三江平原稻作灌溉模式及水肥效应试验研究
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摘要
三江平原是我国著名的商品粮基地,水稻是其重要的粮食作物。该地区水资源总量相对丰富,但区域分布不均。在利用地表水资源灌溉的渠灌区,由于长期淹水灌溉,定额过大,浪费严重;在利用地下水灌溉的井灌区,定额过小,产量不高,且地下水开采严重超标。随着近年来井灌水稻面积不断扩大,地下水资源平衡受到了严重破坏。在长期的农业开发过程中,引发了一系列的生态环境问题,如湿地面积日益减少,农业非点源污染,水质污染严重等,这些已成为其今后发展的制约因素。
从节水灌溉的角度提出解决三江平原稻作生产中出现的上述水资源问题正是本研究主要目的。
水和肥是作物高产中两大重要因素,一定程度上,对作物产量起决定性的作用,特别是在节水条件下,作物生长环境发生了变化,水肥之间的交互作用关系更为复杂,探讨水肥与产量之间的关系更为困难。基于三江平原稻作区存在的水资源问题及环境问题,本研究从节水灌溉和环境保护两个角度出发,以水稻的节水灌溉模式和水肥耦合为研究对象,通过探究最优灌水模式、最佳水肥模式,建立水稻水肥生产函数模型,用于指导该地区节水节肥条件下的作物生产;同时通过分析稻田施肥的环境效应,了解不同水肥条件下稻田田面水中氮素动态变化特征,不同水肥条件下的土壤养分变化,建立稻田土壤肥力质量评价标准,综合评价不同水肥条件下稻田土壤肥力质量,从而为三江平原地区稻田环境的改善和提高起到理论指导作用。
采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法。论文第二章首先分析了不同节水灌溉模式对水稻生长状况的影响,研究了不同灌溉模式的耗水规律。第三章针对水稻节水灌溉模式和水肥耦合技术对水稻及其生长环境的影响进行了分析比较;系统研究了水分胁迫与氮素亏缺、不同灌溉方式下氮、磷、钾配比对作物生长发育的影响;分析了不同水肥耦合情况下稻田田面水中铵态氮、硝态氮的变化特征及对各土壤养分指标的影响;采用模糊综合评判法对土壤肥力质量进行了综合评价;第四章建立了分阶段水稻水分生产函数,引入肥料效应函数,提出了适用于该地区的水稻水、氮生产函数——Jensen模型;建立水稻水、氮动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型。并尝试提出了水稻水、肥(氮磷钾)生产函数生育阶段模型——Jensen模型和水稻水、氮磷钾动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型,水稻水、氮生产函数模型前人已有很多研究,但水、氮磷钾生产函数模型,目前还未看到相关文献表述,这正是本文的创新之所在。
本文主要结论如下:
1)节水灌溉模式不但节水效果显著,而且深刻地影响着水稻生长发育,并进一步影响着生态环境,为水稻高产和促进生态环境的改善提供了有利条件。研究结果表明,湿润灌溉的水稻在早期生育阶段有最高的分蘖数,且极早达到分蘖高峰,控制灌溉和淹灌分蘖数要低于湿润灌溉,并且淹灌水稻分蘖末期的分蘖数高于控制灌溉的;不同灌溉模式对水稻株高、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质积累和茎粗也有重要影响,这些因素综合作用的结果是:从节水角度看,控制灌溉下水稻田间耗水量最小,湿润灌溉比控制灌溉耗水量增加43.5%,淹灌最大;从水稻平均产量角度看,控制灌溉产量不及湿润灌溉和淹灌,湿润灌溉比控制灌溉的高23.1%,淹灌比控制灌溉的高9.02%。在此基础上,以宝清县八五三农场为例,对该场地下水资源作均衡计算,得出八五三农场地下水处于负均衡状态,并提出了在采用不同灌溉模式时,对应的开采地下水及利用地表水水资源的方式,且这些方式都比较合理,能较大程度的节约水资源,促使地下水处于均衡状态。
2)通过分析水分胁迫与氮素亏缺对水稻生长状况、水稻产量及水分利用效率的影响,得出如下结论:在相同灌溉方式下,高施氮量可以促进水稻分蘖;相同施氮水平下,W4灌溉条件下的水稻叶面积最大,无氮处理的水分利用效率最小,中氮处理的次之。通过水分和氮素对水稻产量和产量构成因素的影响效应分析可知:氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因子均表现为正效应,且高施氮量的正效应大于中施氮量的;控水效应和水分胁迫与氮素互作效应对产量及其构成因素的影响多数为负效应;水氮互作对水稻产量构成因素中的每平米穗数影响最大,且氮肥对产量的影响要比水分对产量的影响显著,以施氮量330kg/hm~2和W_3灌溉方式效果最好,产量最高,经济效益大,是高产节水的最佳组合。
