红外热成像法探测混凝土缺陷的实验及理论研究
|
摘要
对已建混凝土桥梁、高层建筑、高架道路、水坝的安全评估；解决传统查找混凝土建筑物隐患方法效率低、成本高且不安全问题，实现快且无损探测混凝土裂缝、空洞和高层建筑外墙是否剥离，是国际、国内土木工程界亟待解决的重大课题，有巨大的社会需要和经济效益。但是由于检测环境条件太复杂。现代建筑物的主要材料钢筋混凝土是非均匀的、多孔的、多变的各向异性复合材料，它不仅有着复杂的结构，而且其性质的分散性也极大。故在土木工程中，红外线无损检测技术的应用还不像在其它工业部门那样普遍。本文进行的红外热成像法探测混凝土缺陷的实验及理论研究是国家自然科学基金资助项目“用红外遥感技术快速探测混凝土劣化程度”主要研究内容之一，旨在已有相关成果的基础上，通过理论分析、有限元模拟计算和实验相结合，探讨混凝土缺陷无损检测原理和方法。为此，本文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究工作：
1．根据热辐射定律和混凝土的热传导性能阐述了红外热成象技术无损检测混凝土缺陷的原理和方法。
2．根据热传导方程和热辐射边界条件从理论上建立了计算混凝土内部缺陷深度公式和确立了该公式适用范围及条件。最后给出了截断误差计算公式。
3．利用有限元热分析技术模拟在各种环境条件、缺陷尺寸和试件尺寸下混凝土的传热问题。并利用混凝土表面温度值验算缺陷深度的计算公式。
4．相似理论应用于固体热传导模型实验中，使难于在实验室复现的原型利用相似准则得以实现。对不同定型准则下缺陷深度和大小的进行研究，得出不同定型准则下，不同缺陷深度和大小的试件表面温差ΔT变化曲线图，给出利用曲线图查找缺陷深度和大小的方法。
5．红外线摄像仪摄取的混凝土表面温度场进行计算机分析形成数字温度场。实验结果和有限元解析法结果进行比较．寻求高精度检测方法。
最后，在全面总结论文工作基础上，提出该课题尚待深入研究的问题。
In the fields of international and domestic civil engineering, there is an urgent need to research on some important subjects such as to thoroughly assess the constructed concrete bridges, tall buildings, viaducts and dams, to solve the problems of low efficiency, high cost and insecurity caused by traditional check methods in seeking the potential danger of the concrete - constructions, and to quickly carry out loss less exploration in whether the concrete crack and the bare hole will remove from the outside walls of tall buildings. The fulfillment of these subjects will bring enormous social and economical benefit.
However, the complication in checking conditions, and the uneven, porous and unstable anisotropic composite materials for the reinforced concrete of modern buildings, which has complex structure and disperse quality, make the infrared loss less checking technique not widespread in civil engineering as in other industrial fields.
In this paper, the experiments and theories of using infrared thermal mapping to probe into the concrete defect are given as the main research contents of the "Inspection Method for Evaluating Decaying Concrete Using Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing System" which is subsidized by National Natural Science Foundation. Based on relative results, by combining the finite element imitation computation with experiments together, this paper explores the principles and methods in the loss less checking of concrete defect.
The paper mainly deals with the following aspects:
1. According to thermal radiation laws and thermal conduction functions of the concrete, the principles and methods by using the infrared thermal mapping technology to carry out loss less inspection for concrete are expounded.
2. According to thermal conduction formulation and thermal radiation boundary terms, the formula to calculate the depth of the internal defect in concrete is theoretically put forward and the available range and terms of the formula are established. In addition, the formula for cut-off error is also given.
3. The techniques for the finite element thermal analysis are applied to imitate the thermal conduction in concrete at all kinds of defect sizes and object sizes. Furthermore, the formula to calculate the defect depth is also worked out by using concrete surface temperature.
4. Similarity theories are applied in the experiment of solid thermal conduction model. As a result, the prototype test difficult to be realized in laboratory is successfully carried out through some similarity principles. By studying the defect depth and size in various types and standards, the variation curve of the defect size is designed in this paper, and the problem on how to use the curve to seek the defect depth and size is solved as well.
5. The figure temperature field is formed by analyzing the concrete surface temperature field taken by infrared thermal mapping instrument. The experiment result is also compared with the finite element analytic result so as to search a more accurate measuring method.
Finally, by summarizing all the research work, some unsolved problems concerning this subject are proposed.
