上海警察心身耗竭及其影响因素研究
摘要
本研究通过对上海警察群体的心身耗竭现状进行研究，探究上海警察这一特殊职业群体的心理压力的情况；分析影响该群体心身耗竭的有关因素，探讨人口学变量、应对方式以及控制点结构对于警察心身耗竭的作用与影响，在此基础上尝试构建警察心身耗竭的心理学理论模型；并以此寻求改善该群体心理压力的可能性，为有关部门及基层第一线的警察改善心理健康状况提供客观依据和适当的对策性建议。同时，本研究也是心身耗竭研究在中国社会文化环境下的一次探索，对心身耗竭三个成分的关系也作了一定的理论探讨。
本研究采用问卷调查和个案访谈的方式，对警察的心身耗竭现状、应对方式情况及控制点情况进行探究。研究结果表明：(1)上海警察情感枯竭程度较重，冷漠程度较轻，而保持着较高的职业效能感；(2)上海警察群体总体的心身耗竭状况较为一致，人口学变量之间差异不大；(3)情感枯竭和冷漠关系较大，冷漠是情感枯竭继续发展的结果。而职业效能感和两者不存在明显的关系，是独立发展的。因此，研究结论支持Leiter的模型；(4)应对方式和控制点对心身耗竭有影响。问题指向性应对方式，特别是问题解决，有助于缓解心身耗竭；而情绪指向性应对方式会加重心身耗竭，但不会影响职业效能感。外控型警察表现出较高的情感枯竭和冷漠，而内部控制点对于心身耗竭影响并不明显。
根据上述研究结果，本研究提出如下建议：(1)帮助警察认清心身耗竭，针对个人情况进行调适；(2)推进心理学在警务工作中的全面应用；(3)在人员安置、调度过程中尽可能合理配置；(4)建立良好的人际关系，加强与群众的接触；(5)建立科学的行为预警系统。
By investigating the burnout of policemen in Shanghai, this research aims to explore the psychological pressure of this special career, analyze how the correlates such as demoraphical factors, coping style, and locus of control influence burnout of this group, and try to construct the theoretical model of burnout of police. On the theoretical basis, the research tries to find the possibility of decreasing the psychological pressure of police officers and give some suggestions to the government. At the same time, the research attempts to testify Leiter & Maslach's theory of burnout by exploring the relation of the three elements of burnout under Chinese culture.
Through case study and assessment of burnout, coping style, and locus of control, the results show that (1) the problem of emotional exhaustion in Shanghai police is quite serious, that of cynicism is slight, while they keep quite high professional efficacy; (2) the degree of burnout in different types of police is quite consistent, the differences among them are slight; (3) emotional exhaustion has much relation with cynicism, which results from emotional exhaustion, while both emotional exhaustion and cynicism have little effect on professional efficacy, which supports Leiter' model of burnout; (4) coping style and locus of control have effects on burnout. Problem-focused coping styles do good to relieve the degree of burnout, and emotion-focused coping styles seem to aggravate emotional exhaustion and cynicism. But it seems not to influence professional efficacy. The police who take external locus of control express more emotional exhaustion and cynicism, but that of internal locus of control seems to have little effect on burnout.
According to the results, the study gives the following advice: (1) help the police know more about burnout and learn to adjust himself to work; (2) advance the applications of psychology in police governments; (3) try best to utilize personnel reasonably in allocation and regulation; (4) establish good relations within colleagues and strengthen the connection with the crowd; (5) construct scientific behavior system in advance.
