污水生物脱氮～（15）N标识实验研究与生产工艺分析
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摘要
摘 要
随着工农业的迅速发展，水体污染现象日益严重。加强污水处理，控制氮、
磷等营养性物质进入水体是防止水体污染的主要途径。生物脱氮技术因其特有的
技术经济优势，受到了人们的普遍重视。但是，目前我国城市污水处理厂多数采
用单纯以去除有机物为目标的传统工艺。此外，现有的工艺还存在运行不稳定，
自动化程度低等不足。为此，本文在借鉴国内外已取得的研究成果的基础上，进
行生物脱氮的理论与实验研究，为污水处理厂分期分批建造设计或改造提供实验
技术参考和理论依据。
实验室研究，采用 N 同位素标识技术对生物反硝化过程进行了研究。结果
15
表明：在含 N 标识的人工配制硝酸盐培养液中，发生反硝化作用时，溶液中剩
15
余硝酸盐内仍含有 N 值，生物体内 N 值增大，同时产生含 N 的氮气。研究
15 15 15
成果更正了前人研究的问题，说明 N 在检测反硝化反应的定性、定量关系中是
15
行之有效的，为污水微生物除氮研究提供了创新的、实用的实验技术和理论方法。
生产性试验研究，是以正在运行的两座污水处理厂为研究现场。结果表明：
两座污水厂都是采用 A/O 工艺，由于回流系统不同，曝气池的结构不同，导致
总氮去除效果相差很大。溶解氧、污泥的 BOD 负荷、污泥回流比对脱氮反应等
影响较明显。增设内回流、降低污泥的有机底物负荷是提高脱氮率的关键。但有
机底物负荷太低，容易发生污泥膨胀。根据进水水质及时对水厂的运行进行调控，
是保障脱氮效果的关键。
此外，本论文还探讨了目前实用的脱氮处理工艺，并简单的进行说明，并预
测今后脱氮工艺发展趋势。
With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, water body has been
increasing polluted. Strengthening sewage disposal, controlling nitrogen, phosphorus
nutrition material enter water body to prevent main way of water pollution from. The
biological N and P removal technology has been used successfully to treat a variety of
pollutants, particularly effective in nitrogen removal from wastewater. In China, most
of the municipal wastewater is still treated with traditional methods, which can only
remove organics (COD). In addition, most of the municipal wastewater plant runs
unstably, and the level of automatic control is still lower. This dissertation studies the
mechanisms and processes of biological nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater.
And presents the plant experiment technique reference and theory in the staged
planning and reconstruct.
Laboratory experiment used N isotope identification technology to study the
15
process of microbial denitrificatio. The result showed that the δ15N of residual nitrate
and the bacterial body increased in manual configurating nitrate culture which 15N
isotope when the denitrification acted. And gas, which had 15N isotope, had been
increasing during the process of denitrification. The research proved that the δ15N
value was very effective to determine the qualitative and quantitative relationship,
which affords practice experiment technique and theoretic method to the research on
the wastewater denitrification.
Two wastewater processing plants in Beijing were selected to do producing
experiment and denitrificate application analysis. The result showed that the TKN
removal efficiency was different between two plants, although they have the same
A/O nitrogen removal process. They have different return sludge system and structure
of the oxidation bank. The dissolved oxygen and organic loading have more
significant effects on nitrogen removal efficiency. The TKN removal efficiency can
increase by increasing sludge return ration and decreasing sludge loading. Only BOD
loading is too slow, occurrence apt sludge expands. To protect good effluent, it is
- II -
ABSTRACT
important to adjust operation according to change of influent.
Furthermore, the dissertation discussed practice denitrification technique, and
explained simply, and prospected the future development.