1．根据热辐射定律和混凝土的热传导性能阐述了红外热成象技术无损检测混凝土缺陷的原理和方法。
2．根据热传导方程和热辐射边界条件从理论上建立了计算混凝土内部缺陷深度公式和确立了该公式适用范围及条件。最后给出了截断误差计算公式。
3．利用有限元热分析技术模拟在各种环境条件、缺陷尺寸和试件尺寸下混凝土的传热问题。并利用混凝土表面温度值验算缺陷深度的计算公式。
4．相似理论应用于固体热传导模型实验中，使难于在实验室复现的原型利用相似准则得以实现。对不同定型准则下缺陷深度和大小的进行研究，得出不同定型准则下，不同缺陷深度和大小的试件表面温差ΔT变化曲线图，给出利用曲线图查找缺陷深度和大小的方法。
5．红外线摄像仪摄取的混凝土表面温度场进行计算机分析形成数字温度场。实验结果和有限元解析法结果进行比较．寻求高精度检测方法。
最后，在全面总结论文工作基础上，提出该课题尚待深入研究的问题。
In the fields of international and domestic civil engineering, there is an urgent need to research on some important subjects such as to thoroughly assess the constructed concrete bridges, tall buildings, viaducts and dams, to solve the problems of low efficiency, high cost and insecurity caused by traditional check methods in seeking the potential danger of the concrete - constructions, and to quickly carry out loss less exploration in whether the concrete crack and the bare hole will remove from the outside walls of tall buildings. The fulfillment of these subjects will bring enormous social and economical benefit.
However, the complication in checking conditions, and the uneven, porous and unstable anisotropic composite materials for the reinforced concrete of modern buildings, which has complex structure and disperse quality, make the infrared loss less checking technique not widespread in civil engineering as in other industrial fields.
In this paper, the experiments and theories of using infrared thermal mapping to probe into the concrete defect are given as the main research contents of the "Inspection Method for Evaluating Decaying Concrete Using Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing System" which is subsidized by National Natural Science Foundation. Based on relative results, by combining the finite element imitation computation with experiments together, this paper explores the principles and methods in the loss less checking of concrete defect.
The paper mainly deals with the following aspects:
1. According to thermal radiation laws and thermal conduction functions of the concrete, the principles and methods by using the infrared thermal mapping technology to carry out loss less inspection for concrete are expounded.
2. According to thermal conduction formulation and thermal radiation boundary terms, the formula to calculate the depth of the internal defect in concrete is theoretically put forward and the available range and terms of the formula are established. In addition, the formula for cut-off error is also given.
3. The techniques for the finite element thermal analysis are applied to imitate the thermal conduction in concrete at all kinds of defect sizes and object sizes. Furthermore, the formula to calculate the defect depth is also worked out by using concrete surface temperature.
4. Similarity theories are applied in the experiment of solid thermal conduction model. As a result, the prototype test difficult to be realized in laboratory is successfully carried out through some similarity principles. By studying the defect depth and size in various types and standards, the variation curve of the defect size is designed in this paper, and the problem on how to use the curve to seek the defect depth and size is solved as well.
5. The figure temperature field is formed by analyzing the concrete surface temperature field taken by infrared thermal mapping instrument. The experiment result is also compared with the finite element analytic result so as to search a more accurate measuring method.
Finally, by summarizing all the research work, some unsolved problems concerning this subject are proposed.
引文
1 范治新．工程传热原理．北京，化学工业出版社．1982
2 张志涌，徐彦琴．MATLAB教程．北京，北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
3 王勖成，邵敏．有限单元法基本原理和数值方法．北京，清华大学出版社 1997
4 王国强．实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践．西安，西北工业大学出版社．1999
5 唐兴伦，范群波等．ANSYS工程应用教程．热与电磁学篇．北京，中国铁道出版社．2003
6 Building Diagnostic Consultants Limited. Rapid Infra-red Thermo graphic Survey Report. 2000
7 S. Chandrasekhar, Radioactive Transfer, Dover Publications, New York, 1960
8 D.R. croft and D.C. Lilley, Heat Transfer Calculation Using Finite Difference Equations, Applied Science Publisher Ltd.,1977
8 Vavilow V P. Infra-red No-destruction Testing of Bonded Structure [A]. Aspects of Theory and Practice [C].Brithish journal of NDF, 1980.22(6):175～183.
