片冰机/冷水机组蓄冰槽在蓄冰和融冰时的特性研究
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摘要
尽管国内研究和应用冰蓄冷空调系统已经有10多年的历史了，但是至今为止，这些研究和应用仅局限于静态制冰，对于动态制冰，虽然国内也有人开始涉及，但是尚处于探讨阶段。片冰机／冷水机组是动态制冰，采用一套新型的满液式制冷系统，不需要乙二醇做载冷剂。如何在规定的时间内蓄满设计要求的冰量，并在需要的时间内由融冰提供所需要的冷量，是片冰机空调系统必须解决，同时又是难以解决的问题。
过去，蓄冰问题的求解是假定新水位和冰床延伸的半宽度，根据冰床数学模型和给定的初始水位与蓄冰量，利用质量守恒定律建立方程，方程非常复杂，很不好求解。融冰问题是先求解速度分布，再求解温度分布，总的出水温度是各出水单元的流量加权平均，结果很不理想。
本文在国内外有关片冰机蓄冰槽研究成果的基础上，对蓄冰槽在蓄冰和融冰时的特性做了进一步的研究，揭示了两个安息角的关系，提出了优化蓄冰槽尺寸的方法，根据冰床与蓄冰槽底面接触的情形求解蓄冰问题，用融冰能力分析融冰问题。这样，比较容易获得片冰在水面下的安息角；使蓄冰槽的无冰空间最小，提高蓄冰槽的蓄冰能力；已知初始水位，可以先求出对应的水位变化量，再求得新的水位，从而求得冰床在不同时期的具体尺寸和质量，圆满解决蓄冰问题；解决了融冰实验结果不好推广的问题；设计者不会对蓄冰槽的计算望而却步，不会不着边际地套用一些公式，设计有章可循。
Although ice storage has been researched and applied about ten years in our country, it is still limited to use the static ice-making. The dynamic ice-making has been involved for some time, but it only stays the discussed-phases. Ice-harvester is a kind of the dynamic ice-making, which adopts a new suit of liquid overfeed refrigeration system and don't use glycol as coolant. How to fill the ice-harvester tank and supply cooling in the regulated time is a difficult question that has to be resolved.
In the past, to resolve the question about ice-filling, the new water level and the half width of icepack were assumed, and then the equations were established by using the icepack math model, the original water level and ice mass. The equations were very complex, so it was hard to be resolved. To resolve the question about ice-melting, the velocity and temperature distribution was obtained in turn. The average temperature of water exiting the tank is found out by a mass averaging over all the exit elements. The result is not ideal.
Based on the previous research about the ice-harvester tank, the paper further investigates the properties of tank at ice-filling and ice-melting, notifying the relation between the two rest angles, bringing out the method to optimize the tank's dimensions, resolving the ice-filling problem according to the connection between the icepack and the tank's underside, analyzing the ice-melting problem with discharge capacity. It is easy to get the rest angle under water level. The void space of tank is least, and the storage capacity is improved. When the original water level is presented, the water level change is first calculated, and then the new water level is obtained. At this time, the dimensions and mass of the ice-pack is easy and nicely to get. The question is settled that the result of the ice-melting experiment was hard to apply. The designer will not feel difficult to calculate the tank, will not flinch, will not randomly use some formulate. The design can be advanced in proper sequence.
过去，蓄冰问题的求解是假定新水位和冰床延伸的半宽度，根据冰床数学模型和给定的初始水位与蓄冰量，利用质量守恒定律建立方程，方程非常复杂，很不好求解。融冰问题是先求解速度分布，再求解温度分布，总的出水温度是各出水单元的流量加权平均，结果很不理想。
本文在国内外有关片冰机蓄冰槽研究成果的基础上，对蓄冰槽在蓄冰和融冰时的特性做了进一步的研究，揭示了两个安息角的关系，提出了优化蓄冰槽尺寸的方法，根据冰床与蓄冰槽底面接触的情形求解蓄冰问题，用融冰能力分析融冰问题。这样，比较容易获得片冰在水面下的安息角；使蓄冰槽的无冰空间最小，提高蓄冰槽的蓄冰能力；已知初始水位，可以先求出对应的水位变化量，再求得新的水位，从而求得冰床在不同时期的具体尺寸和质量，圆满解决蓄冰问题；解决了融冰实验结果不好推广的问题；设计者不会对蓄冰槽的计算望而却步，不会不着边际地套用一些公式，设计有章可循。
Although ice storage has been researched and applied about ten years in our country, it is still limited to use the static ice-making. The dynamic ice-making has been involved for some time, but it only stays the discussed-phases. Ice-harvester is a kind of the dynamic ice-making, which adopts a new suit of liquid overfeed refrigeration system and don't use glycol as coolant. How to fill the ice-harvester tank and supply cooling in the regulated time is a difficult question that has to be resolved.
