孵化网络对入孵企业创业绩效的影响研究
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摘要
孵化器产业的发展将科技资源迅速高效地转变为生产力,培育中小科技企业,推动技术创新,加速区域和国家产业结构调整,既是我国实施国家创新战略的需要,也是应对经济环境快速变化的实践需求。孵化网络以区域性联结方式有效支持组织跨界获取资源,实现孵化功能的升级完善,更为有效地扶持区域创业、创新活动。从以往关于企业孵化机制的研究成果看,多运用孵化器与入孵企业这种原子对原子的研究范式,未能体现孵化器产业网络化发展趋势及入孵企业通过网络竞合模式实现孵化的机制。因此,本文在深入剖析孵化网络组织关系的基础上,从企业微观层面研究入孵企业基于网络的孵化机制。
孵化网络的构建和演进本质上是孵化合作组织关系的建立和变化的总体状态。权力是组织关系的重要影响因素。随着组织关系从二元联结向网络联结扩展,为获取外部资源企业不仅需要获得资源权力,也要获得网络权力。为了扶持入孵企业提升其在孵化网络中的权力,孵化器需获得强网络权力地位。以此为动机孵化器主导构建孵化网络并通过网络权力向资源权力的转换机制对孵化合作中组织间资源依赖性和权力进行干预调整,使孵化合作关系向更有利于入孵企业的方向发展,进而干预了孵化网络演进,入孵企业基于网络的成长评价既是网络演进结果,也成为对孵化网络演进干预的重要反馈因素。在对孵化网络构建和演进研究的基础上,本文提出孵化网络在孵化器的主导下形成以入孵企业创新价值为导向,以入孵企业为获得持续的扶持承诺而让渡部分组织控制权力及公开部分内部信息与孵化器建立的“共同抉择”关系为基础,以孵化器主导网络组织对入孵企业提供扶持服务,入孵企业消费扶持服务形成绩效并在孵化合作组织间进行分享的“网络共同生产”运作为模式的干预机制。
孵化网络对入孵企业的干预影响过程包括两个子过程。第一个子过程是干预影响入孵企业孵化的亚网络群体形成。本文基于入孵企业在孵化网络的嵌入过程,从企业微观角度将孵化网络对入孵企业的干预影响维度设定为网络嵌入性和网络控制方式。其中网络嵌入性是多维度描述变量,各项维度共同影响入孵企业孵化的资源环境；网络控制方式是总体状态描述变量,反映入孵企业孵化的制度环境。孵化网络对入孵企业网络嵌入性的干预影响是通过网络权力分享机制实现的,形成干预程度—网络权力分享程度—网络嵌入性优化程度的正向影响关系；孵化网络对入孵企业网络控制方式的干预影响是通过共享声誉机制实现的,形成干预程度—共享声誉程度—网络控制方式优化程度的正向影响关系。由此干预形成入孵企业孵化的亚网络群体。
另一个子过程是干预入孵企业网络扶持利益获取和内部转化过程。孵化网络的干预影响通过资源基础和内部控制机制两个不同的作用环节分别影响和调节网络扶持利益向创业绩效转化的内部过程。针对此过程论文运用实证研究分别验证了入孵企业网络嵌入性和网络控制方式对创业绩效的影响机制。本文采用Likert5点量表编制了具有良好信度和效度的调查问卷,通过对入孵企业的问卷调查获取数据。利用结构方程模型对各变量关系进行了实证检验,实证结论支持了模型的有效性。
其中,入孵企业网络嵌入性对创业绩效影响的实证研究结论认为：在入孵企业网络嵌入性各项维度之间,内网强度能促进内网中心度的提升,进而促进外网强度的增强以及外网范围的扩展；内网强度可以通过提升入孵企业的感知能力和协调整合能力,来促进创业绩效的增长；内网中心度可以通过提升入孵企业的感知能力来促进其创业绩效的增长；外网强度可以通过提升协调整合能力和重构创新能力来提升创业绩效；外网范围可以通过提升重构创新能力来提升创业绩效。
入孵企业网络控制方式对创业绩效影响的实证研究结论认为：孵化网络所干预的入孵企业共享声誉程度对社会控制在入孵企业孵化合作中的运用程度产生正影响；网络环境的社会控制方式有利于企业内部运用行为控制机制；入孵企业内部行为控制机制的运用程度对企业创业导向的风险承担性、先动性和创新性三个维度向创业绩效转化过程具有正向调节作用。
The development of incubator industry will rapidly and efficiently turn the scientific resources into productive forces, cultivating small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, promoting technological innovation, driving regional and national industrial restructuring. It can meet not only the needs of our national innovation strategy, but also the practical needs of rapidly changing economic environment. The incubation network can access to the other resources with its regional linkage to upgrade and improve the incubating function, support the new science and technology revolution. According to the past researches on incubation mechanism, the research methods in which the incubators and the incubatees were taken as atom to atom, couldn't reflect the trends of incubator industry, and also couldn't achieve the incubation mechanism through competition and cooperation network. Therefore, on the basis of deep analysis in the relationship between the incubation network, we will research the incubatee's incubation mechanism based on enterprise's network in micro-level way.