9 德意志联邦共和国工程师协会工艺与化学工程协会．传热学手册．化学工业出版社．1983
10 屠传经，沈珞婵等．热传导．高等教育出版社．1992
11 E．M．斯帕罗 R．D．塞斯．辐射传热．高等教育出版社．1982
12 孔祥谦．有限单元法在传热学中的应用．科学出版社．1986
13 [美]M．N．奥齐西克．热传导．高等教育出版社．1984
14 曹玉璋，邱绪光．实验传热学．国防工业出版社．1998
15 嘉木工作室．ANSYS 5．7有限元实例分析教程．北京，机械工业出版社．2002
16 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS非线性分析指南——基本过程．2000
17 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS基本过程手册．2000
18 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS建模与网络划分指南．2000
19 杨锐玲，朱永华等．摄影探测混凝土表面微裂缝的温度场新方法．混凝土．
2002．5
20．吴宪平，罗章等．混凝土缝段微裂缝数学模型的研究．混凝土．2002．5
21 杨锐玲，朱永华等．利用时变温度场探测混凝土缺陷．无损检测．2003．8
22 梅林，张广明等．红外线热成象无损检测技术及其应用现状．无损检测．1999．10
23 Bruening Robert J, Mordfin Leonard. lnfrared thermography standards of nondestructive testing. Proceedings of SPIE. 1994
24 Hussein M. Sedek. How to prepare a written practice for infrared/thermal nondestructive exmination method. Proceedings of SPIE 1994
25 Non-destructive Testing of external surfaces of concrete builingand srructuresin hollg Kong using infra-red thermography Concrete May/June 1994
26 韩继红，张雄．冻融破坏混凝土红外热象特征及损伤程度评定．无损检测．1998．12
27 李为栓．混凝土无损检测技术．上海，同济大学出版社．1989
28 刘莹．张记龙．脉冲红外无损检测的理论分析及其有限元仿真．测试技术学报．2002．4
29 陈积懋．无损检测新技术20年回顾．无损检测．1998．7
30 张雄．建筑物红外检测技术．无损检测．1997
31 侯成刚等．激光热加载红外热象检测的研究．无损检测．1995
32 宗明成等．脉冲加热红外热成象无损检测系统．第三无损检测新技术年会论文集．苏州，1996
33 王康印．红外检测．北京，国防工业出版社．1986
34 杨黎俊，耿完桢等．红外成象缺陷大小的评估．无损检测．1999．2
35 Almond P and Reiter H. Thermal-wave detection and characterization of subsurface defects. Appl Phys(B). 1987
36 Lau SK, Almond DP etal. Analysis of transient thermal inspection. Pro SPIE. 1990
37 郭宽良，孙祥谦等．计算传热学．北京，中国科技大学出版社．1988
38 候霭发．简介温场红外线摄像技术在土建工程非破损检测中的应用．广西土
木建筑．1995．6
39 梅林，吴立德等．脉冲加热红外无损检测中的图象处理．红外与毫米波学报． 2002 10
40 Maldague X. Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials by Infrared Thermography. London, Springer Verlag. 1993
42 梅林，王裕文等．红外热成像无损检测缺陷的一种新方法．红外与毫米学报．2000．6
43 梅林．智能化红外视觉检测与评价技术的研究．西安，西安交通大学，博士论文．2000
44 沈建中，李宗津等．土木工程中的无损检测技术及其应用．无损检测．2000．11
45 任彬．红外无损检测中缺陷边缘信息的自动提取．无损检测．2000．7
46 王永茂，郭兴旺．红外检测中缺陷大小和深度的测量．激光与红外．2002．12
47 Vavilov V P. Infrared Non-destruction Testing of Bonded Structure[A]. Aspects of Theory and Practices [C].British journal of NDF.1980.6
48 陈珏，耿健．单面法红外线无损检测的数学分析与计算机模拟．激光与红外． 2001．1
49 张建新，宗明成，等．脉冲加热红外热成像无损检测技术的研究．无损检测． 1998．6
50 徐金卿，陈珏等．红外物理与技术．西安，西安电子科技大学出版社 1989
51 [美]W M罗森诺，等．传热学基础手册[M]．北京，科学出版社．1992
52 纪红．红外线技术基础与应用．北京，科学出版社．1979
53 汤慧君．脉冲加热红外热成像无损检测技术的机理研究，硕士论文．北方交通大学．1999
54 俞昌铭．热传导及其数值分析．北京，清华大学出版社．1981
55 薛书文．PVT无损检测技术的定量化分析与研究，硕士论文．北方交通大学．1997
2 张志涌，徐彦琴．MATLAB教程．北京，北京航空航天大学出版社．2001
3 王勖成，邵敏．有限单元法基本原理和数值方法．北京，清华大学出版社 1997
4 王国强．实用工程数值模拟技术及其在ANSYS上的实践．西安，西北工业大学出版社．1999
5 唐兴伦，范群波等．ANSYS工程应用教程．热与电磁学篇．北京，中国铁道出版社．2003
6 Building Diagnostic Consultants Limited. Rapid Infra-red Thermo graphic Survey Report. 2000
7 S. Chandrasekhar, Radioactive Transfer, Dover Publications, New York, 1960
8 D.R. croft and D.C. Lilley, Heat Transfer Calculation Using Finite Difference Equations, Applied Science Publisher Ltd.,1977
8 Vavilow V P. Infra-red No-destruction Testing of Bonded Structure [A]. Aspects of Theory and Practice [C].Brithish journal of NDF, 1980.22(6):175～183.