In the past, to resolve the question about ice-filling, the new water level and the half width of icepack were assumed, and then the equations were established by using the icepack math model, the original water level and ice mass. The equations were very complex, so it was hard to be resolved. To resolve the question about ice-melting, the velocity and temperature distribution was obtained in turn. The average temperature of water exiting the tank is found out by a mass averaging over all the exit elements. The result is not ideal.
Based on the previous research about the ice-harvester tank, the paper further investigates the properties of tank at ice-filling and ice-melting, notifying the relation between the two rest angles, bringing out the method to optimize the tank's dimensions, resolving the ice-filling problem according to the connection between the icepack and the tank's underside, analyzing the ice-melting problem with discharge capacity. It is easy to get the rest angle under water level. The void space of tank is least, and the storage capacity is improved. When the original water level is presented, the water level change is first calculated, and then the new water level is obtained. At this time, the dimensions and mass of the ice-pack is easy and nicely to get. The question is settled that the result of the ice-melting experiment was hard to apply. The designer will not feel difficult to calculate the tank, will not flinch, will not randomly use some formulate. The design can be advanced in proper sequence.
引文
[1] Slurry ice thermal energy storage design guide. Mueller, 2001,32
[2] 严德隆，张维君．空调蓄冷应用技术．1．中国：建筑工业出版社，1997，20-30
[3] Guideline for specifying the thermal performance of cool storage equipment. ARI, 2002, 18-19
[4] 吴喜平．冰蓄冷技术的应用和发展．华东电力，2001，(3)：36
[5] 李宜浩，朱玉玫，孙照明．空调冰蓄冷设计．建筑热能通风空调，2001，(6)42-44
[6] 明岗，陈沛霖．新型蓄冷介质与住宅节能．住宅科技，2000，(2)：38-40
[7] 片冰机冷水机组设计手册．Mueller，2002年11月，9
[8] 片冰机冷水机组样本．Mueller，2002年11月，6
[9] LIQUID OVERFEED SYSTEMS. 1998 ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook(SI), 1.1-1.9
[10] 华泽钊，刘道平，吴兆琳等．蓄冷技术及其在空调工程中的应用．1．中国：科学出版社，1997，21
[11] 韩宝琦，李树林．制冷空调原理及应用．1．西安：机械工业出版社，1995，42
[12] 张子慧，黄翔，张景春．制冷与空调应用技术丛书-制冷空调自动控制．1．中国：科学出版社，1999，66
[13] G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D., William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. Jay Chandrasekharan. Modeling the ice-filling-process of rectangular thermal energy storage tanks with multiple ice makers. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 56-65
[14] William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D. Jay Chandrasekharan Charles K. Saunders. Modeling of the melting process of ice stores in rectangular thermal energy storage tanks with multiple ice openings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 66-78
[15] William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. DouglasGute, Ph.D. Charles K. Saunders. Ice-melting and melt water discharge temperature characteristics of packed ice beds for rectangular storage tanks. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 79-89
[16] William E.Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D. Charles
K. Saunders Jay Chandrasekharan. Development of a design procedure for thermal storage tanks utilizing technologies that separate the manufacture of ice from the storage of storage of ice. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 253-260
[17] William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D. Charles K. Saunders. Lisa A. Stickler. Icepack——modeling the ice-filling and ice-melting processes of thermal energy storage tanks. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(1): 1335-1338