3)通过土壤养分分析可知,当施氮量为330kg/hm~2时,土壤中的氮素积累量比插秧前增加了44.5%。施氮量越高,相应的氮素残留越严重,随着氮肥施入量的增加,土壤碱解氮含量也有所增加,但增加的幅度比较小;比较插秧前与收获后土壤有机质,除无氮处理、中氮的个别处理土壤有机质有所降低外,随着氮肥施用量的提高土壤有机质含量呈微弱的增长趋势,说明施用氮肥对土壤有机质影响较小,同时也说明土壤有机质比较稳定;通过对稻田田面水中氮素浓度检验可知,施氮肥量越大,铵态氮和硝态氮浓度越高。施返青肥后田面水铵态氮浓度最高值在施氮后第3天出现,施穗肥后田面水铵态氮浓度最高值在施氮后第2天出现,田面水硝态氮浓度出现最高值的时间要滞后于铵态氮1天;通过模糊综合评判法对土壤肥力质量进行综合评价,得出各小区土壤肥力等级与施氮量密切相关,无氮小区土壤等级较低,高氮小区土壤肥力等级较高。
4)氮磷钾配施与追施比例条件下,稻田田面水中铵态氮与硝态氮浓度的变化,除峰值出现时间与水分胁迫和氮素亏缺条件下相一致外,还有其自身的特点。N_3P_2K_2处理铵态氮浓度最高,尤其是湿润灌溉条件下的铵态氮浓度高于常规灌溉的,N_1P_3K_2和N_2P_3K_1处理铵态氮浓度值区别不显著;磷肥的施用量对于田面水中的铵态氮浓度有直接影响,钾肥对与田面水中铵态氮浓度的影响有待进一步研究;穗肥比返青肥达到峰值速度快,施肥时期越靠后,田面水中铵态氮浓度越大;按F_2阶段比例施肥的处理铵态氮浓度要比按F1阶段比例施肥的高。从整体上看,返青肥和穗肥施用后硝态氮浓度值范围相近,施分蘖肥后虽遇降雨,但硝态氮的浓度仍较高,且各处理间差异显著。运用模糊综合评判法对土壤肥力质量进行综合评价,确定各小区肥力等级,N_1P_3K_2处理的小区土壤肥力质量属于中等,N_3P_2K_2和N_2P_3K_1处理的小区土壤肥力质量属于高等,且按F2比例施肥的小区土壤肥力质量要高于按F1比例施肥的小区。
5)水稻水肥生产函数反映田间水分和施肥及其交互作用对作物产量的定量影响。所建立的水稻水、氮生产函数生育阶段模型——Jensen模型和水稻水、氮动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型,都有一定的预测功能,且拟合度都较高,应用中可根据实际条件和需要选择适合的模型。本文基于水稻水肥(氮)生产函数模型基础上,构建了水稻水肥(氮、磷、钾)生产函数模型,即水稻水肥生育阶段模型——Jensen模型和水稻水肥动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型。Jensen模型可以反映生育阶段水、肥亏缺对作物的影响,能根据用水和施肥情况对产量进行预测,模型参数可靠,在生产实践中能起到重要的参考作用。修正Morgan模型是在水分生产函数的动态模型基础上引入肥料效应函数,模拟干物质的积累过程对水、肥的响应,能反映作物生长与水、肥交互作用的关系,并能根据氮、磷、钾的施肥量预测对产量的影响,较详细的模拟作物在不同水肥条件下的生长过程,相关系数较高,为科学节水、合理施肥提供依据。
Sanjiang Plain is famous commodity grain base in China, rice is an important food crop。Total water resources are relatively abundant in the region, but the regional distribution is uneven. In the regions using surface water,serious waste of widespread exists;In the regions using underground water, rice has a lower yield and excessive groundwater are exploited. In recent years, with area of rice using undergroundwater increasing, the balance of undergroundwater is seriously distroyed. In the long process of agricultural development, a series of ecological and environmental problems happened, such as declining area of wetland, agricultural non-point source pollution and serious water pollution.