随着工农业的迅速发展，水体污染现象日益严重。加强污水处理，控制氮、
磷等营养性物质进入水体是防止水体污染的主要途径。生物脱氮技术因其特有的
技术经济优势，受到了人们的普遍重视。但是，目前我国城市污水处理厂多数采
用单纯以去除有机物为目标的传统工艺。此外，现有的工艺还存在运行不稳定，
自动化程度低等不足。为此，本文在借鉴国内外已取得的研究成果的基础上，进
行生物脱氮的理论与实验研究，为污水处理厂分期分批建造设计或改造提供实验
技术参考和理论依据。
实验室研究，采用 N 同位素标识技术对生物反硝化过程进行了研究。结果
15
表明：在含 N 标识的人工配制硝酸盐培养液中，发生反硝化作用时，溶液中剩
15
余硝酸盐内仍含有 N 值，生物体内 N 值增大，同时产生含 N 的氮气。研究
15 15 15
成果更正了前人研究的问题，说明 N 在检测反硝化反应的定性、定量关系中是
15
行之有效的，为污水微生物除氮研究提供了创新的、实用的实验技术和理论方法。
生产性试验研究，是以正在运行的两座污水处理厂为研究现场。结果表明：
两座污水厂都是采用 A/O 工艺，由于回流系统不同，曝气池的结构不同，导致
总氮去除效果相差很大。溶解氧、污泥的 BOD 负荷、污泥回流比对脱氮反应等
影响较明显。增设内回流、降低污泥的有机底物负荷是提高脱氮率的关键。但有
机底物负荷太低，容易发生污泥膨胀。根据进水水质及时对水厂的运行进行调控，
是保障脱氮效果的关键。
此外，本论文还探讨了目前实用的脱氮处理工艺，并简单的进行说明，并预
测今后脱氮工艺发展趋势。
With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, water body has been
increasing polluted. Strengthening sewage disposal, controlling nitrogen, phosphorus
nutrition material enter water body to prevent main way of water pollution from. The
biological N and P removal technology has been used successfully to treat a variety of
pollutants, particularly effective in nitrogen removal from wastewater. In China, most
of the municipal wastewater is still treated with traditional methods, which can only
remove organics (COD). In addition, most of the municipal wastewater plant runs
unstably, and the level of automatic control is still lower. This dissertation studies the
mechanisms and processes of biological nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater.
And presents the plant experiment technique reference and theory in the staged
planning and reconstruct.
Laboratory experiment used N isotope identification technology to study the
15
process of microbial denitrificatio. The result showed that the δ15N of residual nitrate
and the bacterial body increased in manual configurating nitrate culture which 15N
isotope when the denitrification acted. And gas, which had 15N isotope, had been
increasing during the process of denitrification. The research proved that the δ15N
value was very effective to determine the qualitative and quantitative relationship,
which affords practice experiment technique and theoretic method to the research on
the wastewater denitrification.
Two wastewater processing plants in Beijing were selected to do producing
experiment and denitrificate application analysis. The result showed that the TKN
removal efficiency was different between two plants, although they have the same
A/O nitrogen removal process. They have different return sludge system and structure
of the oxidation bank. The dissolved oxygen and organic loading have more
significant effects on nitrogen removal efficiency. The TKN removal efficiency can
increase by increasing sludge return ration and decreasing sludge loading. Only BOD
loading is too slow, occurrence apt sludge expands. To protect good effluent, it is
- II -
ABSTRACT
important to adjust operation according to change of influent.
Furthermore, the dissertation discussed practice denitrification technique, and
explained simply, and prospected the future development.
引文
参考文献
1 张自杰，排水工程（下册），第四版，中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
2 郑兴灿 李亚新，污水除磷脱氮技术建筑工业出版社，1998
3 任南琪等，水污染控制微生物学，黑龙江出版社，1989
4 严煦世，水和废水技术研究，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
5 A Gerber,E S Mosteret,C T Winter，et al.Interactions between
phosphate,nitrate and organic substrate in biological nutrient
removal processes. Wat.Sci.Tech.,1987,19(1/2):183-194.
6 冯叶成等，生物脱氮新工艺研究进展，微生物学通报，2001，28（4）， 88-91
7 陈坚，环境生物技术，中国轻工业出版社，1999
8 徐冬梅等，亚硝酸型硝化的试验研究，给水排水，1999，25(7)：
9 邱立平 马军，曝气生物滤池的短程硝化反硝化机理研究，中国给水排水，
2002.12
10 唐光临 孙国新 徐楚韶，亚硝酸型硝化生物脱氮，工业水处理，2001.11.
