重庆主城区山地公园植物群落特征与景观设计
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摘要
在我国西部地区城市中,依托自然山地条件构建的山地公园比比皆是,它的立体性、景观的层次性和与城市的相互包容性,使得山地公园植物景观常常成为城市的一道亮丽的风景,是城市森林重要的载体,也是城市整体景观风貌的有机组成部分。然而,少有人对山地公园植物景观设计做系统性研究。为此,本论文以重庆主城区山地公园内植物群落为研究对象,从植被景观水平的角度对其植物群落与景观设计进行全面研究,研究结果表明：
(1)地形是控制山地公园植物群落景观设计的主要因素。山地公园在城市中的山位不同,与城市空间构成要素建筑、道路的相对位置不同,则其植物群落类型在公园内理想化的空间格局模式不同；公园地形影响土层厚度和土壤含水率的变化,表明山地公园内土层厚度具有随高度的上升而变薄的趋势,土壤含水率随高度的上升而降低的趋势;土壤内的有机质、N、P、K的含量没有发现具有明显的规律性变化,表明重庆主城区山地公园植物群落的形成主要受土层深度和土壤含水率影响,由于人为干扰,土壤内的有机质、N、P、K的含量对重庆山地公园植物群落的形成不是决定性因素；地形造成山地公园不同朝向的山坡、沟谷的光照分布不一致,从而影响不同坡向的山坡、沟谷植物群落设计；公园的地形对植物景观蔓延度影响较大,大斑块的植物群落有主要分布在山顶、山坡的倾向。植物群落设计应服从公园地形空间属性和游人行为心理,用植物来强化或弱化地形空间特点,合理引导公园游憩行为的发生。
(2)地带性植被类型及其群落结构特点是山地公园植物群落设计模拟的对象和设计的源泉。重庆主城区山地公园内植物群落和主城区内自然森林植物群落在建群植物种类、植物群落乔木层优势种类数量、植物群落类型等具有相似性。主城区范围内自然林植物群落乔木层优势中一般1～2种。公园复合层类植物群落景观中植物种类以7～9种、乔木层植物种类以1～3种为宜,以其中一种乔木形成植物群落景观特色。
(3)分析和探讨了重庆主城区山地公园林缘生境的光照、湿度、温度和植物梯度变化规律。发现山地公园光照从缘外到缘内呈现出骤减——缓慢下降——基本不变的梯度变化规律；空气湿度从缘外到缘内逐渐增高,白天温度与光照变化规律成正相关；植物多样性从缘外到缘内表现出先增加后减少的特性；初步得出重庆主城区山地公园林缘宽度基本在6～14m之间波动,且边界木缘外3m到缘内2m是边缘效应强度值最大的区域。林缘边界木外4-8m到林缘边界木内4～6m是林下地被植物配置的重点地段,山地公园林缘植物设计应遵循从缘外到缘内依次配置阳性、半阴性、耐阴和荫生植物这一规律。初步建立重庆山地公园代表性边缘地带植物群落设计模式。
(4)重庆主城区山地公园植物群落主要为香樟林、香樟-栾树林、香樟-马尾松林、竹林、黄葛树林等,以常绿阔叶林为主,其次是常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林,竹林所占面积不大,但景观效果明显。公园的地形、原有植被对景观蔓延度影响较大。坡度较大的绿地景观连通性高,斑块结构紧凑,破碎化程度低,构成山地公园绿色背景,形成大的林相景观和特色景观林。受地形的限制,无论是人工林或是自然林,其结果几乎都是近自然演替,都会有偏头顶级化的趋势。受植物园和动物园植物功能特点所限制,植物景观格局表现出破碎化程度高,空间异质性程度较大的特点,这与人工干扰强度高于其它公园有很大关系。从植物景观格局水平角度提出植物群落与群落之间的设计应从整体角度出发,注重植物群落斑块大小、形状、色彩的统一与变化,顺应地形设计植物群落、构建立体的山地公园植物群落景观。
(5)主城区山地公园内表现较好的植物群落景观具有的特点是：植物群落形成的时间长、植物种类丰富、具有良好的稳定性；种群规模大,占地面积广,并成自然斑块状,不同种类斑块交叉布置,优势斑块的横向宽度以300～500m为宜；植物景观整体统一,特色明显；灌木和地被植物丰富,突出近距离观赏；植物景观经过了人工适度的干预,四季可观赏的景象多变,色彩协调性高,季相搭配优秀；植物群落类型和植物构成的空间主次分明。
(6)根据山地公园立地条件特点,提出“整体性、多样性、过程性、园林艺术与植物生态性相结合”的山地公园植物群落景观设计四大策略,以及山地公园植物群落的构建应遵循“以乡土植物为建群种、适度的植物群落物种数量、公园整体植物多样性、因地制宜”的四大原则。
(7)山地公园植物群落景观设计应包括宏观、中观和微观设计三个层次。本文初步提出了以山地公园空间格局为核心的植物群落景观设计研究体系,并建立起山地公园植物群落景观设计的框架。
In cities of western China, mountain parks constructed by relying on natural mountain terrain are everywhere. The mountain parks are beautiful scenery of cities due to their stereoscopic topography, the strata of landscape and the mutual fusion with the city of them, and they are important supporter of urban forest and an integral part of overall city landscape. However, systematic research on vegetative landscape design of mountain park had been done scarcely. For this reason, this paper takes the plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone as the research object, and studies plant communities and landscape design comprehensively. The result shows:
(1) The terrain is the major factor that decides the design of the plant vegetation landscape of mountain parks. Due to the mountain parks'different location in the city and their different relative position with road and architecture as the elements of urban space, the plant communities have different idealized spatial framework modes in parks. The park terrain influences spatial change of soil thickness and soil moisture. In general, the soil thickness and soil moisture in the mountain parks both decreases with increasing of the height above sea-level, but non significant regular change had been found in the soil organic matter, and N, P, K content, which shows the conformation of plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone is mainly influenced by soil thickness and soil moisture. Because of man-made interference, the soil organic matter and N,P,K content are not the decisive factors for the conformation of plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing. The terrain causes the inconsistency in the light distribution of mountain parks'hillsides and valley towards differently, which influences the design of plant communities of hillsides and valleys in different slopes.The park terrain has a great effect on the spread of plant landscape,and plant communities in large patches tend to be distributed over the hilltops and hillsides. The plant design should follow the park terrain spatial attributes and behavior psychology of tourists, strengthen or weaken the spatial characteristics of the terrain, and guide tourists' recreation behavior occurred in reason.
(2) The zonal vegetation type is the object imitated by the plant design of mountain parks, and is the source of design. The plant communities of mountain parks and plant communities of natural forest in Chongqing main city zone had some similarities in dominant plants species, the number of dominant species in arbor tree layer and community types. There are 1 or 2 dominant species in arbor tree layer for natural forest communities in main area. It is advisable that 7 to 9 species in plant communities of composite layer class, lto 3species in arbor tree layer and forming landscape characteristic dominated by one arbor specie.
(3) The analysis and investigation of light intensity, humidity, temperature and gradient changes of plant in forest edge habitats had been done. The changing of light intensity from the edge to inner showed a gradient variation from sharp decrease, slow decrease, to unchanged. The air humidity rises from outside edge to inside edge, and the daytime temperature and the light change are positively related to law. Plant diversity increases firstly then decreased from outside edge to inside edge. The width of forest fringe effect of mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone fluctuates between 6 to 14 meters, and the biggest area is the range from the 3 meters outside edge to 2 meters inside edge.4～8 meters outside the forest edge to 4-6meters inside edge is the area that should be furnished emphatically by forest floor plants. The forest edge plant design of mountain parks should follow the law that from outside edge to inside edge, positive, half negative, shade-tolerant and shade plants be arranged in right order. Thus the design modes of representative borderland plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing could be formed.