How to solve the above problems is the purpose of this article.
Water and fertilizer, as two important factors of crop product, to some extent, determine yields. Under water-saving condition, crop growth environment changes and the interaction of water and fertilizer becomes more complex, which makes it more difficultly to study the relations between water and fertilizer. former water-fertilizer product functions, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, the rice water-fertilizer(N,P,K) product function models was established. For the crop production, especially under water-saving condition, it has important significance.
Both of field test and laboratory analysis were adopted. In ChapterⅡ, it analyzes the effect of different water-saving irrigation models on rice growth status and studies the water consumption regularities of different water-saving irrigation models. In ChapterⅢ, it analyzes and compares the effects on rice growth status and environment between water-saving irrigation model and coupling water-fertilizer techniques. And then, it systematically studies factors of crop growth and development, which refer to water stress、nitrogen deficit and portion of N、P、K under different irrigation models. For different coupling water-fertilizer conditions, it analyzes characters of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N in surface water and their influence on index of soil nutrient. In addition, it takes fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to analyze soil nutrient. In ChapterⅣ, it develops water product function of phrase, adds an fertilizer effect function and proposes Jensen Model referring to water and nitrogen for the rice production in this region; it first develops modified Morgan Model referring to water and N,P,K. The modified Morgan Model referring to referring to water and N,P,K is innovation.
It has conclusions as following:
1) Water-saving irrigation model not only have significant effect of water-saving and profoundly influence on the growth and development of rice, but also affect ecology environment and conduce to high yield of rice and improvement of ecology environment. Related research results show that rice adopting wet irrigation has most tillers in the early growth stage and is first to have tillering peak , rice adopting control irrigation and flood irrigation don’t have so many tillers and in the end of tillering stage, rice adopting flood irrigation has more tillers than one of control irrigation. Different irrigation models have different effects on height, LAI, dry matter accumulation above ground. For water consumption , control irrigation has the least water consumption, wet irrigation has 43.5% water consumption more than control irrigation, the flood irrigation has the most water consumption. For rice yield, control irrigation has the less yield than wet irrigation and flood irrigation, wet irrigation has 23.1% more than control irrigation and flood irrigation has 9.02%. For 853 Farm in Baoqing, the underground water balance was calculated. The results showed the underground water is in a state of negative equilibrium. It proposes, for different irrigation models , some appropriate approaches to develop underground water and use ground water, which can save water resource to some extent and promote underground water to a equilibrium state.
2) It analyzes the effect of water stress and nitrogen deficit on growth status, yield and WUE of rice. The conclusions are as following :In the same irrigation model, high level of nitrogen can promote rice to tillering; In the same nitrogen level, Treatment W4 has the highest LAI. Treatment of no nitrogen has the lowest WUE and Treatment of normal level has the middle WUE. It analyzes the effects of water and nitrogen on yield and component factors. The conclusions are as following: Nitrogen has a positive effect on yield and its component factors and the higher nitrogen level, the greater effect; Water control and interaction of water stress and nitrogen has a negative effect on yield and its component factors; Interaction of water and nitrogen has greatest effect on panicles per square meter, which is part of rice yield component factors. Nitrogen has a greater effect on yield than water does. In field tests, Treatment of nitrogen level of 330kg/hm~2 and W_3 has the highest yield and it is the best combination to save water and get high yield.
3)Known form analyzing soil nutrient, nitrogen accumulation rate in soil increased 44.5% than before transplanting when nitrogen rate is 330kg/hm~2. The higher is nitrogen rate, more serious is nitrogen residue corresponding, with the increasing of nitrogen rate, soil available nitrogen content also increases, but the amplitude is smaller.Compare the soil organic matter before transplanting and after harvest, with the enhance of nitrogen rate, the soil organic matter presents faint increasing trend, beside individual no-nitrogen and middle–nitrogen treatments, it shows the effect nitrogen rate on soil organic matter is small, and soil organic matter more stable. Known form nitrogen concentration test, the bigger is nitrogen rate, the higher is NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration. The highest value of NH_4~+-N concentration in paddy surface water appeared in the third day after turning green fertilizer. The highest value of NH_4~+-N concentration appeared in the second day after panicle fertilizer, the time of the highest value of NO_3~--N concentration appeared latter than NH_4~+-N one day. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluate method to assess soil fertilizer quality, draw a conclusion that soil fertilizer grade is related closely with nitrogen rate, the soil grade of no-nitrogen plot is lower, and it is higher in high-nitrogen plot.
