玉米骨干亲本及其衍生系主要表型性状演变规律研究
摘要
纵观我国玉米育种和粮食生产所取得的巨大成就,骨干亲本的利用发挥了至关重要的作用,不仅利用骨干亲本直接培育了众多大面积推广的品种,而且还由其衍生出许多具有广泛应用价值的亲本育种材料。然而,在育种过程中发挥重要作用的所有骨干亲本均是事后总结出来的,缺乏系统的理论基础研究。玉米骨干亲本是多个优良性状基因的组合、优化和协调表达的综合结果,并且与不同时期的育种目标及不同生态区的环境因素有密切的关系。骨干亲本是如何从众多的种质资源中衍生出来的?利用骨干亲本能够培育出大量主栽品种的内在本质是什么?这是骨干亲本研究和利用中的两个核心问题。我们从农艺性状、产量、环境适应性等重要性状入手,重点研究了玉米骨干亲本形成与演变规律这个问题。
本研究以我国四大玉米骨干自交系(黄早四、Mo17、丹340、掖478)、及其衍生系共68份自交系为材料,通过在不同玉米主产区的多年、多点大田试验,对骨干自交系及其衍生系主要农艺经济性状进行了分析。重点讨论了骨干亲本主要性状在其衍生系中的传递规律及稳定性。首先对所考察表型性状分别进行多环境(年份和试点组合)试验资料的联合方差分析,计算各表型性状的平均数、变异系数和遗传变异系数,并按试点估计各表型性状的平均数和变异系数；应用主成份分析方法对骨干亲本及其衍生系差异显著的性状进行分析,揭示骨干亲本主要性状的传递规律；采用GGE模型对穗长、穗粗、行粒数、穗行数、百粒重、雄穗分枝数、株高、穗位高、茎粗等性状进行分析,结合自交系系谱对骨干亲本及其衍生系的稳定性进行评价,讨论每个骨干自交系及其衍生系在每个生态区最适合鉴定的性状。主要研究结果如下：
1、本研究中主成份分析结果显示,68份自交系份主要分为4大类群,与根据系谱分析所划分的类群基本一致,即以黄早四为代表的塘四平头群、以Mo17为代表的改良Lancaster群、以478为代表的改良Reid群以及以丹340为代表的旅大红骨群。
2、本研究中黄早四及其衍生系主要具有以下特点：生育期短,植株较矮,较紧凑,茎杆较细,雄穗分支数较多,果穗较短,行粒数较少,轴径较粗。单株产量、雄穗分支数、穗长、轴径、百粒重在黄早四及其衍生系间具有较大的遗传变异；叶向值、生育期遗传变异较小,具有稳定的遗传。株型、生育期、穗粗能够稳定的传递给它的衍生系,而其余性状由于参入其它种质及育种家不同的改良目标而有明显的变化。
Mo17及其衍生系主要表现为植株较披散、高,叶片较少,长穗,籽粒较大,穗行数较少。穗长、雄花分支数、百粒重是稳定传递给后代的主要性状,其它性状在衍生系间具有较丰富的遗传变异。
478及其衍生系主要表现为株型紧凑,植株、穗位较矮,生育期长,秃尖较短,百粒重高,单株产量较高,果穗较粗。结果表明其主要性状遗传稳定,只有轴径、叶向值具有一定的遗传变异。478的衍生系稳定的遗传了它的主要性状,性状变化较小。
丹340及其衍生系主要表现为植株披散,茎杆较粗,叶片少,持绿性较差,容易早衰,穗行数多,秃尖较长,行粒数较少,百粒重较轻。穗粗、穗行、秃尖、轴径等性状在其衍生系中具有稳定的遗传。其它性状由于加入其它种质和育种家的改良而有显著的变化。
3、本研究中黄早四及其衍生系行粒数、总叶片数在环境间的稳定性最差,株高、叶向值、生育期、穗行、行粒、穗粗等性状年际间差异较小,稳定性较好；总叶片数、雄花分支数、百粒重、轴径、秃尖、单株产量年际间稳定性较差,表明其受气象环境影响较大。黄早四及其衍生系在西南生态区最适合鉴别的性状为粒深、总叶片数,在黄淮海生态区最适合鉴别的性状为株高、茎粗。而其它性状最适合于东北玉米区鉴别。
Mo17及其衍生系的叶向值、穗长在环境间的稳定性较差,自交系吉63及Reid群的B73参入Mo17导致农艺性状和产量性状稳定性变差,且含有Mo17血缘较多的衍生系其产量性状在环境间的稳定性较好。Mo17及其衍生系穗位高、总叶片数、生育期、穗长、穗行、轴径为东北生态区最适合鉴别的性状,其它性状在黄淮海生态区最适合鉴定。
478及其衍生系的穗位高、雄花分支数、总叶片数及穗行数、行粒数、粒深等性状稳定性差,株高、茎粗、轴径稳定性较好。根据系谱分析发现,含有478血缘较多的衍生系稳定性好的产量性状较多,反之,则稳定的农艺性状较多。叶向值、穗粗为西南生态区最适合鉴别的性状,穗位高、雄穗分支数、总叶片数、秃尖、百粒重、轴径为东北玉米区最适合鉴别的性状,株高、茎粗、生育期、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、粒深、单株产量为黄淮海玉米区最适合鉴别的性状。
丹340及其衍生系雄花分支数、茎粗、穗行、穗粗、轴径的稳定性较差,而行粒数、百粒重、单株产量的稳定性较好。系谱分析发现衍生系中所含的自330血缘越少,其产量性状的稳定性越差,反之稳定性越好。总叶片数为西南生态区最适合鉴别的性状,叶向值、秃尖、穗行数、行粒数、轴径、穗粗、粒深为东北玉米区最适合鉴别的性状,株高、穗位高、茎粗、雄花分支数、生育期、穗长、百粒重、单株产量黄淮海玉米区最适合鉴别的性状。
4、本研究中黄早四的生育期、总叶片数、穗粗、株高具有稳定的遗传。因此,利用黄早四及其衍生系改良优良自交系我们可以比较容易获得紧凑的株型,缩短生育期,降低植株高度；利用丹340稳定遗传的大穗性状改良优良自交系果穗较小的缺点,在利用丹340改良黄早四穗粗时以丹340作为父本效果最好；Mo17及其衍生系可以用来改良优良自交系可以获得长穗和较重的百粒重,它作为母本其穗长的改良效果显著高于作为父本的效果；478及其衍生系则可以用来改优良自交系大部分的性状。