(4) The main community types are Cinnamomum camphora forest, Cinnamomum camphora—Koelreuteria paniculata forest, Cinnamomum camphora—Pinus massoniana forest, bamboo groves, Ficus virens forest, etc. in mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone. And the evergreen broad-leaved forest takes the biggest part of them, the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and the mixed broadleaf-conifer forest takes secondly. While the bamboo groves are not the biggest part,they do have significant landscape effects. The park terrain and original vegetation influence the spread of landscape mostly. The green lands with comparatively large gradient have such higher landscape connectivity, compact patch structure and lower fragmentation that they become the green background of mountain parks and emerge large forest forms and distinguished scenic forests. Restricted to the terrain, no matter it is the plantation or the wildwood, the result is close to natural succession almost, and tends to reach a climax community. Restraint in the plant functional characteristics of the botanical garden and the zoo, vegetation landscape pattern has a high fragmentation and space heterogenity, which is largely related to a higher artificial interference than other parks. From the perspective of vegetation landscape pattern, it is recommended that the design between plant communities should be made from the overall point, the unity and change of size, shape and color of the plant community patch be emphasized, the plant communities be designed in conformance with terrain ,and vegetation landscape of mountain parks be established in a stereoscopic shape.
(5) The characteristics of ideal plant community landscape of mountain parks in main area are as the below:Long time of plant communities forming, diversity of plant species and community stability. The plant population should be large including number and space, and forms patches naturally. The patches of different species are arranged crossly.and an appropriate horizontal width of the dominant patch is 300 to 500 meters. The vegetative landscape has a overall unity and obvious characteristics; shrub and ground cover plants are plentiful and suitable to watch closely; the vegetation landscape has been interference artificially within limits, thus forms variety scenery in four seasons, great compatibility of colors, and excellent arrangement with seasons; the types of plant communities and the space constituted by plants make a distinction between make a distinction between the important and the lesser one.
(6) According to the site environmental conditions of mountain parks, the four strategies of plant landscape design of mountain parks have been put forward, which are " Entirety, Variety, Process, the Combination of Landscape art and Plant ecology". Also, the establishment of plant communities of mountain parks should follows the other 4 principles, which are "Taking the native species as the edificators, Moderate numbers of plant community species, Variety of the whole park plants, Take actions that suit local circumstances".
(7) The plant design of mountain parks should include the macro-level, meso-level and micro-level. The framework of the plant community landscape design of mountain parks is be established based on our preliminarily study, which take the spatial framework of mountain parks as the core.
(1)地形是控制山地公园植物群落景观设计的主要因素。山地公园在城市中的山位不同,与城市空间构成要素建筑、道路的相对位置不同,则其植物群落类型在公园内理想化的空间格局模式不同；公园地形影响土层厚度和土壤含水率的变化,表明山地公园内土层厚度具有随高度的上升而变薄的趋势,土壤含水率随高度的上升而降低的趋势;土壤内的有机质、N、P、K的含量没有发现具有明显的规律性变化,表明重庆主城区山地公园植物群落的形成主要受土层深度和土壤含水率影响,由于人为干扰,土壤内的有机质、N、P、K的含量对重庆山地公园植物群落的形成不是决定性因素；地形造成山地公园不同朝向的山坡、沟谷的光照分布不一致,从而影响不同坡向的山坡、沟谷植物群落设计；公园的地形对植物景观蔓延度影响较大,大斑块的植物群落有主要分布在山顶、山坡的倾向。植物群落设计应服从公园地形空间属性和游人行为心理,用植物来强化或弱化地形空间特点,合理引导公园游憩行为的发生。