4) Under the condition of N,P,K combined application and topdressing, the change of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration in paddy surface water, there is its characters except the time of the peak appear is consist with the water stress and nitrogen deficit condition. The concentration of N_3P_2K_2 treatment, especially the concentration under wetting irrigation is higher than under common irrigation, the difference between the concentration of N_1P_3K_2 and N_2P_3K_1 is not significant.The phosphate application rate has direct effect on the NH_4~+-N concentration in paddy surface water, the effect potassium on the NH_4~+-N concentration in paddy surface water needs to research. The concentration reachs to peak value faster after panicle fertilizer than that of after green fertilizer, and the concentration is bigger, the time of fertilizer is latter, therefore the concentration is higher in the treatment which fertilizer according to F_2 proportion than the F_1 proportion. The range of NO_3~--N concentration value is similar after green fertilizer and spike fertilizer, although it encounters rainfall after tillering fertilizer, the NO_3~--N concentration is higher all the same, and the differences in each treatment are not significant. Soil fertility quality was evaluated with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the grade of each plot was made sure, the soil fertility quality of N_1P_3K_2 treatment plot belongs to middle, N_3P_2K_2 and N_2P_3K_1 belongs to high grade, the soil fertility quality of plot fertilizerd as F_2 proportion is higher than as F_1.
5) Rice water and fertility production function reflects the quantitative effect field water and fertilizer and their interaction on paddy yield. The water and nitrogen production fuction growth stage model,Jensen model, and water and nitrogen dynamic production function ,Correction Morgan model were build, which have certain predict fuction and higher fitting degree, in real application can accord to practical condition and requirement chooses model. Based on rice water and nitrogen production function model, the paper constructed rice water and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium production function models, they are water and fertility growth grade Jensen model and water and fertility dynamic production function correction Morgan model. Jensen model can reflect the effect water stress and fertility deficit in growth grades on crops, can predict production according to water amount and fertilizer condition, the parameters of models are reliable, the models have reference function in product praction. Correction Morgan model introduces fertility effect function on the basis of water production function dynamic model, it can simulate the response the accumulate procession of dry matter on water and fertilizer, reflect the interaction between crop growth and water and fertilizer, predict the effect on yield according to the rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, more detailed simulate the growth process in different water and fertilizer, the correlation coefficient is higher, provide evidence for scientific saving-water and rational fertilization.
从节水灌溉的角度提出解决三江平原稻作生产中出现的上述水资源问题正是本研究主要目的。