5、为了适应今后玉米生产发展和种植制度变化的需要,候选骨干自交系应该具有以下特点：(1)具有较多的能够稳定遗传的对单株产量具有重要贡献的性状；(2)在不同的生态区主要农艺经济性状稳定性较好,即具有较好的适应性；(3)具有相对广泛的遗传基础,利于骨干亲本的遗传改良；(4)属于明确的杂种优势群,具有稳定的杂种优势模式,利于杂交种的组配；(5)具有优良的品质特征以适应市场的需求；(6)在不同的玉米主产区玉米自交系一些性状具有不同的表现,因此骨干自交系应该具有明确的生态适应性和一定的广适性,即玉米骨干自交系的选育应该将区域育种目标和广适性综合考虑。因此,我国玉米骨干自交系的选育在不同的生态区应该有不同的育种目标,围绕杂种优势群和杂种优势模式加强种质资源的创新和利用,选育出遗传基础相对广泛、优良性状较多且能稳定传递并且具有较强的区域适应性和一定广适性的骨干自交系。
As a crucial role in maize breeding and food production, Elite inbred lines not only directly crossed a lot of wildly spread hybrids, but also derived many widely spread valuable parent inbred lines. However, all the backbone of the parents that played an important role in the maize breeding was generally summaried after they were widely used which certainly lacks of systematic theoretical basic research. Maize elite inbred line is the combined result of combination, optimization and coordination of many excellent genes of traits, and closely related with breeding objectives and environmental factors of different ecological zones. Why and how are a large number of widely spread valuable inbred lines selected from elite lines? What is the main contribution of elite inbred lines to their offspring? This is very important to research and utilite elite inbred lines. In this paper, we mainly research the formation and evolution mechanism of key inbred lines on agronomic traits, yield, environmental adaptation, and other important traits.
In this study,68 inbred lines that consist of four elite inbred lines (Huangzaosi, Mo 17,478, Dan340,) and their derivative lines are used as materials to analysis the major phenotypic characters of these lines by planting in different years and maize producing areas. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the effects of environment (here, i.e., combination of location and year), inbred line, and their interactions, on each phenotypic trait. Then, mean, coefficient of variability and coefficient of genetic variability of each trait were estimated across all environments, and mean, coefficient of variability of each cluster by location. Finally, statistically significant traits were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA). Three principal components were selected to draw matrix plot to show the relationships of these key inbred lines.The main results are as follows:
1. All the elite inbred lines in our research were divided in 4 main heterotic groups (i. e. Sipingtou, Luda Red Cob, Reid and Lancaster), which corresponded to the cluster determined by their pedigree information.