The construction and evolution of incubation network is essentially the overall status of the establishment and change of the cooperation relationship among the incubation network. Power is an important factor to affect the organizational relationship. As the organizational relationship extended from binary linage to connected network linkage, in order to get more external resources the incubatees need resources power as well as the network power. In order to support the incubatees to improve their right in incubator network, incubator should enhance its power status. To achieve this, incubator leads to construct the incubation network to intervene and adjust the power and resource dependency in the organization with the conversion mechanism between the network power and resources power, which can favor the incubatee in the incubation cooperation relationship and intervene in the evolution of incubation network. The growth evaluation of incubatee based on network is not only the result of incubation network evolution, but also an important feedback factor of incubation network evolution.
On the basis of the research in the incubation network construction and evolution, this paper presents that on the instruction of the incubator the incubation network has formed one interference mechanism which is guided by incubatee's innovative value, based on that incubatee alienating part control power of organization and opening some internal information to establish a "common choice" partnership with incubator and get the continuous access support, providing services for incubatee under the control of incubator, which is an intervention mechanism that make incubatee transfer support into business performance.
There are two sub-processes in the intervention process of incubator network. The first process is that incubation network can intervene in the formation of incubatee subnetwork. This paper is based on the embedding process of incubatee in incubation network, from the enterprise's point of view in micro-level way to set the incubatee's interventions impact dimension in incubation network in two ways:the network embeddedness and the network control mode. The network embeddedness is a multi-dimensional description variable, and all the dimensions combined to effect the resource environment of the incubatee; the network control mode is an overall state describing variable, reflecting the incubating institutional environment of the incubatee. The interventions impact of the incubation network on incubatee's network embeddedness is realized by network power-sharing mechanism, which forms a positive effect on relationship among the degree of intervention, the network power-sharing level, and the optimization degree of the network embedding; incubation network's interventions impact on the incubatee's network control mode is realized by sharing a common reputation mechanism, which forms the positive effect relationship among the intervention degree, reputation sharing degree, and optimization degree of the network control. Thus the intervention form the sub-network groups which incubtee hatched out.
The other sub-process is to intervene in incubatee to gain the network supportive benefit and process of internal transformation. The intervention of incubation network can effect and adjust the internal process of transforming the network support benefit to entrepreneurial performance by two different function links, resource based and internal control mechanism. This paper designs a questionnaire with good reliability and validity by using Likert 5 scale, surverying the incubtee to obtain data. What's more, this paper conducts an empirical analysis on the relations among each variable by means of SEM, and the empirical findings validity support the model.
Firstly, the empirical study of the relationship between incubtee's network embeddedness and entrepreneurial performance concluded that: among each various dimensions of the incubtee's network embeddedness, the intensity of internal network can promote the internal network center to upgrade, and can also promote the intensity of exterior network and extend the scope of exterior network; the intensity of internal network can promote entrepreneurial performance by enhancing the sensation ability and coordinated conformity ability of incubatee; the intensity of exterior network can promote entrepreneurial performance by enhancing the coordinated conformity ability and restructuring innovation ability; the scope of exterior network can promote entrepreneurial performance by enhancing the restructuring innovation ability.