11林燕，杨永哲等 生物除磷脱氮技术的研究动向 中国给水排水，2002.12
12 Linpingkual,willy verstraete.Ammonium removed by the oxygen limited
autotrophic nitrification-denitrification system.Appl.Environ.
Microbial,1998,64(11):4500～450614
13 Hellinga C,Van Loosdrecht M M C,HeijnenJJ.Proceedings of the IMACS 2nd
Mathmod Symposium,TU Vienna Austria,1997,865～870
14林涛等,新型的脱氮工艺—SHARON 工艺,环境污染与治,25(3)2003,164～166
15 WVerstraete,SPhilips.Nitrification-denitrification processes and
technologies in new contexts.Environmentalpollution,1998,10(2):717～
726
16 HelMerC,etal.Nitrogen loss inanitrifying biofilmsys-tem.
Wat.Sci.Tech.,1999,39(7):13～21
17 Xiao-Jun Fan，et al.Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane with
a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment,Wat.Sci.
Tech,1996，34(1-2):129-136.
- 49 -
北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文
18 A Gerber,E S Mosteret,C T Winter，et al.Interactions between
phosphate,nitrate and organic substrate in biological nutrient removal
processes.Wat.Sci.Tech.,1987,19(1/2):183-194
19 岑运华，膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用，水处理技术，1991，17（5）
20 王磊等,固定化硝化菌去除氨氮的研究，环境科学，1997,18(2),18-20
21 曹国民等：单级生物脱氮技术的进展，中国给水排水，2000，16（2），20-24
22 Vitasovic Z ,Andrews J F.An integrated dynamic model and conrrol
system for activated sludge wastewater treatment plants,Part
1-modeling . Wat Poll Res J Canada,1989,:491-494
23 Argaman Y. Modeling recycled systems for biological nitrification and
denitrification ,WPCE,1979,51(4)
24 Willi gujer,et al. Activated sludge model No.3.Water Sci. Tech,
1999,39(1):183-193
25 Henze M ,G P L, Jr Gujer W, et al .Activated Sludge Modle No 1
［A］.IAWPRC,IAWPRC Scientific and Technical Report No 1［C］.London.
26 W. Gujer et al, the Activated Sludge Model No.2: Biological phosphorus
Removal ,Wat.Sci.Tech.,Vol.31,No.2,1995
27 王世俊等编，水和废水技术研究，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
28 须藤隆一（日）著，俞辉群等译，水环境净化及废水处理微生物学，中国建
筑工业出版社，1988
29 Chambers B, Jones G L. Optimisation and updating of activated sludge
plants by efficient process design. Wat Sci Tech.,1988,20(4/5):121
30 顾夏生编著，废水生物处理数学模式，清华大学出版社，1982
31 Yerachmiel Argaman,Single Sludge Nitrogen Removal in an Oxisation
Ditch,Wat.Res.1984,18(12),1493～1500
32 高廷耀,顾国维.水质污染控制工程（下册），高等教育出版社,1999
33 王洪臣主编，城市污水厂处理厂运行控制与维护管理 科学出版社 1997，
34 许保玖 龙腾锐,当代给水与废水处理原理高等教育出版社 2001.6,339-341
35 Cooper,D.F. and S.C.Willians. High-Rate Nitrification in Biological
- 50 -
参考文献
Fludized Bed. Wat.Sci.Tech.,1990,22:431-442
36 Dillon,G.R.and V.K.Thomas. A Plot-Scale Evaluation of the Biocarbone
Process for the Treatment of Settle Sewage and for Tertiary
Nitrification of Secondary Effluent. Wat.Sci.Tech.,1990,22:305-316
37 章非娟编著，生物脱氮技术，北京中国环境科学出版社，1992
38 顾夏声，水处理微生物学基础，中国建筑工业出版社， 1987
39 Christersen M H et al. Biological Denitrification of Sewage:A
Lieratwre Review Prog.Wat.Tech.1977.8(4/5):509-555
40 宗宫功编著，张荪楠 吴之丽译，污水除磷脱氮技术，中国环境出版社，1987
41 中国化工防治污染技术协会.化工废水处理技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2000
42 严熙世主编，水和废水技术研究，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
43 聂梅生.污水除磷脱氮技术.中国建筑工业出版社，1998
44 Chuang S H.Effects of SRT and DO on nutrient removal in a combined
AS-BIOFILM process.Water Research & Technology，1997，36(12):19-27.