2. In this research Huangzaosi and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:short maturity, shorter plant height, more compact, thinner stems, more tassel branchs and litter kernel per row, whereas the yield per plant, tassel branch, ear length and 100-kernel weight of Huangzaosi and its derivative lines have greater genetic variation. And that the maturity can be stable inherited. Maturity, leaf number, ear diameter and plant height can be inherited from Huangzaosi to its derivatives, while other characters obviously changed due to participation in other germplasm and different breeding objectives.
Mo 17 and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:high plant height, long ear, big kernel and litter row per ear. Ear length, tassel branch and 100-kernel weight can be inherited from Mo 17 to its derivatives, while other characters changed obviously in different derivatives.
478 and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:upright-leaf plant pattern, short plant height and ear height, long maturity, short bald length, high 100-kernel weight and yield per plant, and thick ear. The main characters can be stably inherited from 478 to its derivative lines except Lov and cob diameter.
D340 and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:fiatten-leaf plant pattern, big stem, little leaves, bad stay-green, many rows per ear, blad length, and little kernels per row. Ear diameter, ear length, blad length and cob diameter can be inherited from Dan340 to its derivatives stably, while other characters obviously changed due to the participation of other germplasm and different breeding objectives.
3. In this research, the stability of number of kernel per row and total leaves of Huangzaosi and its derivatives was the worst in different environments. There were little difference about the characters of plant height, Lov, mutarity, rows per ear, number of kernels per row and ear diameter in different years, while the stability are better. Total leaves, tassel branch,100-kernel weight, cob diameter, blad length and yield per plant were less stable between years, indicating a greater environmental impact by the weather. The best suitable identification traits of Huangzaosi were kernel depth and total leaves in the southwest ecological zone, plant height and stem diameter in Shandong and other traits in northeast maize area.
The stability of Lov and ear length was the worst between environments of Mo 17 and its derivatives. The stability of agronomic and yield traits became worse by participated lines Ji63 and B73 of Reid group into Mo 17. With more blood of Mo 17, the derivative lines'stability of the yield traits in different environment was better. The best suitable identification traits of Mo 17 were ear height, total leaves, mutarity, ear length, rows per ear and cob diameter in the northeast ecological zone, and other traits in Shandong.
The stability of ear height, tassel branch, total leaves, number of row per ear, number of kernel per row and kernel depth of 478 and its derivatives were the worst between environments, while the stability of plant height, stem diameter and cob diameter were best. The derivative lines with the more blood of 478 the better stability of yield traits in different environment, wherea have more stable agronomic traits. The best suitable identification traits of 478 were Lov and ear diameter in southwest ecological zone, while the ear height, tassel branch, total leaves, blad length, 100-kernel weight and cob diameter were more suitable identification traits in the northeast ecological zone, and in Shandong ecological zone, the best traits were plant height, stem diameter, mutarity, ear length, number of row per ear, number of kernel per row, kernel depth and yield per plant.
The stability of tassel branch, stem diameter, number of row per ear, ear diameter and cob diameter of Dan340 and its derivatives were the worst between environments whereas the number of kernel per row,100-kernel weight and yield per plant were the best stabilities. The derivative lines with the less blood of Zi330 the worse stability of yield traits in different environment, whereas more stability according to pedigree analysis. The best suitable identification trait of Dan340 was total leave in southwest ecological zone, while the Lov, blad length, number of row per ear, number of kernel per row, cob diameter, ear diameter and kernel depth in the northeast ecological zone, and plant height, ear height, stem diameter, tassel branch, mutarity, ear length, 100-kernel depth and yield per plant were more suitable for in Shandong ecological zone.
4. In this research, Mutarity, leaf number, ear diameter and plant height of Huangzaosi can be stable inherity. Therefore, we can easily obtain an upright-leaf plant type, short mutarity and plant height with the use of Huangzaosi and its derivative lines to improve inbred lines. Small ear of inbred lines can be improved by stable inherited trait of big ear of Dan340, and we can achieve better results when Dan340 as the male parent while we doing is. Mo 17 and its derivatives can be used to improve ear length and kernel depth, wherea the improve effect were significantly higher when as the female parent than male parent.478 and its derivatives can be used to improve most characters of inbred lines.