The other empirical research of the relationship between the incubtee's network control mode and entrepreneurial performance concluded that:the incubator network's intervention in the reputation sharing degree of incubatee has a positive impact on incubation cooperation in the use of social control; the means of social control in network environment is benefit for the internal behavior control mechanism of the enterprise; The incubatee's entrepreneurial orientation are in three dimensions, of which the risk-taking nature has no significant effect on entrepreneurial performance, but the innovative and dynamic nature have significant and positive impact on entrepreneurial performance. The three dimensions have a significant correlation. The use level of incubatee's internal behavior control mechanism will adjust the transformation process of business guide from three dimensions to entrepreneurial performance in a positive way.
孵化网络的构建和演进本质上是孵化合作组织关系的建立和变化的总体状态。权力是组织关系的重要影响因素。随着组织关系从二元联结向网络联结扩展,为获取外部资源企业不仅需要获得资源权力,也要获得网络权力。为了扶持入孵企业提升其在孵化网络中的权力,孵化器需获得强网络权力地位。以此为动机孵化器主导构建孵化网络并通过网络权力向资源权力的转换机制对孵化合作中组织间资源依赖性和权力进行干预调整,使孵化合作关系向更有利于入孵企业的方向发展,进而干预了孵化网络演进,入孵企业基于网络的成长评价既是网络演进结果,也成为对孵化网络演进干预的重要反馈因素。在对孵化网络构建和演进研究的基础上,本文提出孵化网络在孵化器的主导下形成以入孵企业创新价值为导向,以入孵企业为获得持续的扶持承诺而让渡部分组织控制权力及公开部分内部信息与孵化器建立的“共同抉择”关系为基础,以孵化器主导网络组织对入孵企业提供扶持服务,入孵企业消费扶持服务形成绩效并在孵化合作组织间进行分享的“网络共同生产”运作为模式的干预机制。
孵化网络对入孵企业的干预影响过程包括两个子过程。第一个子过程是干预影响入孵企业孵化的亚网络群体形成。本文基于入孵企业在孵化网络的嵌入过程,从企业微观角度将孵化网络对入孵企业的干预影响维度设定为网络嵌入性和网络控制方式。其中网络嵌入性是多维度描述变量,各项维度共同影响入孵企业孵化的资源环境；网络控制方式是总体状态描述变量,反映入孵企业孵化的制度环境。孵化网络对入孵企业网络嵌入性的干预影响是通过网络权力分享机制实现的,形成干预程度—网络权力分享程度—网络嵌入性优化程度的正向影响关系；孵化网络对入孵企业网络控制方式的干预影响是通过共享声誉机制实现的,形成干预程度—共享声誉程度—网络控制方式优化程度的正向影响关系。由此干预形成入孵企业孵化的亚网络群体。
另一个子过程是干预入孵企业网络扶持利益获取和内部转化过程。孵化网络的干预影响通过资源基础和内部控制机制两个不同的作用环节分别影响和调节网络扶持利益向创业绩效转化的内部过程。针对此过程论文运用实证研究分别验证了入孵企业网络嵌入性和网络控制方式对创业绩效的影响机制。本文采用Likert5点量表编制了具有良好信度和效度的调查问卷,通过对入孵企业的问卷调查获取数据。利用结构方程模型对各变量关系进行了实证检验,实证结论支持了模型的有效性。
其中,入孵企业网络嵌入性对创业绩效影响的实证研究结论认为：在入孵企业网络嵌入性各项维度之间,内网强度能促进内网中心度的提升,进而促进外网强度的增强以及外网范围的扩展；内网强度可以通过提升入孵企业的感知能力和协调整合能力,来促进创业绩效的增长；内网中心度可以通过提升入孵企业的感知能力来促进其创业绩效的增长；外网强度可以通过提升协调整合能力和重构创新能力来提升创业绩效；外网范围可以通过提升重构创新能力来提升创业绩效。
入孵企业网络控制方式对创业绩效影响的实证研究结论认为：孵化网络所干预的入孵企业共享声誉程度对社会控制在入孵企业孵化合作中的运用程度产生正影响；网络环境的社会控制方式有利于企业内部运用行为控制机制；入孵企业内部行为控制机制的运用程度对企业创业导向的风险承担性、先动性和创新性三个维度向创业绩效转化过程具有正向调节作用。
The development of incubator industry will rapidly and efficiently turn the scientific resources into productive forces, cultivating small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises, promoting technological innovation, driving regional and national industrial restructuring. It can meet not only the needs of our national innovation strategy, but also the practical needs of rapidly changing economic environment. The incubation network can access to the other resources with its regional linkage to upgrade and improve the incubating function, support the new science and technology revolution. According to the past researches on incubation mechanism, the research methods in which the incubators and the incubatees were taken as atom to atom, couldn't reflect the trends of incubator industry, and also couldn't achieve the incubation mechanism through competition and cooperation network. Therefore, on the basis of deep analysis in the relationship between the incubation network, we will research the incubatee's incubation mechanism based on enterprise's network in micro-level way.