45 Carucci A，Kuhni M，BrunR，et al.Microbial cpmpetition for the organic
substrates and its impact on Ebpr system under conditions of changing
carbon feed.Wat.Sci.Tech.，1997，36(12):19-27.
46 李亚新，城市污水硝化反硝化及生物脱氮计算，环境工程，1995
47 Mariotti A.Atmospheric Nitrogen is a Reliable Standard Fornatural N
15
Abundance Measurements.Nature,1983,303:685～687
48 Ahmad， N.， Lysimeter and field studies on N in a Tropical soil，
15
Plant and Soil， 1989.
49 王东升,氮同位素比(15N/14N)在地下水氮污染研究中的应用基础,地球学报,
1997，18(2)
50 曹亚澄等，土壤中不同含氮组份的δ15Ｎ质谱测定法，土壤通报,1993,24(2)
51 曹亚澄.稳定性同位素 Ｎ示踪原子法.北京:原子能出版社,1992.106～1274
15
52 丁峰等，活性污泥法中泡沫问题的产生与控制技术，给水排水，26(2),2000
1 张自杰，排水工程（下册），第四版，中国建筑工业出版社,1996.
2 郑兴灿 李亚新，污水除磷脱氮技术建筑工业出版社，1998
3 任南琪等，水污染控制微生物学，黑龙江出版社，1989
4 严煦世，水和废水技术研究，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
5 A Gerber,E S Mosteret,C T Winter，et al.Interactions between
phosphate,nitrate and organic substrate in biological nutrient
removal processes. Wat.Sci.Tech.,1987,19(1/2):183-194.
6 冯叶成等，生物脱氮新工艺研究进展，微生物学通报，2001，28（4）， 88-91
7 陈坚，环境生物技术，中国轻工业出版社，1999
8 徐冬梅等，亚硝酸型硝化的试验研究，给水排水，1999，25(7)：
9 邱立平 马军，曝气生物滤池的短程硝化反硝化机理研究，中国给水排水，
2002.12
10 唐光临 孙国新 徐楚韶，亚硝酸型硝化生物脱氮，工业水处理，2001.11.
11林燕，杨永哲等 生物除磷脱氮技术的研究动向 中国给水排水，2002.12
12 Linpingkual,willy verstraete.Ammonium removed by the oxygen limited
autotrophic nitrification-denitrification system.Appl.Environ.
Microbial,1998,64(11):4500～450614
13 Hellinga C,Van Loosdrecht M M C,HeijnenJJ.Proceedings of the IMACS 2nd
Mathmod Symposium,TU Vienna Austria,1997,865～870
14林涛等,新型的脱氮工艺—SHARON 工艺,环境污染与治,25(3)2003,164～166
15 WVerstraete,SPhilips.Nitrification-denitrification processes and
technologies in new contexts.Environmentalpollution,1998,10(2):717～
726
16 HelMerC,etal.Nitrogen loss inanitrifying biofilmsys-tem.
Wat.Sci.Tech.,1999,39(7):13～21
17 Xiao-Jun Fan，et al.Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane with
a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment,Wat.Sci.
Tech,1996，34(1-2):129-136.