水和肥是作物高产中两大重要因素,一定程度上,对作物产量起决定性的作用,特别是在节水条件下,作物生长环境发生了变化,水肥之间的交互作用关系更为复杂,探讨水肥与产量之间的关系更为困难。基于三江平原稻作区存在的水资源问题及环境问题,本研究从节水灌溉和环境保护两个角度出发,以水稻的节水灌溉模式和水肥耦合为研究对象,通过探究最优灌水模式、最佳水肥模式,建立水稻水肥生产函数模型,用于指导该地区节水节肥条件下的作物生产;同时通过分析稻田施肥的环境效应,了解不同水肥条件下稻田田面水中氮素动态变化特征,不同水肥条件下的土壤养分变化,建立稻田土壤肥力质量评价标准,综合评价不同水肥条件下稻田土壤肥力质量,从而为三江平原地区稻田环境的改善和提高起到理论指导作用。
采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法。论文第二章首先分析了不同节水灌溉模式对水稻生长状况的影响,研究了不同灌溉模式的耗水规律。第三章针对水稻节水灌溉模式和水肥耦合技术对水稻及其生长环境的影响进行了分析比较;系统研究了水分胁迫与氮素亏缺、不同灌溉方式下氮、磷、钾配比对作物生长发育的影响;分析了不同水肥耦合情况下稻田田面水中铵态氮、硝态氮的变化特征及对各土壤养分指标的影响;采用模糊综合评判法对土壤肥力质量进行了综合评价;第四章建立了分阶段水稻水分生产函数,引入肥料效应函数,提出了适用于该地区的水稻水、氮生产函数——Jensen模型;建立水稻水、氮动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型。并尝试提出了水稻水、肥(氮磷钾)生产函数生育阶段模型——Jensen模型和水稻水、氮磷钾动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型,水稻水、氮生产函数模型前人已有很多研究,但水、氮磷钾生产函数模型,目前还未看到相关文献表述,这正是本文的创新之所在。
本文主要结论如下:
1)节水灌溉模式不但节水效果显著,而且深刻地影响着水稻生长发育,并进一步影响着生态环境,为水稻高产和促进生态环境的改善提供了有利条件。研究结果表明,湿润灌溉的水稻在早期生育阶段有最高的分蘖数,且极早达到分蘖高峰,控制灌溉和淹灌分蘖数要低于湿润灌溉,并且淹灌水稻分蘖末期的分蘖数高于控制灌溉的;不同灌溉模式对水稻株高、叶面积指数、地上部分干物质积累和茎粗也有重要影响,这些因素综合作用的结果是:从节水角度看,控制灌溉下水稻田间耗水量最小,湿润灌溉比控制灌溉耗水量增加43.5%,淹灌最大;从水稻平均产量角度看,控制灌溉产量不及湿润灌溉和淹灌,湿润灌溉比控制灌溉的高23.1%,淹灌比控制灌溉的高9.02%。在此基础上,以宝清县八五三农场为例,对该场地下水资源作均衡计算,得出八五三农场地下水处于负均衡状态,并提出了在采用不同灌溉模式时,对应的开采地下水及利用地表水水资源的方式,且这些方式都比较合理,能较大程度的节约水资源,促使地下水处于均衡状态。
2)通过分析水分胁迫与氮素亏缺对水稻生长状况、水稻产量及水分利用效率的影响,得出如下结论:在相同灌溉方式下,高施氮量可以促进水稻分蘖;相同施氮水平下,W4灌溉条件下的水稻叶面积最大,无氮处理的水分利用效率最小,中氮处理的次之。通过水分和氮素对水稻产量和产量构成因素的影响效应分析可知:氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因子均表现为正效应,且高施氮量的正效应大于中施氮量的;控水效应和水分胁迫与氮素互作效应对产量及其构成因素的影响多数为负效应;水氮互作对水稻产量构成因素中的每平米穗数影响最大,且氮肥对产量的影响要比水分对产量的影响显著,以施氮量330kg/hm~2和W_3灌溉方式效果最好,产量最高,经济效益大,是高产节水的最佳组合。
3)通过土壤养分分析可知,当施氮量为330kg/hm~2时,土壤中的氮素积累量比插秧前增加了44.5%。施氮量越高,相应的氮素残留越严重,随着氮肥施入量的增加,土壤碱解氮含量也有所增加,但增加的幅度比较小;比较插秧前与收获后土壤有机质,除无氮处理、中氮的个别处理土壤有机质有所降低外,随着氮肥施用量的提高土壤有机质含量呈微弱的增长趋势,说明施用氮肥对土壤有机质影响较小,同时也说明土壤有机质比较稳定;通过对稻田田面水中氮素浓度检验可知,施氮肥量越大,铵态氮和硝态氮浓度越高。施返青肥后田面水铵态氮浓度最高值在施氮后第3天出现,施穗肥后田面水铵态氮浓度最高值在施氮后第2天出现,田面水硝态氮浓度出现最高值的时间要滞后于铵态氮1天;通过模糊综合评判法对土壤肥力质量进行综合评价,得出各小区土壤肥力等级与施氮量密切相关,无氮小区土壤等级较低,高氮小区土壤肥力等级较高。
4)氮磷钾配施与追施比例条件下,稻田田面水中铵态氮与硝态氮浓度的变化,除峰值出现时间与水分胁迫和氮素亏缺条件下相一致外,还有其自身的特点。N_3P_2K_2处理铵态氮浓度最高,尤其是湿润灌溉条件下的铵态氮浓度高于常规灌溉的,N_1P_3K_2和N_2P_3K_1处理铵态氮浓度值区别不显著;磷肥的施用量对于田面水中的铵态氮浓度有直接影响,钾肥对与田面水中铵态氮浓度的影响有待进一步研究;穗肥比返青肥达到峰值速度快,施肥时期越靠后,田面水中铵态氮浓度越大;按F_2阶段比例施肥的处理铵态氮浓度要比按F1阶段比例施肥的高。从整体上看,返青肥和穗肥施用后硝态氮浓度值范围相近,施分蘖肥后虽遇降雨,但硝态氮的浓度仍较高,且各处理间差异显著。运用模糊综合评判法对土壤肥力质量进行综合评价,确定各小区肥力等级,N_1P_3K_2处理的小区土壤肥力质量属于中等,N_3P_2K_2和N_2P_3K_1处理的小区土壤肥力质量属于高等,且按F2比例施肥的小区土壤肥力质量要高于按F1比例施肥的小区。
5)水稻水肥生产函数反映田间水分和施肥及其交互作用对作物产量的定量影响。所建立的水稻水、氮生产函数生育阶段模型——Jensen模型和水稻水、氮动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型,都有一定的预测功能,且拟合度都较高,应用中可根据实际条件和需要选择适合的模型。本文基于水稻水肥(氮)生产函数模型基础上,构建了水稻水肥(氮、磷、钾)生产函数模型,即水稻水肥生育阶段模型——Jensen模型和水稻水肥动态生产函数——修正Morgan模型。Jensen模型可以反映生育阶段水、肥亏缺对作物的影响,能根据用水和施肥情况对产量进行预测,模型参数可靠,在生产实践中能起到重要的参考作用。修正Morgan模型是在水分生产函数的动态模型基础上引入肥料效应函数,模拟干物质的积累过程对水、肥的响应,能反映作物生长与水、肥交互作用的关系,并能根据氮、磷、钾的施肥量预测对产量的影响,较详细的模拟作物在不同水肥条件下的生长过程,相关系数较高,为科学节水、合理施肥提供依据。
Sanjiang Plain is famous commodity grain base in China, rice is an important food crop。Total water resources are relatively abundant in the region, but the regional distribution is uneven. In the regions using surface water,serious waste of widespread exists;In the regions using underground water, rice has a lower yield and excessive groundwater are exploited. In recent years, with area of rice using undergroundwater increasing, the balance of undergroundwater is seriously distroyed. In the long process of agricultural development, a series of ecological and environmental problems happened, such as declining area of wetland, agricultural non-point source pollution and serious water pollution.