本研究采用问卷调查和个案访谈的方式，对警察的心身耗竭现状、应对方式情况及控制点情况进行探究。研究结果表明：(1)上海警察情感枯竭程度较重，冷漠程度较轻，而保持着较高的职业效能感；(2)上海警察群体总体的心身耗竭状况较为一致，人口学变量之间差异不大；(3)情感枯竭和冷漠关系较大，冷漠是情感枯竭继续发展的结果。而职业效能感和两者不存在明显的关系，是独立发展的。因此，研究结论支持Leiter的模型；(4)应对方式和控制点对心身耗竭有影响。问题指向性应对方式，特别是问题解决，有助于缓解心身耗竭；而情绪指向性应对方式会加重心身耗竭，但不会影响职业效能感。外控型警察表现出较高的情感枯竭和冷漠，而内部控制点对于心身耗竭影响并不明显。
根据上述研究结果，本研究提出如下建议：(1)帮助警察认清心身耗竭，针对个人情况进行调适；(2)推进心理学在警务工作中的全面应用；(3)在人员安置、调度过程中尽可能合理配置；(4)建立良好的人际关系，加强与群众的接触；(5)建立科学的行为预警系统。
By investigating the burnout of policemen in Shanghai, this research aims to explore the psychological pressure of this special career, analyze how the correlates such as demoraphical factors, coping style, and locus of control influence burnout of this group, and try to construct the theoretical model of burnout of police. On the theoretical basis, the research tries to find the possibility of decreasing the psychological pressure of police officers and give some suggestions to the government. At the same time, the research attempts to testify Leiter & Maslach's theory of burnout by exploring the relation of the three elements of burnout under Chinese culture.
Through case study and assessment of burnout, coping style, and locus of control, the results show that (1) the problem of emotional exhaustion in Shanghai police is quite serious, that of cynicism is slight, while they keep quite high professional efficacy; (2) the degree of burnout in different types of police is quite consistent, the differences among them are slight; (3) emotional exhaustion has much relation with cynicism, which results from emotional exhaustion, while both emotional exhaustion and cynicism have little effect on professional efficacy, which supports Leiter' model of burnout; (4) coping style and locus of control have effects on burnout. Problem-focused coping styles do good to relieve the degree of burnout, and emotion-focused coping styles seem to aggravate emotional exhaustion and cynicism. But it seems not to influence professional efficacy. The police who take external locus of control express more emotional exhaustion and cynicism, but that of internal locus of control seems to have little effect on burnout.
According to the results, the study gives the following advice: (1) help the police know more about burnout and learn to adjust himself to work; (2) advance the applications of psychology in police governments; (3) try best to utilize personnel reasonably in allocation and regulation; (4) establish good relations within colleagues and strengthen the connection with the crowd; (5) construct scientific behavior system in advance.
引文
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[2]. Freudenberger, H.(1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Social Issues,30,159-164.
[3]. Jayaratne, S., Chess, W.A.,& Kunkel, D.A.(1986).Burnout: Its impact on child welfare workers and their spouses. Social Work,31,53-59.
[4]. Burke, R.J.(1987).Burnout in police work: An examination of the Cherniss model. Group and Organizational Studies, 12,174-188.
[5]. Maslach, C.,& Goldberg, J.(1998).Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and Preventive Psychology,7,63-74.
[6]. Schulz,R., Greenley, J.,& Brouwn, R.(1995).Organization, management and client effects on staff burnout. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,36,333-345
[7]. Cordes, C.,& Dougherty, T.(1993).A review and integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18,621-656.
[8]. Kahill, S.(1988).Symptoms of professional burnout: A review of the empirical evidence. Canadian Psychology,29,284-297.
[9]. Jackson, S.E., Schwab, R.L.,& Schuler, R.S.(1986).Toward an understanding of the burnout phenomenon. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71,630-640.
[10]. Renjilian, D.A., Baum,E.,& Landry, S.L.(1998). Psychotherapist burnout: Can college students see the signs? Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 13,39-48.
[11]. Hobfoll, S.,& Shirom, A.(1993).Stress and burnout in the workplace. In R. Golembiewski(Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior(pp. 41-60). New York: Marcel Dekker.
[12]. Burke, R.,& Richardsen, A.(1993). Psychological burnout in organizations. In R. Golembiewski(Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior(pp.263-298). New York: Marcel Dekker.