(2)地带性植被类型及其群落结构特点是山地公园植物群落设计模拟的对象和设计的源泉。重庆主城区山地公园内植物群落和主城区内自然森林植物群落在建群植物种类、植物群落乔木层优势种类数量、植物群落类型等具有相似性。主城区范围内自然林植物群落乔木层优势中一般1～2种。公园复合层类植物群落景观中植物种类以7～9种、乔木层植物种类以1～3种为宜,以其中一种乔木形成植物群落景观特色。
(3)分析和探讨了重庆主城区山地公园林缘生境的光照、湿度、温度和植物梯度变化规律。发现山地公园光照从缘外到缘内呈现出骤减——缓慢下降——基本不变的梯度变化规律；空气湿度从缘外到缘内逐渐增高,白天温度与光照变化规律成正相关；植物多样性从缘外到缘内表现出先增加后减少的特性；初步得出重庆主城区山地公园林缘宽度基本在6～14m之间波动,且边界木缘外3m到缘内2m是边缘效应强度值最大的区域。林缘边界木外4-8m到林缘边界木内4～6m是林下地被植物配置的重点地段,山地公园林缘植物设计应遵循从缘外到缘内依次配置阳性、半阴性、耐阴和荫生植物这一规律。初步建立重庆山地公园代表性边缘地带植物群落设计模式。
(4)重庆主城区山地公园植物群落主要为香樟林、香樟-栾树林、香樟-马尾松林、竹林、黄葛树林等,以常绿阔叶林为主,其次是常绿落叶阔叶混交林和针阔混交林,竹林所占面积不大,但景观效果明显。公园的地形、原有植被对景观蔓延度影响较大。坡度较大的绿地景观连通性高,斑块结构紧凑,破碎化程度低,构成山地公园绿色背景,形成大的林相景观和特色景观林。受地形的限制,无论是人工林或是自然林,其结果几乎都是近自然演替,都会有偏头顶级化的趋势。受植物园和动物园植物功能特点所限制,植物景观格局表现出破碎化程度高,空间异质性程度较大的特点,这与人工干扰强度高于其它公园有很大关系。从植物景观格局水平角度提出植物群落与群落之间的设计应从整体角度出发,注重植物群落斑块大小、形状、色彩的统一与变化,顺应地形设计植物群落、构建立体的山地公园植物群落景观。
(5)主城区山地公园内表现较好的植物群落景观具有的特点是：植物群落形成的时间长、植物种类丰富、具有良好的稳定性；种群规模大,占地面积广,并成自然斑块状,不同种类斑块交叉布置,优势斑块的横向宽度以300～500m为宜；植物景观整体统一,特色明显；灌木和地被植物丰富,突出近距离观赏；植物景观经过了人工适度的干预,四季可观赏的景象多变,色彩协调性高,季相搭配优秀；植物群落类型和植物构成的空间主次分明。
(6)根据山地公园立地条件特点,提出“整体性、多样性、过程性、园林艺术与植物生态性相结合”的山地公园植物群落景观设计四大策略,以及山地公园植物群落的构建应遵循“以乡土植物为建群种、适度的植物群落物种数量、公园整体植物多样性、因地制宜”的四大原则。
(7)山地公园植物群落景观设计应包括宏观、中观和微观设计三个层次。本文初步提出了以山地公园空间格局为核心的植物群落景观设计研究体系,并建立起山地公园植物群落景观设计的框架。
In cities of western China, mountain parks constructed by relying on natural mountain terrain are everywhere. The mountain parks are beautiful scenery of cities due to their stereoscopic topography, the strata of landscape and the mutual fusion with the city of them, and they are important supporter of urban forest and an integral part of overall city landscape. However, systematic research on vegetative landscape design of mountain park had been done scarcely. For this reason, this paper takes the plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone as the research object, and studies plant communities and landscape design comprehensively. The result shows:
(1) The terrain is the major factor that decides the design of the plant vegetation landscape of mountain parks. Due to the mountain parks'different location in the city and their different relative position with road and architecture as the elements of urban space, the plant communities have different idealized spatial framework modes in parks. The park terrain influences spatial change of soil thickness and soil moisture. In general, the soil thickness and soil moisture in the mountain parks both decreases with increasing of the height above sea-level, but non significant regular change had been found in the soil organic matter, and N, P, K content, which shows the conformation of plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone is mainly influenced by soil thickness and soil moisture. Because of man-made interference, the soil organic matter and N,P,K content are not the decisive factors for the conformation of plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing. The terrain causes the inconsistency in the light distribution of mountain parks'hillsides and valley towards differently, which influences the design of plant communities of hillsides and valleys in different slopes.The park terrain has a great effect on the spread of plant landscape,and plant communities in large patches tend to be distributed over the hilltops and hillsides. The plant design should follow the park terrain spatial attributes and behavior psychology of tourists, strengthen or weaken the spatial characteristics of the terrain, and guide tourists' recreation behavior occurred in reason.