How to solve the above problems is the purpose of this article.
Water and fertilizer, as two important factors of crop product, to some extent, determine yields. Under water-saving condition, crop growth environment changes and the interaction of water and fertilizer becomes more complex, which makes it more difficultly to study the relations between water and fertilizer. former water-fertilizer product functions, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages, the rice water-fertilizer(N,P,K) product function models was established. For the crop production, especially under water-saving condition, it has important significance.
Both of field test and laboratory analysis were adopted. In ChapterⅡ, it analyzes the effect of different water-saving irrigation models on rice growth status and studies the water consumption regularities of different water-saving irrigation models. In ChapterⅢ, it analyzes and compares the effects on rice growth status and environment between water-saving irrigation model and coupling water-fertilizer techniques. And then, it systematically studies factors of crop growth and development, which refer to water stress、nitrogen deficit and portion of N、P、K under different irrigation models. For different coupling water-fertilizer conditions, it analyzes characters of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N in surface water and their influence on index of soil nutrient. In addition, it takes fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to analyze soil nutrient. In ChapterⅣ, it develops water product function of phrase, adds an fertilizer effect function and proposes Jensen Model referring to water and nitrogen for the rice production in this region; it first develops modified Morgan Model referring to water and N,P,K. The modified Morgan Model referring to referring to water and N,P,K is innovation.
It has conclusions as following:
1) Water-saving irrigation model not only have significant effect of water-saving and profoundly influence on the growth and development of rice, but also affect ecology environment and conduce to high yield of rice and improvement of ecology environment. Related research results show that rice adopting wet irrigation has most tillers in the early growth stage and is first to have tillering peak , rice adopting control irrigation and flood irrigation don’t have so many tillers and in the end of tillering stage, rice adopting flood irrigation has more tillers than one of control irrigation. Different irrigation models have different effects on height, LAI, dry matter accumulation above ground. For water consumption , control irrigation has the least water consumption, wet irrigation has 43.5% water consumption more than control irrigation, the flood irrigation has the most water consumption. For rice yield, control irrigation has the less yield than wet irrigation and flood irrigation, wet irrigation has 23.1% more than control irrigation and flood irrigation has 9.02%. For 853 Farm in Baoqing, the underground water balance was calculated. The results showed the underground water is in a state of negative equilibrium. It proposes, for different irrigation models , some appropriate approaches to develop underground water and use ground water, which can save water resource to some extent and promote underground water to a equilibrium state.