5. There should be some characteristics of inbred lines for the development of maize induction and cultivation system. First of all, more stability inherited traits which are contribution to yield per plant. Second, some traits of lines which were stability in different environment are important. Third, widely basis is very important as well. Fourth, clearly heterotic groups will be useful when we prouduce hybrids. Then, excellent quality characteristics are important to market demanding. Finally, ecological adaptability is very important. Therefore, breeding objectives were different for maize inbred lines breeding in different ecological environment.
本研究以我国四大玉米骨干自交系(黄早四、Mo17、丹340、掖478)、及其衍生系共68份自交系为材料,通过在不同玉米主产区的多年、多点大田试验,对骨干自交系及其衍生系主要农艺经济性状进行了分析。重点讨论了骨干亲本主要性状在其衍生系中的传递规律及稳定性。首先对所考察表型性状分别进行多环境(年份和试点组合)试验资料的联合方差分析,计算各表型性状的平均数、变异系数和遗传变异系数,并按试点估计各表型性状的平均数和变异系数；应用主成份分析方法对骨干亲本及其衍生系差异显著的性状进行分析,揭示骨干亲本主要性状的传递规律；采用GGE模型对穗长、穗粗、行粒数、穗行数、百粒重、雄穗分枝数、株高、穗位高、茎粗等性状进行分析,结合自交系系谱对骨干亲本及其衍生系的稳定性进行评价,讨论每个骨干自交系及其衍生系在每个生态区最适合鉴定的性状。主要研究结果如下：
1、本研究中主成份分析结果显示,68份自交系份主要分为4大类群,与根据系谱分析所划分的类群基本一致,即以黄早四为代表的塘四平头群、以Mo17为代表的改良Lancaster群、以478为代表的改良Reid群以及以丹340为代表的旅大红骨群。
2、本研究中黄早四及其衍生系主要具有以下特点：生育期短,植株较矮,较紧凑,茎杆较细,雄穗分支数较多,果穗较短,行粒数较少,轴径较粗。单株产量、雄穗分支数、穗长、轴径、百粒重在黄早四及其衍生系间具有较大的遗传变异；叶向值、生育期遗传变异较小,具有稳定的遗传。株型、生育期、穗粗能够稳定的传递给它的衍生系,而其余性状由于参入其它种质及育种家不同的改良目标而有明显的变化。
Mo17及其衍生系主要表现为植株较披散、高,叶片较少,长穗,籽粒较大,穗行数较少。穗长、雄花分支数、百粒重是稳定传递给后代的主要性状,其它性状在衍生系间具有较丰富的遗传变异。
478及其衍生系主要表现为株型紧凑,植株、穗位较矮,生育期长,秃尖较短,百粒重高,单株产量较高,果穗较粗。结果表明其主要性状遗传稳定,只有轴径、叶向值具有一定的遗传变异。478的衍生系稳定的遗传了它的主要性状,性状变化较小。
丹340及其衍生系主要表现为植株披散,茎杆较粗,叶片少,持绿性较差,容易早衰,穗行数多,秃尖较长,行粒数较少,百粒重较轻。穗粗、穗行、秃尖、轴径等性状在其衍生系中具有稳定的遗传。其它性状由于加入其它种质和育种家的改良而有显著的变化。
3、本研究中黄早四及其衍生系行粒数、总叶片数在环境间的稳定性最差,株高、叶向值、生育期、穗行、行粒、穗粗等性状年际间差异较小,稳定性较好；总叶片数、雄花分支数、百粒重、轴径、秃尖、单株产量年际间稳定性较差,表明其受气象环境影响较大。黄早四及其衍生系在西南生态区最适合鉴别的性状为粒深、总叶片数,在黄淮海生态区最适合鉴别的性状为株高、茎粗。而其它性状最适合于东北玉米区鉴别。
Mo17及其衍生系的叶向值、穗长在环境间的稳定性较差,自交系吉63及Reid群的B73参入Mo17导致农艺性状和产量性状稳定性变差,且含有Mo17血缘较多的衍生系其产量性状在环境间的稳定性较好。Mo17及其衍生系穗位高、总叶片数、生育期、穗长、穗行、轴径为东北生态区最适合鉴别的性状,其它性状在黄淮海生态区最适合鉴定。
478及其衍生系的穗位高、雄花分支数、总叶片数及穗行数、行粒数、粒深等性状稳定性差,株高、茎粗、轴径稳定性较好。根据系谱分析发现,含有478血缘较多的衍生系稳定性好的产量性状较多,反之,则稳定的农艺性状较多。叶向值、穗粗为西南生态区最适合鉴别的性状,穗位高、雄穗分支数、总叶片数、秃尖、百粒重、轴径为东北玉米区最适合鉴别的性状,株高、茎粗、生育期、穗长、穗行数、行粒数、粒深、单株产量为黄淮海玉米区最适合鉴别的性状。
丹340及其衍生系雄花分支数、茎粗、穗行、穗粗、轴径的稳定性较差,而行粒数、百粒重、单株产量的稳定性较好。系谱分析发现衍生系中所含的自330血缘越少,其产量性状的稳定性越差,反之稳定性越好。总叶片数为西南生态区最适合鉴别的性状,叶向值、秃尖、穗行数、行粒数、轴径、穗粗、粒深为东北玉米区最适合鉴别的性状,株高、穗位高、茎粗、雄花分支数、生育期、穗长、百粒重、单株产量黄淮海玉米区最适合鉴别的性状。
4、本研究中黄早四的生育期、总叶片数、穗粗、株高具有稳定的遗传。因此,利用黄早四及其衍生系改良优良自交系我们可以比较容易获得紧凑的株型,缩短生育期,降低植株高度；利用丹340稳定遗传的大穗性状改良优良自交系果穗较小的缺点,在利用丹340改良黄早四穗粗时以丹340作为父本效果最好；Mo17及其衍生系可以用来改良优良自交系可以获得长穗和较重的百粒重,它作为母本其穗长的改良效果显著高于作为父本的效果；478及其衍生系则可以用来改优良自交系大部分的性状。
5、为了适应今后玉米生产发展和种植制度变化的需要,候选骨干自交系应该具有以下特点：(1)具有较多的能够稳定遗传的对单株产量具有重要贡献的性状；(2)在不同的生态区主要农艺经济性状稳定性较好,即具有较好的适应性；(3)具有相对广泛的遗传基础,利于骨干亲本的遗传改良；(4)属于明确的杂种优势群,具有稳定的杂种优势模式,利于杂交种的组配；(5)具有优良的品质特征以适应市场的需求；(6)在不同的玉米主产区玉米自交系一些性状具有不同的表现,因此骨干自交系应该具有明确的生态适应性和一定的广适性,即玉米骨干自交系的选育应该将区域育种目标和广适性综合考虑。因此,我国玉米骨干自交系的选育在不同的生态区应该有不同的育种目标,围绕杂种优势群和杂种优势模式加强种质资源的创新和利用,选育出遗传基础相对广泛、优良性状较多且能稳定传递并且具有较强的区域适应性和一定广适性的骨干自交系。
