar has being the dominant fracturing fluid for several decades although various low-residue fracturing fluids have been developed in recent years. The difficulties of the damage disposal of water-based fracturing liquid include the paths of filtration of reservoir liquid are blocked up by macromolecule matter and backup cracks are blocked up by dreg of fracturing liquid. Research on the difficulties has been performed. But they aren't sloved well.
In the dissertation,fracturing fluid of free damage has been studied in order to avoid the difficulties above the fracturing fluid haven't macromolecule and dreg in gel breaker. Filter liquor is acidity which can improve the formation permeability.
The damages of particle motion and the falling off of clay mineral in fractures can be avoided. The damage of filter cake to fracture surfaces and the congestion damage to artifical fractures can be eliminated because of no dreg.
The fracturing fluid is composed of the cross linking agent of surfactant and the solution of anti ion salt in acid, which has small molecular weight, and does not contain any high molecular weight, presenting acidity. During fracturing, it makes the matrix acidification around the artificial fractrues, so the extent of the acidification is increased largely, which can not only acidize the matrix near the wellbore and remove the damage of the area, but also can remove the permeability damages near the matrix with propagation of the fractures.
The fracture finally created is not a simple main fracture seepage passage, but a permeable belt along the main fracture, the width of which is significantly larger than that of the main fracture, improving thoroughly the areas’permeability near the wellbore and fractures,
Based on the congregation principle of viscoelastic surfactant, an acid-resisting surfactant is synthetized, the system of which is Gemini. After optimizing the compostions, the compounding formula of acidity fracturing fluid is formed. After the performance test of the system, its temperature rating and resistance to shear capabity meet the needs of a area in Daqing Oilfield. The damage of the system to the core is less than 20%, and the permeability of some corbonate formations is increased even. Because of applying acid after pumping, the corrosion of acid to fracturing equipment is prevented, solving the technical difficulties of equipment corrosion of acid during fracturing, and is beneficial for the safe implementation of the acidity fracturing fluid in the field.
Clear and high efficient fracturing liquid is the key factor to ensure work safely and raise fracturing effect. Scientific operation monitor and analysis system will be important tool for raising efficiency,modifing fracturing design and studying fracturing effect.
According to the formation feature of an oil field in Daqing and the properties of flowage,filtration,viscosity-temperature and gelout of our new fracturing liquid of free damage,some models have been established,such as pseudo-three-dimensional model to simulate the extend of fractures,the model of the distribution of proppant migration,the model of wellbore flow,the model of temperature field,the model of liquid filtration and so on. By building database,the data explanation is more scientific.
By the study of data acquisition and communication,portable acidizing and sand hydraulic fracturing monitor has been developed. We build monitor and explanation software system. The center of software system is data. The main body is visual operation. The whole system is designed with modules. The calculation is stable and reliable. Data acquisition and communication is fast. It is satisfied with the commercial requirements.
Acid treating and sand fracturing have obvious shortcomings. Fracturing fluid of free damage puts acid treating and sand hydraulic fracturing together. The development of real-time explanation and monitor system realizes the operation of acidizing and sand hydraulic fracturing,real-time monitor,data analysis,stimulation technology of single well of operation and adjustment incorporation.
The surfactant acidic fracuring fluid system not only can remove the damage and scaling near the wellbore area, but also can release the formation damage caused by fracturing fluid in the filtration belt near the fracture wall to reduce seepage resistance in wider range. Meanwhile, when the fracturing fluid system contacts with oil, gas and formation water under the formation temperature, it will break gel automatically without residue left, and will be flowed back thoroughly. The fracturing system has been used in 5 fields tests of Daqing Oilfield, improving the wells’oil productivity in low permeability calcium sandstone, and obtaining significant results. The system is a very promising technology.