2) It analyzes the effect of water stress and nitrogen deficit on growth status, yield and WUE of rice. The conclusions are as following :In the same irrigation model, high level of nitrogen can promote rice to tillering; In the same nitrogen level, Treatment W4 has the highest LAI. Treatment of no nitrogen has the lowest WUE and Treatment of normal level has the middle WUE. It analyzes the effects of water and nitrogen on yield and component factors. The conclusions are as following: Nitrogen has a positive effect on yield and its component factors and the higher nitrogen level, the greater effect; Water control and interaction of water stress and nitrogen has a negative effect on yield and its component factors; Interaction of water and nitrogen has greatest effect on panicles per square meter, which is part of rice yield component factors. Nitrogen has a greater effect on yield than water does. In field tests, Treatment of nitrogen level of 330kg/hm~2 and W_3 has the highest yield and it is the best combination to save water and get high yield.
3)Known form analyzing soil nutrient, nitrogen accumulation rate in soil increased 44.5% than before transplanting when nitrogen rate is 330kg/hm~2. The higher is nitrogen rate, more serious is nitrogen residue corresponding, with the increasing of nitrogen rate, soil available nitrogen content also increases, but the amplitude is smaller.Compare the soil organic matter before transplanting and after harvest, with the enhance of nitrogen rate, the soil organic matter presents faint increasing trend, beside individual no-nitrogen and middle–nitrogen treatments, it shows the effect nitrogen rate on soil organic matter is small, and soil organic matter more stable. Known form nitrogen concentration test, the bigger is nitrogen rate, the higher is NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration. The highest value of NH_4~+-N concentration in paddy surface water appeared in the third day after turning green fertilizer. The highest value of NH_4~+-N concentration appeared in the second day after panicle fertilizer, the time of the highest value of NO_3~--N concentration appeared latter than NH_4~+-N one day. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluate method to assess soil fertilizer quality, draw a conclusion that soil fertilizer grade is related closely with nitrogen rate, the soil grade of no-nitrogen plot is lower, and it is higher in high-nitrogen plot.
4) Under the condition of N,P,K combined application and topdressing, the change of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration in paddy surface water, there is its characters except the time of the peak appear is consist with the water stress and nitrogen deficit condition. The concentration of N_3P_2K_2 treatment, especially the concentration under wetting irrigation is higher than under common irrigation, the difference between the concentration of N_1P_3K_2 and N_2P_3K_1 is not significant.The phosphate application rate has direct effect on the NH_4~+-N concentration in paddy surface water, the effect potassium on the NH_4~+-N concentration in paddy surface water needs to research. The concentration reachs to peak value faster after panicle fertilizer than that of after green fertilizer, and the concentration is bigger, the time of fertilizer is latter, therefore the concentration is higher in the treatment which fertilizer according to F_2 proportion than the F_1 proportion. The range of NO_3~--N concentration value is similar after green fertilizer and spike fertilizer, although it encounters rainfall after tillering fertilizer, the NO_3~--N concentration is higher all the same, and the differences in each treatment are not significant. Soil fertility quality was evaluated with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and the grade of each plot was made sure, the soil fertility quality of N_1P_3K_2 treatment plot belongs to middle, N_3P_2K_2 and N_2P_3K_1 belongs to high grade, the soil fertility quality of plot fertilizerd as F_2 proportion is higher than as F_1.
5) Rice water and fertility production function reflects the quantitative effect field water and fertilizer and their interaction on paddy yield. The water and nitrogen production fuction growth stage model,Jensen model, and water and nitrogen dynamic production function ,Correction Morgan model were build, which have certain predict fuction and higher fitting degree, in real application can accord to practical condition and requirement chooses model. Based on rice water and nitrogen production function model, the paper constructed rice water and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium production function models, they are water and fertility growth grade Jensen model and water and fertility dynamic production function correction Morgan model. Jensen model can reflect the effect water stress and fertility deficit in growth grades on crops, can predict production according to water amount and fertilizer condition, the parameters of models are reliable, the models have reference function in product praction. Correction Morgan model introduces fertility effect function on the basis of water production function dynamic model, it can simulate the response the accumulate procession of dry matter on water and fertilizer, reflect the interaction between crop growth and water and fertilizer, predict the effect on yield according to the rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, more detailed simulate the growth process in different water and fertilizer, the correlation coefficient is higher, provide evidence for scientific saving-water and rational fertilization.
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