[18] 刘秋新，刘冬华，杨金凤．冰蓄冷循环系统中水泵流量确定的若干问题的探讨．流体机械，2003，31(4)：60-62
[19] 罗新梅．空调冷水变流量系统优化设计与控制研究：[湖南大学硕士学位论文]．湖南大学：土木工程学院，2003，8-11
[20] STANDARD for AUTOMATIC COMMERCIAL ICE-MAKERS．ARI,2000,11-12
[21] 石磊，陈晓春，刘咸定等．冰蓄冷系统优化与控制分析．制冷与空调，2003，3(4)：22-25
[22] STANDARD for ICE STORAGE BINS. ARI, 2000, 10-11
[23] T.K. Stovall, P.E. J.J. Tomlinson. Laboratory performance of a dynamic ice storage system. ASHRAE Transactions , 1991, 97(1): 1179-1186
[24] Install cooling thermal storage. ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL, 2001, 44-52
[25] Thermal storage. 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook(SI), 33.1-33.32
[26] 张智光．城网供用电的经济性与现行电价政策的合理性分析．电网技术，2001，25(6)：48-51
[27] 朱宝和．电价政策改革，价格有望下调．中国电力企业管理，2000，(2)：41
[28] 赵曙．国外电价政策借鉴．电力系统自动化，2000年16期：66-68
[29] 夏启明．企业合理利用电价政策对成本的影响．电力需求侧管理，2001，3(4)：41-43
[30] 郭明泉．浅谈电价政策与企业降低用电成本的措施．江西有色金属，2000，14(2)：37-40
[31] 施景元，张智光．试论城网经济性与现行电价政策．大众用电，2000，(10)：10-11
[32] Allan T．Kirkpatrick and James S．Elleson．低温送风设计指南．汪训昌．中国：建筑工业出版社，1995，18-20
[33] 姜明健，郭航，郭庆沅．冰蓄冷系统运行经济性分析．制冷与空调，2003，3(3)：60-63
[34] 李涛，曹家枞．冰蓄冷空调系统的经济性分析．能源研究与信，2003，19(1)：32-38
[35] 李夏莉．冰蓄冷空调制冷系统的效益分析．制冷空调与电力机械，2003，(3)：49-51
[36] 冰蓄冷系统设计．清华3e网，2002-05-01
[37] 郭齐传，李育．冰蓄冷空调系统运行控制策略综述．福建建设科技，2003，(1)：41-43
[38] Thermal energy storage strategies for commercial HVAC systems. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, May, 1997, 22-23
[39] Colin W. Carey. John W. Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E. William A. Beckman, Ph.D., P.E. The control of ice-storage systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(1): 1345-1352
[40] Gregor P. Henze. Moncef Krarti. Ice Storage System Controls for the Reduction of Operating Cost and Energy Use. www.ae, unomaha, edu, 2002-12-09
[41] 石磊，李兆东，刘伟．冰蓄冷空调系统模拟优化技术探综．建筑热能通风空调，2003，(2)：37-39
[42] Gregor P. Henze. Moncef Krarti. Michael J. Brandemuehl. A Simulation Environment for the Analysis of Ice Storage Controls. www. ae. unomaha, edu, 2002-12-09
[43] Gregor P. Henze, Moncef Krarti, Michael J. Brandemuehl. Guidelines for improved performance of ice storage systems. Energy and Buildings 1407 (2002):1-17
[44] Guanghua Wei, P.E. Mingsheng Liu, Ph.D., P.E. Yasuko Sakurai David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E. W. Dan Turner, Ph.D., P.E. Practical Optimization of Full Thermal. Storage Systems Operation. www. eere. energy, gov, 2002-12-10
[45] David E. Knebel, P.E. Predicting and evaluating the performance of ice-harvesting thermal energy storage systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(1): 1339-1344
[46] 庄友明．冰蓄冷空调的运行模式及制冷主机容量确定．流体机械，2003，31(2)：56-59
[2] 严德隆，张维君．空调蓄冷应用技术．1．中国：建筑工业出版社，1997，20-30
[3] Guideline for specifying the thermal performance of cool storage equipment. ARI, 2002, 18-19
[4] 吴喜平．冰蓄冷技术的应用和发展．华东电力，2001，(3)：36
[5] 李宜浩，朱玉玫，孙照明．空调冰蓄冷设计．建筑热能通风空调，2001，(6)42-44
[6] 明岗，陈沛霖．新型蓄冷介质与住宅节能．住宅科技，2000，(2)：38-40
[7] 片冰机冷水机组设计手册．Mueller，2002年11月，9
[8] 片冰机冷水机组样本．Mueller，2002年11月，6
[9] LIQUID OVERFEED SYSTEMS. 1998 ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook(SI), 1.1-1.9
[10] 华泽钊，刘道平，吴兆琳等．蓄冷技术及其在空调工程中的应用．1．中国：科学出版社，1997，21
[11] 韩宝琦，李树林．制冷空调原理及应用．1．西安：机械工业出版社，1995，42
[12] 张子慧，黄翔，张景春．制冷与空调应用技术丛书-制冷空调自动控制．1．中国：科学出版社，1999，66
[13] G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D., William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. Jay Chandrasekharan. Modeling the ice-filling-process of rectangular thermal energy storage tanks with multiple ice makers. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 56-65
