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桥梁检测及其光学检测方法研究
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摘要
本文分别通过数值计算和现场检测两种手段对 DH 立交桥破坏最严重的匝 2
    西连续梁段进行了承载力分析,并总结出了适于异形连续梁承载力测试的有限元
    模型和实验方法。结果表明,两种方法所得到的结果比较吻合。
     本文还研究了利用数字图像处理技术采集与测量土木结构面内位移的光学
    测试方法,即形心搜索法。所谓形心搜索法是,在待测面内位移的物体表面均匀
    喷上浅色背景,然后画上数个与背景颜色反差很大的离散标记,最后利用变形前
    图像和变形后图像当中相对应的标记形心坐标的变化作为该标记形心处的位移
    增量来测量梁体表面位移的方法。在提取标记形心处的位移增量时,用计算机图
    形学、边缘检测、图像二值化等数字图像相关知识处理图像得到了数据,并开发
    了数字图像数据处理系统。利用这一系统,可以准确地获得标记形心处的位移。
    从实验数据表明,此方法的误差一般在 0.1—1%之间,绝对误差绝大部分都在
    10 μm以内,也说明了此方法是计算速度快、精度高的测量方法。
     本文将形心搜索法和有限元法位移插值函数相结合探索了快速测量桥梁梁
    体局部表面位移场、应变场的一种新方法。所用测量节点位移增量的方法是形心
    搜索法,并用插值函数设定了单元内的位移模式,并在此基础上进一步求出了单
    元内的应变和应力。较一般方法测物体表面局部位移场、应变场,具有较高的精
    度和很高的计算速度。在本文中,在待测位移场的梁体表面上喷上以矩阵形式排
    列的m×n个与背景颜色反差很大的离散标记,以标记形心坐标作为变形前节点
    坐标,以变形前图像和变形后图像当中相对应的标记形心坐标的变化作为节点位
    移增量,用弹性力学平面问题理论进一步计算出了单元内的应变和应力。
     本文还在数字图像相关原理的基础上,把形心搜索法与数字图像相关方法进
    行了结合。在数字图像相关测量方法的相关算法中,每一种算法都需要获取初始
    值,而且初始值的获取对于相关运算的正确性和计算速度起着至关重要的作用。
    本文的计算方法以用形心搜索法得到的标记形心处的位移增量作为初始值,并以
    变形前标记形心处的坐标值作为子区中心值,并运用相关理论计算了包含一个标
    记的变形前后图像。从而节省了初始值的搜索所用的时间,并保证了相关运算收
    敛于全局最小值点。
In recent years, the highway construction of our country has gotten the huge
    achievement that makes one focus attention with the fast development of national
    economy. Highway nets extending in all directions of many cities that take higher
    level highway as main skeleton have already formed preliminarily. But after bridge is
    established and open to traffic, various factor can make safe degree of bridge drop
    along with time pass.
    Now only from increasing of vehicle load and traffic, many bridges have huge hidden
    trouble. So, in order to guarantee the safe operation of existing bridge and prolong its
    safe tenure of being used as far as possible, it is necessary to detect and assess existing
    bridge and to know its safe condition and surplus bearing capacity. Therefore, for built
    bridge recently and old bridge, detection to bridge has very important meaning.
     This paper has analyzed bearing capacity to continuous beam section damaged
    seriously of DONG-HUAN overpass by numerical calculation and detection on job
    site respectively and has summarized experiment method and finite element model
    that are suitable for test of bearing capacity of irregular continuous beam. As a result,
    the conclusions gotten by two methods are coincident fairly.
     This paper has still studied the method of handling the displacement in structural
    surface using digital image-center of figure search method. The center of figure search
    method claimed is the method that spray the background of light color on surface
    measured, then draw the great marks that their color is different from the background
    color, finally take the change of coordinates of some corresponding center of figure in
    original image and formed image as displacements of the center of figure.
     When drawing the displacement increment of marked center of figure, this paper
    has handled images by computer graphics and edge detection etc, and developed
    digital image processing system. Using this system can get the displacement of
    marked center of figure accurately. From experimental datas, the error of this method
    is in 0.1 — 1% generally and absolute error is nearly in 10 μmwithin. It is a method
    with rapid calculating speed and high precision.
     This paper has established an rapid and effective calculation method of measuring
    strain value of marked center of figure at the foundation of analyzing digital image
    correlation principle fully.
    
    
    In digital image correlation method, to obtain initial value play a most important role
    for the correctness and speed of correlation operation. The calculation method of this
    paper takes the displacement increment of marked center of figure as initial value and
    takes coordinates of marked center of figure in original image as center values of
    subset, to calculate original and formed image including a mark by correlation theory.
    So, can raise calculation speed and precision under the prerequisite of guaranteeing
    correlation operation to restraint the minimum value point of overall points.
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