9 德意志联邦共和国工程师协会工艺与化学工程协会．传热学手册．化学工业出版社．1983
10 屠传经，沈珞婵等．热传导．高等教育出版社．1992
11 E．M．斯帕罗 R．D．塞斯．辐射传热．高等教育出版社．1982
12 孔祥谦．有限单元法在传热学中的应用．科学出版社．1986
13 [美]M．N．奥齐西克．热传导．高等教育出版社．1984
14 曹玉璋，邱绪光．实验传热学．国防工业出版社．1998
15 嘉木工作室．ANSYS 5．7有限元实例分析教程．北京，机械工业出版社．2002
16 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS非线性分析指南——基本过程．2000
17 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS基本过程手册．2000
18 美国ANSYS公司北京办事处．ANSYS建模与网络划分指南．2000
19 杨锐玲，朱永华等．摄影探测混凝土表面微裂缝的温度场新方法．混凝土．
2002．5
20．吴宪平，罗章等．混凝土缝段微裂缝数学模型的研究．混凝土．2002．5
21 杨锐玲，朱永华等．利用时变温度场探测混凝土缺陷．无损检测．2003．8
22 梅林，张广明等．红外线热成象无损检测技术及其应用现状．无损检测．1999．10
23 Bruening Robert J, Mordfin Leonard. lnfrared thermography standards of nondestructive testing. Proceedings of SPIE. 1994
24 Hussein M. Sedek. How to prepare a written practice for infrared/thermal nondestructive exmination method. Proceedings of SPIE 1994
25 Non-destructive Testing of external surfaces of concrete builingand srructuresin hollg Kong using infra-red thermography Concrete May/June 1994
26 韩继红，张雄．冻融破坏混凝土红外热象特征及损伤程度评定．无损检测．1998．12
27 李为栓．混凝土无损检测技术．上海，同济大学出版社．1989
28 刘莹．张记龙．脉冲红外无损检测的理论分析及其有限元仿真．测试技术学报．2002．4
29 陈积懋．无损检测新技术20年回顾．无损检测．1998．7
30 张雄．建筑物红外检测技术．无损检测．1997
31 侯成刚等．激光热加载红外热象检测的研究．无损检测．1995
32 宗明成等．脉冲加热红外热成象无损检测系统．第三无损检测新技术年会论文集．苏州，1996
33 王康印．红外检测．北京，国防工业出版社．1986
34 杨黎俊，耿完桢等．红外成象缺陷大小的评估．无损检测．1999．2
35 Almond P and Reiter H. Thermal-wave detection and characterization of subsurface defects. Appl Phys(B). 1987
36 Lau SK, Almond DP etal. Analysis of transient thermal inspection. Pro SPIE. 1990
37 郭宽良，孙祥谦等．计算传热学．北京，中国科技大学出版社．1988
38 候霭发．简介温场红外线摄像技术在土建工程非破损检测中的应用．广西土
木建筑．1995．6
39 梅林，吴立德等．脉冲加热红外无损检测中的图象处理．红外与毫米波学报． 2002 10
40 Maldague X. Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials by Infrared Thermography. London, Springer Verlag. 1993
42 梅林，王裕文等．红外热成像无损检测缺陷的一种新方法．红外与毫米学报．2000．6
43 梅林．智能化红外视觉检测与评价技术的研究．西安，西安交通大学，博士论文．2000
44 沈建中，李宗津等．土木工程中的无损检测技术及其应用．无损检测．2000．11
45 任彬．红外无损检测中缺陷边缘信息的自动提取．无损检测．2000．7
46 王永茂，郭兴旺．红外检测中缺陷大小和深度的测量．激光与红外．2002．12
47 Vavilov V P. Infrared Non-destruction Testing of Bonded Structure[A]. Aspects of Theory and Practices [C].British journal of NDF.1980.6
48 陈珏，耿健．单面法红外线无损检测的数学分析与计算机模拟．激光与红外． 2001．1
49 张建新，宗明成，等．脉冲加热红外热成像无损检测技术的研究．无损检测． 1998．6
50 徐金卿，陈珏等．红外物理与技术．西安，西安电子科技大学出版社 1989
51 [美]W M罗森诺，等．传热学基础手册[M]．北京，科学出版社．1992
52 纪红．红外线技术基础与应用．北京，科学出版社．1979
53 汤慧君．脉冲加热红外热成像无损检测技术的机理研究，硕士论文．北方交通大学．1999
54 俞昌铭．热传导及其数值分析．北京，清华大学出版社．1981
55 薛书文．PVT无损检测技术的定量化分析与研究，硕士论文．北方交通大学．1997