As a crucial role in maize breeding and food production, Elite inbred lines not only directly crossed a lot of wildly spread hybrids, but also derived many widely spread valuable parent inbred lines. However, all the backbone of the parents that played an important role in the maize breeding was generally summaried after they were widely used which certainly lacks of systematic theoretical basic research. Maize elite inbred line is the combined result of combination, optimization and coordination of many excellent genes of traits, and closely related with breeding objectives and environmental factors of different ecological zones. Why and how are a large number of widely spread valuable inbred lines selected from elite lines? What is the main contribution of elite inbred lines to their offspring? This is very important to research and utilite elite inbred lines. In this paper, we mainly research the formation and evolution mechanism of key inbred lines on agronomic traits, yield, environmental adaptation, and other important traits.
In this study,68 inbred lines that consist of four elite inbred lines (Huangzaosi, Mo 17,478, Dan340,) and their derivative lines are used as materials to analysis the major phenotypic characters of these lines by planting in different years and maize producing areas. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the effects of environment (here, i.e., combination of location and year), inbred line, and their interactions, on each phenotypic trait. Then, mean, coefficient of variability and coefficient of genetic variability of each trait were estimated across all environments, and mean, coefficient of variability of each cluster by location. Finally, statistically significant traits were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA). Three principal components were selected to draw matrix plot to show the relationships of these key inbred lines.The main results are as follows:
1. All the elite inbred lines in our research were divided in 4 main heterotic groups (i. e. Sipingtou, Luda Red Cob, Reid and Lancaster), which corresponded to the cluster determined by their pedigree information.
2. In this research Huangzaosi and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:short maturity, shorter plant height, more compact, thinner stems, more tassel branchs and litter kernel per row, whereas the yield per plant, tassel branch, ear length and 100-kernel weight of Huangzaosi and its derivative lines have greater genetic variation. And that the maturity can be stable inherited. Maturity, leaf number, ear diameter and plant height can be inherited from Huangzaosi to its derivatives, while other characters obviously changed due to participation in other germplasm and different breeding objectives.