- 49 -
北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文
18 A Gerber,E S Mosteret,C T Winter，et al.Interactions between
phosphate,nitrate and organic substrate in biological nutrient removal
processes.Wat.Sci.Tech.,1987,19(1/2):183-194
19 岑运华，膜生物反应器在污水处理中的应用，水处理技术，1991，17（5）
20 王磊等,固定化硝化菌去除氨氮的研究，环境科学，1997,18(2),18-20
21 曹国民等：单级生物脱氮技术的进展，中国给水排水，2000，16（2），20-24
22 Vitasovic Z ,Andrews J F.An integrated dynamic model and conrrol
system for activated sludge wastewater treatment plants,Part
1-modeling . Wat Poll Res J Canada,1989,:491-494
23 Argaman Y. Modeling recycled systems for biological nitrification and
denitrification ,WPCE,1979,51(4)
24 Willi gujer,et al. Activated sludge model No.3.Water Sci. Tech,
1999,39(1):183-193
25 Henze M ,G P L, Jr Gujer W, et al .Activated Sludge Modle No 1
［A］.IAWPRC,IAWPRC Scientific and Technical Report No 1［C］.London.
26 W. Gujer et al, the Activated Sludge Model No.2: Biological phosphorus
Removal ,Wat.Sci.Tech.,Vol.31,No.2,1995
27 王世俊等编，水和废水技术研究，中国建筑工业出版社，1992
28 须藤隆一（日）著，俞辉群等译，水环境净化及废水处理微生物学，中国建
筑工业出版社，1988
29 Chambers B, Jones G L. Optimisation and updating of activated sludge
plants by efficient process design. Wat Sci Tech.,1988,20(4/5):121
30 顾夏生编著，废水生物处理数学模式，清华大学出版社，1982
31 Yerachmiel Argaman,Single Sludge Nitrogen Removal in an Oxisation
Ditch,Wat.Res.1984,18(12),1493～1500
32 高廷耀,顾国维.水质污染控制工程（下册），高等教育出版社,1999
33 王洪臣主编，城市污水厂处理厂运行控制与维护管理 科学出版社 1997，
34 许保玖 龙腾锐,当代给水与废水处理原理高等教育出版社 2001.6,339-341
35 Cooper,D.F. and S.C.Willians. High-Rate Nitrification in Biological
- 50 -
参考文献
Fludized Bed. Wat.Sci.Tech.,1990,22:431-442
36 Dillon,G.R.and V.K.Thomas. A Plot-Scale Evaluation of the Biocarbone
Process for the Treatment of Settle Sewage and for Tertiary
Nitrification of Secondary Effluent. Wat.Sci.Tech.,1990,22:305-316
37 章非娟编著，生物脱氮技术，北京中国环境科学出版社，1992
38 顾夏声，水处理微生物学基础，中国建筑工业出版社， 1987
39 Christersen M H et al. Biological Denitrification of Sewage:A
Lieratwre Review Prog.Wat.Tech.1977.8(4/5):509-555
40 宗宫功编著，张荪楠 吴之丽译，污水除磷脱氮技术，中国环境出版社，1987
41 中国化工防治污染技术协会.化工废水处理技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2000
42 严熙世主编，水和废水技术研究，中国建筑工业出版社，1994
43 聂梅生.污水除磷脱氮技术.中国建筑工业出版社，1998
44 Chuang S H.Effects of SRT and DO on nutrient removal in a combined
AS-BIOFILM process.Water Research & Technology，1997，36(12):19-27.
45 Carucci A，Kuhni M，BrunR，et al.Microbial cpmpetition for the organic
substrates and its impact on Ebpr system under conditions of changing
carbon feed.Wat.Sci.Tech.，1997，36(12):19-27.
46 李亚新，城市污水硝化反硝化及生物脱氮计算，环境工程，1995
47 Mariotti A.Atmospheric Nitrogen is a Reliable Standard Fornatural N
15
Abundance Measurements.Nature,1983,303:685～687
48 Ahmad， N.， Lysimeter and field studies on N in a Tropical soil，
15
Plant and Soil， 1989.
49 王东升,氮同位素比(15N/14N)在地下水氮污染研究中的应用基础,地球学报,
1997，18(2)
50 曹亚澄等，土壤中不同含氮组份的δ15Ｎ质谱测定法，土壤通报,1993,24(2)
51 曹亚澄.稳定性同位素 Ｎ示踪原子法.北京:原子能出版社,1992.106～1274
15
52 丁峰等，活性污泥法中泡沫问题的产生与控制技术，给水排水，26(2),2000
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