[13]. Cherniss, C. (1980).Professional burnout, in human service organizations. New York:Praeger.
[14]. Pines, A.,& Aronson, E.(1988). Career burnout: Cases and cures(2nd ed). New York:Free Press.
[15]. Shirom, A.(1989).Burnout in work organizations. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 4,25-48.
[16]. Maslach, C.(1982). Burnout: The cost of caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
[17]. Maslach, C.,& Jackson, S.(1981).MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
[18]. O'Driscoll, M.,& Cooper, C.(1996).Sources and management of excessive job stress and burnout. In P. Warr(Ec.), Psychology at work(4nd ed.,pp. 188-223). New York: Penguim.
[19]. Maslach, C., Jackson, S.,& Leiter, M.(1996).Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual(3rd ed). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
[20]. Leiter, M., & Schaufeli, W.(1996).Consistency of the burnout construct across occupations. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 9,229-243.
[21]. Golembiewski, R.,& Munzenrider, R.(1988).Phases of burnout: Developments in concepts and work site covariates. ,Journal of Applied Behavior Science, 19,461-481.
[22]. Evans, B.,& Fischer, D.(1993).The nature of burnout: A study of the three-factor model of burnout in human service and non-human service samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66,29-38.
[23]. Koeske, G.,& Koeske, R.(1993).A preliminary test of a stress-strain-outcome model of reconceptualizing the burnout phenomenon. Journal of Social Service Research, 17,107-135
[24]. Lee, R., & Ashforth, B.(1996).A meta-analytic examination of managerial burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81,123-133.
[25]. Burke, R., Greenglass, E.,& Schwarzer, R.(1995). Predicting teacher burnout over time: Effects of work stress, social support, and self-doubts on burnout and its consequences. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 9,261-275.
[26]. Golembiewski, R., Munzenrider, R.,& Stevenson, J.(1986). Stress in organizations: Toward a phase model of burnout. New York: Praeger.
[27]. Golembiewski, R., Sherb, K.,& Boudreau, R.(1993).Burnout in cross-national settings: Generic and model-specific perspectives. In W. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek(Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research(pp.217-236). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
[28]. Leiter, M.(1993).Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models. In W. Schaufeli, C. Maslach, & T. Marek(Eds.), Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research(pp.237-250). Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
[29]. Burke, R.(1989).Toward a phase model of burnout. Group and Organization Studies, 14,23-32.
[30]. Lee, R., & Ashforth, B.(1993).A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14,3-20.
[31]. Leiter, M.,& Maslach, C.(1988).The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Joutrnal of Organizational Behavior,9,297-308.
[32]. Leiter, M.(1991).Coping patterns as predictor of burnout: The function of control and.escapist coping patterns. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12,123-144.
[33]. Hobfoll, S.(1989).Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist,44, 513-524.
[34]. Pine, A., Aronson, E.,& Kafry, D.(1981). Burnout: Front tedium to personal growth. New York: Free Press.
[35]. Brookings, J., Bolton, B., Brown, C.,& McEvoy, A.(1985). Self-reported job burnout among female human service professionals. Journal of Occupational Behavior,6,143-150.
[36]. O'Driscoli, M.,& Schubert, T.(1988). Organizational climate and burnout in a
New Zealand Social service agency. Work and Stress,2,199-204.
[37]. Lee, R.,& Ashforth, B.(1990). On the meaning of Maslach's three dimensions of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology,75,743-747.
[38]. Kalliath, T., Gillespie, D., O'Driscoll, M.,& Bluedorn,A.(2000). A test of Maslach Burnout Inventory in three samples of healthcare professionals. Work and Stress, 12,179-185.
[39]. Schaufeli, W., Leiter, M., Maslach, C.,& Jackson, S.(1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. In C. Maslach, S. Jackson, & M Leiter(Eds.), Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual(3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
[40]. Schaufeli, W., Bakker, A., Demerouti, E.(2002). The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3,71-82.
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