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民事执行救济制度刍议
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摘要
在民事执行过程中,由于受诸方面因素的影响,难免造成执行当事人或其他利害关系人权益的损害,有损害就应当给予救济,而且这种救济应当有制度上的保障,因而就必然要制定执行救济制度。
     执行救济制度具有权利性、事后性、合法性、从属性等四个特征。我国现行的执行救济制度包括执行异议、执行回转和司法赔偿三种。对于执行异议我国民事诉讼法第208条做了具体规定。执行回转是现行民事执行救济制度中的一种事后弥补性救济方式,也是对案外人实体权利的最终保护方式之一。执行程序中的司法赔偿适用范围为错误执行法律文书,执行错误的法律文书不属于司法赔偿范围,一般是通过审判监督程序纠正错误的法律文书,再实施执行回转。
     大陆法系的国家,如德国、日本、法国、瑞士和我国台湾地区的执行救济制度,既规定了程序性救济制度又规定了实体性救济制度,而实体性救济制度又分为债务人异议之诉和第三人异议之诉,这充分保护了债权人、债务人和第三人的合法权益。
     与之相比较,我国的执行救济制度存在如下缺陷:首先,执行救济方法单一。我国现行法只规定了执行异议、执行回转和司法赔偿三种方法,且执行异议只授予对执行标的物有排除执行力的第三人享有救济权,而对执行过程中其合法权益可能受到损害的债权人和债务人缺乏相应的保护。其次,不能有效地保护案外人及执行当事人的合法权益。就执行异议而言,执行异议的审查制度不能充分保护案外人及执行当事人的合法权益,因为审查程序本身毕竟不是诉讼程序,不能促使各方面提供全面、真实的证据,不能保证充分听取争议各方的意见,也无法进行公正的裁判,事实上这剥夺了争议各方应当享有的通过正常的诉讼程序获得救济的权利。另外,根据现行法的规定,案外人对执行标的物主张部分或全部权利时,只能向执行机关提出异议,而不能直接起诉。而执行机关以裁定的方式解决实体问题,这在法学理论上是讲不通的,在司法实践中也是有害的,体现在既剥夺了当事人的诉权,又剥夺了当事人的上诉权,因为这种裁定属于一裁终局,不得上诉和复议,实际上是一裁代替了一审、二审和再审。第三、将审判监督程序
    
    和执行救济制度混为一谈。第四、对程序_上户·丫丢及不适当的执行行为缺乏相应的
    救济方式。从某种意义上讲,执行救济制度就是一种程序上的保障制度,对执行
    当事人和利害关系来说,则更是如此。我国民事诉讼法第208条规定,对于案外
    人的异议,由执行人员依照法定程序进行审查,然而,这种程序事实上根本不存
    在,所以,我国的案外人异议制度其实处于一种虚无的状态。第五,我国现行法
    没有规定对被执行人实体救济的措施。对于侵害被执行人实体上合法权利的执行
    行为没有制约和纠正方法,不利于保护被执行人的合法权益。
     我国现行执行救济制度存在不足,应从以下几个方面加以完善:
     首先建立程序方面的执行救济制度。所谓程序上的执行救济,是指当事人或
    其他利害关系人对于执行机构违反法定的执行程序的执行行为,在执行程序终结
    前,向该执行法院请求更正的救济制度,它包括:1、执行行为请求制度。主要用
    对实施执行行为中滥用职权和怠于行使执行权时的救济。2、指定执行管辖制度,
    是指当执行机关与执行当事人有利害关系或执行机关执行行为己对执行当事人构
    成侵害,或因执行机关执行措施不当致使执行事项未在法定期限内执结等不宜执
    行或执行不力时,执行当事人可以申请上一级执行机关指定其他执行机关执行。3、
    声明异议制度,是指执行当事人或利害关系人认为执行机关的执行行为在程序上
    侵害其合法权益,可以在执行程序开始后,执行程序终结前声明异议,请求执行
    机关撤销或变更执行行为。4、裁定上诉制度,对于执行当事人提出的异议,应当
    认真审查并用裁定形式作出处理,对裁定不服的,允许当事人对某些裁定提起上
    诉。
     其次是完善实体方面的执行救济制度,即异议之诉制度。根据当事人主体不
    同,异议之诉分为两种,一种是债务人异议之诉,指债务人对于执行名义所载的
    请求,主张有足以排除执行实体法事由,而请求法院以判决宣告该执行名义不准
    强制执行;另一种是第三人异议之诉,是指第三人就执行标的物是足以排除执行
    的实体权利,请求法院以判决宣告不准就该标的物强制执行。
In enforcement of civil case, it's difficult to completely avoid injuring the rights and interests of litigants and other persons concerned. There are injuries, there shall be remedies. And they should have systems to safeguard. As a result, execution of remedy system shall be produced inevitably.
    Execution of remedy system has four characteristics: protecting rights, subsequent, legal and subordinate. In China, the current execution of remedy system consists of dissent of execution, turn-round of execution and judicial compensation. Civil procedure law of our country No.208 specifies dissent of execution. Therefore, turn-round of execution is a kind of subsequent practice for remedy system. Also, it is one of ways to eventually protect the rights of persons not involved in the case. Judicial compensation in execution procedure applies to the scope of executing legal instrument according to mistakes, while execution of wrong legal instrument does not belong to the scope of judicial compensation. Usually it is corrected through procedure of adjudication supervision and then comes into turn-round of execution.
    Execution of remedy system in the countries with continental law system, such as Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland and the region of Taiwan in our country, includes procedural remedy system and substantial remedy system which consists of dissent action of obligor and dissent action of the third party.
    Contrasting to them, execution of remedy system in our country has some defects. First of all, the methods of executing remedy are simple. The current system in our country only specifies dissent of execution, turn-round of execution and judicial compensation. In dissent of execution only the third party who can reject the execution of objects shall be given the right to have remedy. The obligees and the obligors whose legal rights might be harmed during execution can not get the corresponding protection. Second, it can not effectively protect legal rights of persons not involved in
    
    
    
    the case and litigants in execution. As dissent of execution is as concerned, the censorship can not fully protect legal rights of persons not involved in the case and litigants in execution. Inquiry procedure is not litigation procedure after all. So it can not let all parties concerned provide general and real evidence, ensure to heed the opinions of parties having controversy or make a judgement fairly, which in fact deprive the controversial parties of the right to get the remedy in normal litigation procedure. Besides, according to the current law, when persons not involved in the case claim all or part of right of the object, they can not charge directly but protest to the execution organ which solves the substantial problem with decision. It is unreasonable in science of law and harmful in juridical practice. It deprives the litigant not only of right of appeal but also of right of action because it is a kind of final decision that takes the place of first instance, second instance and retrial. Third, confuse procedure for trial supervision with execution of remedy system. Fourth, be lack of corresponding remedies for procedural illegal and improper execution. To some content, execution of remedy system is a kind of procedural protection system, especially to litigant participants and their interests. Civil procedure law of our country No.208 specifies that disagreement from persons not involved in the case shall be examined by executors according to legal procedure. However, such a kind of legal procedure does not exist in reality. So there is no system of disagreement from persons not involved in the case really in our country. Finally, the current law in our country does not specify substantial remedy to executees. There are no methods for conditioning and correcting the behaviors that injury substantial legal interests of executees, which is not advantageous to protect legal interests of executees.
    The current execution of remedy system in our country shall be improved in terms of aspects as following.
    First, set up
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