Mo 17 and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:high plant height, long ear, big kernel and litter row per ear. Ear length, tassel branch and 100-kernel weight can be inherited from Mo 17 to its derivatives, while other characters changed obviously in different derivatives.
478 and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:upright-leaf plant pattern, short plant height and ear height, long maturity, short bald length, high 100-kernel weight and yield per plant, and thick ear. The main characters can be stably inherited from 478 to its derivative lines except Lov and cob diameter.
D340 and its derivative lines have the following characteristics:fiatten-leaf plant pattern, big stem, little leaves, bad stay-green, many rows per ear, blad length, and little kernels per row. Ear diameter, ear length, blad length and cob diameter can be inherited from Dan340 to its derivatives stably, while other characters obviously changed due to the participation of other germplasm and different breeding objectives.
3. In this research, the stability of number of kernel per row and total leaves of Huangzaosi and its derivatives was the worst in different environments. There were little difference about the characters of plant height, Lov, mutarity, rows per ear, number of kernels per row and ear diameter in different years, while the stability are better. Total leaves, tassel branch,100-kernel weight, cob diameter, blad length and yield per plant were less stable between years, indicating a greater environmental impact by the weather. The best suitable identification traits of Huangzaosi were kernel depth and total leaves in the southwest ecological zone, plant height and stem diameter in Shandong and other traits in northeast maize area.
The stability of Lov and ear length was the worst between environments of Mo 17 and its derivatives. The stability of agronomic and yield traits became worse by participated lines Ji63 and B73 of Reid group into Mo 17. With more blood of Mo 17, the derivative lines'stability of the yield traits in different environment was better. The best suitable identification traits of Mo 17 were ear height, total leaves, mutarity, ear length, rows per ear and cob diameter in the northeast ecological zone, and other traits in Shandong.
The stability of ear height, tassel branch, total leaves, number of row per ear, number of kernel per row and kernel depth of 478 and its derivatives were the worst between environments, while the stability of plant height, stem diameter and cob diameter were best. The derivative lines with the more blood of 478 the better stability of yield traits in different environment, wherea have more stable agronomic traits. The best suitable identification traits of 478 were Lov and ear diameter in southwest ecological zone, while the ear height, tassel branch, total leaves, blad length, 100-kernel weight and cob diameter were more suitable identification traits in the northeast ecological zone, and in Shandong ecological zone, the best traits were plant height, stem diameter, mutarity, ear length, number of row per ear, number of kernel per row, kernel depth and yield per plant.
The stability of tassel branch, stem diameter, number of row per ear, ear diameter and cob diameter of Dan340 and its derivatives were the worst between environments whereas the number of kernel per row,100-kernel weight and yield per plant were the best stabilities. The derivative lines with the less blood of Zi330 the worse stability of yield traits in different environment, whereas more stability according to pedigree analysis. The best suitable identification trait of Dan340 was total leave in southwest ecological zone, while the Lov, blad length, number of row per ear, number of kernel per row, cob diameter, ear diameter and kernel depth in the northeast ecological zone, and plant height, ear height, stem diameter, tassel branch, mutarity, ear length, 100-kernel depth and yield per plant were more suitable for in Shandong ecological zone.
4. In this research, Mutarity, leaf number, ear diameter and plant height of Huangzaosi can be stable inherity. Therefore, we can easily obtain an upright-leaf plant type, short mutarity and plant height with the use of Huangzaosi and its derivative lines to improve inbred lines. Small ear of inbred lines can be improved by stable inherited trait of big ear of Dan340, and we can achieve better results when Dan340 as the male parent while we doing is. Mo 17 and its derivatives can be used to improve ear length and kernel depth, wherea the improve effect were significantly higher when as the female parent than male parent.478 and its derivatives can be used to improve most characters of inbred lines.
5. There should be some characteristics of inbred lines for the development of maize induction and cultivation system. First of all, more stability inherited traits which are contribution to yield per plant. Second, some traits of lines which were stability in different environment are important. Third, widely basis is very important as well. Fourth, clearly heterotic groups will be useful when we prouduce hybrids. Then, excellent quality characteristics are important to market demanding. Finally, ecological adaptability is very important. Therefore, breeding objectives were different for maize inbred lines breeding in different ecological environment.
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