The construction and evolution of incubation network is essentially the overall status of the establishment and change of the cooperation relationship among the incubation network. Power is an important factor to affect the organizational relationship. As the organizational relationship extended from binary linage to connected network linkage, in order to get more external resources the incubatees need resources power as well as the network power. In order to support the incubatees to improve their right in incubator network, incubator should enhance its power status. To achieve this, incubator leads to construct the incubation network to intervene and adjust the power and resource dependency in the organization with the conversion mechanism between the network power and resources power, which can favor the incubatee in the incubation cooperation relationship and intervene in the evolution of incubation network. The growth evaluation of incubatee based on network is not only the result of incubation network evolution, but also an important feedback factor of incubation network evolution.
On the basis of the research in the incubation network construction and evolution, this paper presents that on the instruction of the incubator the incubation network has formed one interference mechanism which is guided by incubatee's innovative value, based on that incubatee alienating part control power of organization and opening some internal information to establish a "common choice" partnership with incubator and get the continuous access support, providing services for incubatee under the control of incubator, which is an intervention mechanism that make incubatee transfer support into business performance.
There are two sub-processes in the intervention process of incubator network. The first process is that incubation network can intervene in the formation of incubatee subnetwork. This paper is based on the embedding process of incubatee in incubation network, from the enterprise's point of view in micro-level way to set the incubatee's interventions impact dimension in incubation network in two ways:the network embeddedness and the network control mode. The network embeddedness is a multi-dimensional description variable, and all the dimensions combined to effect the resource environment of the incubatee; the network control mode is an overall state describing variable, reflecting the incubating institutional environment of the incubatee. The interventions impact of the incubation network on incubatee's network embeddedness is realized by network power-sharing mechanism, which forms a positive effect on relationship among the degree of intervention, the network power-sharing level, and the optimization degree of the network embedding; incubation network's interventions impact on the incubatee's network control mode is realized by sharing a common reputation mechanism, which forms the positive effect relationship among the intervention degree, reputation sharing degree, and optimization degree of the network control. Thus the intervention form the sub-network groups which incubtee hatched out.
The other sub-process is to intervene in incubatee to gain the network supportive benefit and process of internal transformation. The intervention of incubation network can effect and adjust the internal process of transforming the network support benefit to entrepreneurial performance by two different function links, resource based and internal control mechanism. This paper designs a questionnaire with good reliability and validity by using Likert 5 scale, surverying the incubtee to obtain data. What's more, this paper conducts an empirical analysis on the relations among each variable by means of SEM, and the empirical findings validity support the model.
Firstly, the empirical study of the relationship between incubtee's network embeddedness and entrepreneurial performance concluded that: among each various dimensions of the incubtee's network embeddedness, the intensity of internal network can promote the internal network center to upgrade, and can also promote the intensity of exterior network and extend the scope of exterior network; the intensity of internal network can promote entrepreneurial performance by enhancing the sensation ability and coordinated conformity ability of incubatee; the intensity of exterior network can promote entrepreneurial performance by enhancing the coordinated conformity ability and restructuring innovation ability; the scope of exterior network can promote entrepreneurial performance by enhancing the restructuring innovation ability.
The other empirical research of the relationship between the incubtee's network control mode and entrepreneurial performance concluded that:the incubator network's intervention in the reputation sharing degree of incubatee has a positive impact on incubation cooperation in the use of social control; the means of social control in network environment is benefit for the internal behavior control mechanism of the enterprise; The incubatee's entrepreneurial orientation are in three dimensions, of which the risk-taking nature has no significant effect on entrepreneurial performance, but the innovative and dynamic nature have significant and positive impact on entrepreneurial performance. The three dimensions have a significant correlation. The use level of incubatee's internal behavior control mechanism will adjust the transformation process of business guide from three dimensions to entrepreneurial performance in a positive way.
引文
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