[14] William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D. Jay Chandrasekharan Charles K. Saunders. Modeling of the melting process of ice stores in rectangular thermal energy storage tanks with multiple ice openings. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 66-78
[15] William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. DouglasGute, Ph.D. Charles K. Saunders. Ice-melting and melt water discharge temperature characteristics of packed ice beds for rectangular storage tanks. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 79-89
[16] William E.Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D. Charles
K. Saunders Jay Chandrasekharan. Development of a design procedure for thermal storage tanks utilizing technologies that separate the manufacture of ice from the storage of storage of ice. ASHRAE Transactions, 1991, 97(1): 253-260
[17] William E. Stewart, Jr., Ph.D., P.E. G. Douglas Gute, Ph.D. Charles K. Saunders. Lisa A. Stickler. Icepack——modeling the ice-filling and ice-melting processes of thermal energy storage tanks. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(1): 1335-1338
[18] 刘秋新，刘冬华，杨金凤．冰蓄冷循环系统中水泵流量确定的若干问题的探讨．流体机械，2003，31(4)：60-62
[19] 罗新梅．空调冷水变流量系统优化设计与控制研究：[湖南大学硕士学位论文]．湖南大学：土木工程学院，2003，8-11
[20] STANDARD for AUTOMATIC COMMERCIAL ICE-MAKERS．ARI,2000,11-12
[21] 石磊，陈晓春，刘咸定等．冰蓄冷系统优化与控制分析．制冷与空调，2003，3(4)：22-25
[22] STANDARD for ICE STORAGE BINS. ARI, 2000, 10-11
[23] T.K. Stovall, P.E. J.J. Tomlinson. Laboratory performance of a dynamic ice storage system. ASHRAE Transactions , 1991, 97(1): 1179-1186
[24] Install cooling thermal storage. ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL, 2001, 44-52
[25] Thermal storage. 1999 ASHRAE Applications Handbook(SI), 33.1-33.32
[26] 张智光．城网供用电的经济性与现行电价政策的合理性分析．电网技术，2001，25(6)：48-51
[27] 朱宝和．电价政策改革，价格有望下调．中国电力企业管理，2000，(2)：41
[28] 赵曙．国外电价政策借鉴．电力系统自动化，2000年16期：66-68
[29] 夏启明．企业合理利用电价政策对成本的影响．电力需求侧管理，2001，3(4)：41-43
[30] 郭明泉．浅谈电价政策与企业降低用电成本的措施．江西有色金属，2000，14(2)：37-40
[31] 施景元，张智光．试论城网经济性与现行电价政策．大众用电，2000，(10)：10-11
[32] Allan T．Kirkpatrick and James S．Elleson．低温送风设计指南．汪训昌．中国：建筑工业出版社，1995，18-20
[33] 姜明健，郭航，郭庆沅．冰蓄冷系统运行经济性分析．制冷与空调，2003，3(3)：60-63
[34] 李涛，曹家枞．冰蓄冷空调系统的经济性分析．能源研究与信，2003，19(1)：32-38
[35] 李夏莉．冰蓄冷空调制冷系统的效益分析．制冷空调与电力机械，2003，(3)：49-51
[36] 冰蓄冷系统设计．清华3e网，2002-05-01
[37] 郭齐传，李育．冰蓄冷空调系统运行控制策略综述．福建建设科技，2003，(1)：41-43
[38] Thermal energy storage strategies for commercial HVAC systems. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, May, 1997, 22-23
[39] Colin W. Carey. John W. Mitchell, Ph.D., P.E. William A. Beckman, Ph.D., P.E. The control of ice-storage systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(1): 1345-1352
[40] Gregor P. Henze. Moncef Krarti. Ice Storage System Controls for the Reduction of Operating Cost and Energy Use. www.ae, unomaha, edu, 2002-12-09
[41] 石磊，李兆东，刘伟．冰蓄冷空调系统模拟优化技术探综．建筑热能通风空调，2003，(2)：37-39
[42] Gregor P. Henze. Moncef Krarti. Michael J. Brandemuehl. A Simulation Environment for the Analysis of Ice Storage Controls. www. ae. unomaha, edu, 2002-12-09
[43] Gregor P. Henze, Moncef Krarti, Michael J. Brandemuehl. Guidelines for improved performance of ice storage systems. Energy and Buildings 1407 (2002):1-17
[44] Guanghua Wei, P.E. Mingsheng Liu, Ph.D., P.E. Yasuko Sakurai David E. Claridge, Ph.D., P.E. W. Dan Turner, Ph.D., P.E. Practical Optimization of Full Thermal. Storage Systems Operation. www. eere. energy, gov, 2002-12-10
[45] David E. Knebel, P.E. Predicting and evaluating the performance of ice-harvesting thermal energy storage systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 1995, 101(1): 1339-1344
[46] 庄友明．冰蓄冷空调的运行模式及制冷主机容量确定．流体机械，2003，31(2)：56-59
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