(2) The zonal vegetation type is the object imitated by the plant design of mountain parks, and is the source of design. The plant communities of mountain parks and plant communities of natural forest in Chongqing main city zone had some similarities in dominant plants species, the number of dominant species in arbor tree layer and community types. There are 1 or 2 dominant species in arbor tree layer for natural forest communities in main area. It is advisable that 7 to 9 species in plant communities of composite layer class, lto 3species in arbor tree layer and forming landscape characteristic dominated by one arbor specie.
(3) The analysis and investigation of light intensity, humidity, temperature and gradient changes of plant in forest edge habitats had been done. The changing of light intensity from the edge to inner showed a gradient variation from sharp decrease, slow decrease, to unchanged. The air humidity rises from outside edge to inside edge, and the daytime temperature and the light change are positively related to law. Plant diversity increases firstly then decreased from outside edge to inside edge. The width of forest fringe effect of mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone fluctuates between 6 to 14 meters, and the biggest area is the range from the 3 meters outside edge to 2 meters inside edge.4～8 meters outside the forest edge to 4-6meters inside edge is the area that should be furnished emphatically by forest floor plants. The forest edge plant design of mountain parks should follow the law that from outside edge to inside edge, positive, half negative, shade-tolerant and shade plants be arranged in right order. Thus the design modes of representative borderland plant communities of mountain parks in Chongqing could be formed.
(4) The main community types are Cinnamomum camphora forest, Cinnamomum camphora—Koelreuteria paniculata forest, Cinnamomum camphora—Pinus massoniana forest, bamboo groves, Ficus virens forest, etc. in mountain parks in Chongqing main city zone. And the evergreen broad-leaved forest takes the biggest part of them, the mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest and the mixed broadleaf-conifer forest takes secondly. While the bamboo groves are not the biggest part,they do have significant landscape effects. The park terrain and original vegetation influence the spread of landscape mostly. The green lands with comparatively large gradient have such higher landscape connectivity, compact patch structure and lower fragmentation that they become the green background of mountain parks and emerge large forest forms and distinguished scenic forests. Restricted to the terrain, no matter it is the plantation or the wildwood, the result is close to natural succession almost, and tends to reach a climax community. Restraint in the plant functional characteristics of the botanical garden and the zoo, vegetation landscape pattern has a high fragmentation and space heterogenity, which is largely related to a higher artificial interference than other parks. From the perspective of vegetation landscape pattern, it is recommended that the design between plant communities should be made from the overall point, the unity and change of size, shape and color of the plant community patch be emphasized, the plant communities be designed in conformance with terrain ,and vegetation landscape of mountain parks be established in a stereoscopic shape.
(5) The characteristics of ideal plant community landscape of mountain parks in main area are as the below:Long time of plant communities forming, diversity of plant species and community stability. The plant population should be large including number and space, and forms patches naturally. The patches of different species are arranged crossly.and an appropriate horizontal width of the dominant patch is 300 to 500 meters. The vegetative landscape has a overall unity and obvious characteristics; shrub and ground cover plants are plentiful and suitable to watch closely; the vegetation landscape has been interference artificially within limits, thus forms variety scenery in four seasons, great compatibility of colors, and excellent arrangement with seasons; the types of plant communities and the space constituted by plants make a distinction between make a distinction between the important and the lesser one.
(6) According to the site environmental conditions of mountain parks, the four strategies of plant landscape design of mountain parks have been put forward, which are " Entirety, Variety, Process, the Combination of Landscape art and Plant ecology". Also, the establishment of plant communities of mountain parks should follows the other 4 principles, which are "Taking the native species as the edificators, Moderate numbers of plant community species, Variety of the whole park plants, Take actions that suit local circumstances".
(7) The plant design of mountain parks should include the macro-level, meso-level and micro-level. The framework of the plant community landscape design of mountain parks is be established based on our preliminarily study, which take the spatial framework of mountain parks as the core.
引文
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