高效深部液流转向技术及其作用机理研究
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摘要
国内主要油田油藏非均质性比较严重,由于长期注水开发导致非均质性进一步加剧。目前,东部油田都已进入高含水和特高含水开发期,注入水在高渗透层内低效和无效循环,严重影响水驱开发效果,亟待采取液流转向技术来扩大波及体积,改善开发效果。针对矿场实际需求,本文以现代油藏理论为指导,仪器分析和物理模拟为手段,在液流转向技术必要性、驱油剂组成及其性能特征、液流转向剂筛选及性能研究、转向剂类型与油层孔隙结构适应性、转向剂与驱油剂组合及其增油效果、液流转向增油机理等方面开展了研究。结果表明,当油层非均质性比较严重(VK>0.72)时,相对于提高洗油效率对采收率的贡献,液流转向作用(扩大波及体积)对采收率的贡献占据主要地位。油层平均渗透率和非均质性决定液流转向剂类型及其段塞组合方式,颗粒类转向剂适合于存在大孔道或特高渗透条带的油层,而且采用“颗粒+聚合物凝胶”段塞组合方式的液流转向效果更好,聚合物凝胶类转向剂适宜于中低渗透油层,而且以具有“分子内”交联分子构型聚合物凝胶的转向效果较好。转向剂注入时机愈早,用量愈大,转向效果愈好,采收率增幅愈大。油层非均质性、布井方式、转向剂类型和用量等因素会影响转向措施后剩余油分布,从纵向上看剩余油主要分布在远离注入井的中低渗透层,从平面上剩余油主要分布在远离主流线的两翼部位。采用“转向剂+驱油剂”段塞组合方式,可以充分发挥驱油剂的洗油和流度控制能力,提高化学驱增油效果,降低药剂费用。转向剂在大孔道或高渗透层中滞留可以使其流动阻力增加,导致全井注入压力提高,中低渗透层吸液压差增加,吸液量增大。此外,注入压力提高引起压力梯度增加,驱替动力增大,微观波及系数增加。实施液流转向或驱油措施后,水相相对渗透率明显低于水驱后的水相相对渗透率
Major domestic oil reservoir was of serious heterogeneity, which was more and more aggravated owing to long-term water flooding. At present, many oil fields in the east entered high or ultra-high water cut stage. The waterflooding effect was unfavorable due to the low or invalid circulation of injected water in the high permeable zones. Therefore, there was an urgent need to carry out fluid diversion measure to enlarge the swept volume and improve the flooding effect. For the needs of oilfields, a great deal of research was conducted on necessity of fluid diversion technique, composition and performance of displacing agent, selection and properties of fluid diversion agent, types of fluid diversion agent and its compatibility with the reservoir rocks, combination of displacing agent and fluid diversion agent and increamental oil effect, and EOR mechanism of fluid diversion. The results showed that, when reservoir is of serious heterogeneity (VK>0.72), compared with displacement efficiency, fluid diversion (swept volume enlargement) palyed an important role in enhancing oil recovery. Generally speaking, selection of fluid diversion agents and its slug combination was mainly depending on average permeability and heterogeneity of reservoir. So, particles were suitable for the reservoir with large pore or ultra-high permeable layer. "Particles+polymer gel" combination had much better effect on fluid diversion. In addition, polymer gel was suitable for low and middle permeability reservoir, especially for the polymer gel with intra-molecule cross-linking structure, who was of a better performances on fluid diversion. Moreover, the earlier the injection time and the larger the injected volume, the better the diversion effect and increment of recovery efficiency. The remaining oil distribution was mainly influenced by reservoir heterogeneity, well spacing, types, and injected volume of fluid diversion agent. The remaining oil distributed in the middle and low permeability zone far away from the injection well vertically, and distributed in both sides far away from the mainstream line horizontally. The slug combination of "fluid diversion agent+displacing agent", which can improve the displacement efficiency and sweep efficiency at low cost, had good effect on enhancing oil recovery. With the fluid diversion agent injiected and absorbed in large pores or high permeability layers, flow resistance and injiection pressure increased, which led to increase in imbibition pressure and imbibition volume of middle and low permeability layers. The presure gradient and driving force increased due to the increase in injection pressure, which resulted in the increase of sweep efficiency microscopically. The relative permeability of water phase was much lower after the fluid diversion flooding than that of after water flooding.
Major domestic oil reservoir was of serious heterogeneity, which was more and more aggravated owing to long-term water flooding. At present, many oil fields in the east entered high or ultra-high water cut stage. The waterflooding effect was unfavorable due to the low or invalid circulation of injected water in the high permeable zones. Therefore, there was an urgent need to carry out fluid diversion measure to enlarge the swept volume and improve the flooding effect. For the needs of oilfields, a great deal of research was conducted on necessity of fluid diversion technique, composition and performance of displacing agent, selection and properties of fluid diversion agent, types of fluid diversion agent and its compatibility with the reservoir rocks, combination of displacing agent and fluid diversion agent and increamental oil effect, and EOR mechanism of fluid diversion. The results showed that, when reservoir is of serious heterogeneity (VK>0.72), compared with displacement efficiency, fluid diversion (swept volume enlargement) palyed an important role in enhancing oil recovery. Generally speaking, selection of fluid diversion agents and its slug combination was mainly depending on average permeability and heterogeneity of reservoir. So, particles were suitable for the reservoir with large pore or ultra-high permeable layer. "Particles+polymer gel" combination had much better effect on fluid diversion. In addition, polymer gel was suitable for low and middle permeability reservoir, especially for the polymer gel with intra-molecule cross-linking structure, who was of a better performances on fluid diversion. Moreover, the earlier the injection time and the larger the injected volume, the better the diversion effect and increment of recovery efficiency. The remaining oil distribution was mainly influenced by reservoir heterogeneity, well spacing, types, and injected volume of fluid diversion agent. The remaining oil distributed in the middle and low permeability zone far away from the injection well vertically, and distributed in both sides far away from the mainstream line horizontally. The slug combination of "fluid diversion agent+displacing agent", which can improve the displacement efficiency and sweep efficiency at low cost, had good effect on enhancing oil recovery. With the fluid diversion agent injiected and absorbed in large pores or high permeability layers, flow resistance and injiection pressure increased, which led to increase in imbibition pressure and imbibition volume of middle and low permeability layers. The presure gradient and driving force increased due to the increase in injection pressure, which resulted in the increase of sweep efficiency microscopically. The relative permeability of water phase was much lower after the fluid diversion flooding than that of after water flooding.
引文
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