最终形成的不是简单的一条主裂缝渗流通道,而是一条沿着主裂缝的渗透带,其带宽远远大于主裂缝的缝宽,彻底改善近井地带和近裂缝地带的渗流能力。
根据粘弹性表面活性剂液体的聚集原理,合成了一种耐酸表面活性剂,所合成的表面活性剂体系是双头表面活性剂(Gemini)。经过优选组分,最终形成了酸性压裂液配方体系。通过对最终配方体系的性能测试,其耐温、耐剪切能力能够满足大庆某区块的要求,体系对岩心的伤害小于20%,对含碳酸盐岩的储层,渗透率甚至还有增加。由于采用泵后加酸,有力地预防了酸对压裂施工设备的腐蚀,解决了施工时酸腐蚀设备的技术难题,为酸性压裂液体系的现场安全实施扫清了障碍。
虽然高效压裂液体系是保证安全施工和提高压裂效果的关键因素,但科学实用的施工监测分析系统也是提高施工效率、完善压裂设计和分析压裂效果的有力工具。本文结合新开发的表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系的流变、滤失、黏温及破胶等特征,针对大庆某区油藏地层特征,建立了裂缝延伸的拟三维模型、支撑剂运移分布模型、井筒流动模型、温度场模型及液体滤失模型,优化了算法。研制了便携式加砂压裂酸化监测仪,能够进行压裂施工数据的采集和反馈。研制了监测及解释软件系统,以数据为中心,可视化操作为主体,模块化设计,算法稳定可靠,数据采集和传输速度快,完全满足现场实时监测解释的要求。
酸化和水力压裂均存在一定的局限性,表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系的开发使二者有机的结合起来。实时监测解释系统的开发,实现了表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系加砂压裂酸化施工、现场实时监测、数据分析、压裂设计调整一体化的单井增产技术模式。
表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系既清除近井地带的污染和结垢,又解除了近裂缝壁面滤失带中压裂液对地层的伤害,在更大范围内降低渗流阻力。同时,该体系在地层温度下遇到油、气和地层水,将自动破胶,无残渣,返排彻底。通过表面活性剂酸性压裂液体系在大庆油田5口井的现场试验,提高了低渗透含钙砂岩的油井产能,见到了良好的效果,是一种非常有前景的技术。
Boron cross-linked hydroxylpropyl guar has being the dominant fracturing fluid for several decades although various low-residue fracturing fluids have been developed in recent years. The difficulties of the damage disposal of water-based fracturing liquid include the paths of filtration of reservoir liquid are blocked up by macromolecule matter and backup cracks are blocked up by dreg of fracturing liquid. Research on the difficulties has been performed. But they aren't sloved well.
In the dissertation,fracturing fluid of free damage has been studied in order to avoid the difficulties above the fracturing fluid haven't macromolecule and dreg in gel breaker. Filter liquor is acidity which can improve the formation permeability.
The damages of particle motion and the falling off of clay mineral in fractures can be avoided. The damage of filter cake to fracture surfaces and the congestion damage to artifical fractures can be eliminated because of no dreg.
The fracturing fluid is composed of the cross linking agent of surfactant and the solution of anti ion salt in acid, which has small molecular weight, and does not contain any high molecular weight, presenting acidity. During fracturing, it makes the matrix acidification around the artificial fractrues, so the extent of the acidification is increased largely, which can not only acidize the matrix near the wellbore and remove the damage of the area, but also can remove the permeability damages near the matrix with propagation of the fractures.
The fracture finally created is not a simple main fracture seepage passage, but a permeable belt along the main fracture, the width of which is significantly larger than that of the main fracture, improving thoroughly the areas’permeability near the wellbore and fractures,
Based on the congregation principle of viscoelastic surfactant, an acid-resisting surfactant is synthetized, the system of which is Gemini. After optimizing the compostions, the compounding formula of acidity fracturing fluid is formed. After the performance test of the system, its temperature rating and resistance to shear capabity meet the needs of a area in Daqing Oilfield. The damage of the system to the core is less than 20%, and the permeability of some corbonate formations is increased even. Because of applying acid after pumping, the corrosion of acid to fracturing equipment is prevented, solving the technical difficulties of equipment corrosion of acid during fracturing, and is beneficial for the safe implementation of the acidity fracturing fluid in the field.
Clear and high efficient fracturing liquid is the key factor to ensure work safely and raise fracturing effect. Scientific operation monitor and analysis system will be important tool for raising efficiency,modifing fracturing design and studying fracturing effect.
According to the formation feature of an oil field in Daqing and the properties of flowage,filtration,viscosity-temperature and gelout of our new fracturing liquid of free damage,some models have been established,such as pseudo-three-dimensional model to simulate the extend of fractures,the model of the distribution of proppant migration,the model of wellbore flow,the model of temperature field,the model of liquid filtration and so on. By building database,the data explanation is more scientific.
By the study of data acquisition and communication,portable acidizing and sand hydraulic fracturing monitor has been developed. We build monitor and explanation software system. The center of software system is data. The main body is visual operation. The whole system is designed with modules. The calculation is stable and reliable. Data acquisition and communication is fast. It is satisfied with the commercial requirements.
Acid treating and sand fracturing have obvious shortcomings. Fracturing fluid of free damage puts acid treating and sand hydraulic fracturing together. The development of real-time explanation and monitor system realizes the operation of acidizing and sand hydraulic fracturing,real-time monitor,data analysis,stimulation technology of single well of operation and adjustment incorporation.
The surfactant acidic fracuring fluid system not only can remove the damage and scaling near the wellbore area, but also can release the formation damage caused by fracturing fluid in the filtration belt near the fracture wall to reduce seepage resistance in wider range. Meanwhile, when the fracturing fluid system contacts with oil, gas and formation water under the formation temperature, it will break gel automatically without residue left, and will be flowed back thoroughly. The fracturing system has been used in 5 fields tests of Daqing Oilfield, improving the wells’oil productivity in low permeability calcium sandstone, and obtaining significant results. The system is a very promising technology.
引文
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