100T/40M公路架桥机含缺陷导梁受力分析及安全评定
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摘要
公路是我国国民经济的大动脉。而桥梁是公路的重要组成部分。广泛使用成品梁已成为当今我国公路桥梁建设中一项行之有效的重要技术措施。随之桥梁安装架设工艺也相应得到发展。公路架桥机就是在这一历程中产生和发展的。目前，我国公路架桥设备的生产和配套已初具规模，形成了装配式和专用型竟相发展的格局。在这种情况下，从安全及经济效益角度出发，为避免施工过程中出现架桥机倾覆和人员伤亡等重大事故，对架桥机进行力学行为分析和缺陷安全评估是很有益处的。
本文采用当今世界最为流行的大型有限元软件——ANSYS软件对JQJ-100／40专用型架桥机导梁进行应力有限元分析。根据架桥机实际运行情况，建立了悬臂、跨中、架边梁三种工况下的力学模型，得出了导梁上应力分布情况；运用我国压力容器缺陷评定标准CVDA-84对JQJ-100／40专用型架桥机导梁角焊缝缺陷进行安全评定。同时对该架桥机在实际生产中可能存在的各种缺陷，求出了最大裂纹尺寸，对设计及生产施工均具有一定的指导意义。
The highway is the aorta of the national economy in our country. And the bridge is an important constitute of highway. Nowadays the extensive usage of the finished product beam have become an important technique measure in our country. The situation of the development of assembly type along with the appropriation type of bridge-erecting equipment has been formed . In this case, it is meaningful to study the mechanics behavior of bridge-erecting machine. It can bring us safety and economy benefit.
The most fashionable and general engineering software -ANSYS will be applied in this paple. The stress distribution of the beam of bridge-erecting machine will be analyzed with FEM (finite element method) program. According to the practical situation, mechanics models of the beam have been established on three loading conditions. The computation results indicated that the place where the maximum equivalent stress occurred. Based on fracture mechanics and the standard of pressure vessel (CVDA-84), the tolerable defect size is determined. The conclusion of this paper could be used as guidelines to design the welded structure. The results are also very useful for safety assessment of defect.
本文采用当今世界最为流行的大型有限元软件——ANSYS软件对JQJ-100／40专用型架桥机导梁进行应力有限元分析。根据架桥机实际运行情况，建立了悬臂、跨中、架边梁三种工况下的力学模型，得出了导梁上应力分布情况；运用我国压力容器缺陷评定标准CVDA-84对JQJ-100／40专用型架桥机导梁角焊缝缺陷进行安全评定。同时对该架桥机在实际生产中可能存在的各种缺陷，求出了最大裂纹尺寸，对设计及生产施工均具有一定的指导意义。
The highway is the aorta of the national economy in our country. And the bridge is an important constitute of highway. Nowadays the extensive usage of the finished product beam have become an important technique measure in our country. The situation of the development of assembly type along with the appropriation type of bridge-erecting equipment has been formed . In this case, it is meaningful to study the mechanics behavior of bridge-erecting machine. It can bring us safety and economy benefit.
The most fashionable and general engineering software -ANSYS will be applied in this paple. The stress distribution of the beam of bridge-erecting machine will be analyzed with FEM (finite element method) program. According to the practical situation, mechanics models of the beam have been established on three loading conditions. The computation results indicated that the place where the maximum equivalent stress occurred. Based on fracture mechanics and the standard of pressure vessel (CVDA-84), the tolerable defect size is determined. The conclusion of this paper could be used as guidelines to design the welded structure. The results are also very useful for safety assessment of defect.
引文
[1] 中铁十五局机械厂100t／40m新型公路架桥机使用说明1999．10
[2] 唐智奋．“我国公路架桥机的现状与发展趋势” 《工程机械》1996．10
[3] 中铁十五局机械厂100t／40m新型公路架桥机设计总图 1999．10
[4] 中铁十五局机械厂100t／40m新型公路架桥机焊接工艺 1999．8
[5] 龙驭球．《有限元法概论》 上册 高等教育出版社 1991．1
[6] 丁皓江等．《弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法》 浙江大学出版社1988．7
[7] 程精一．《ANSYS使用指南》 中国铁道出版社 2001．4
[8] 嘉木工作室ANSYS5.7有限元实例分析教程机械工业出版社 2002．4
[9] 成建民．《有限单元法及其在车辆强度计算中的应用》中国铁道出版社 1988．11
[10] 欧又成．起重运输机械 1995(11)
[11] 蔡麟笙．起重运输机械 1991(5)
[12] Richard W Hertzberg. Deformation and fracture mechanics of engineering materials. John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1996
[13] D. Broek, The Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics, Kluwer, Boston, Mass.,1989.
[14] 胡传炘 《断裂力学及其应用》北京工业大学出版社 1989．5
[15] 高庆．《工程断裂力学》 重庆大学出版社 1986．5
[16] Wells. A.A., Unstable Crack Propagation in Metals: Damage and Fast Fracture, Proc. of the Propagation Symposium Cranfield, The College of Aeronautics, 1962, Cranfield. England
[17] 王仁东．《断裂力学理论与应用》 化学工业出版社 1984．8
[18] Rice, J.R., A Path Independent Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentrations by Notches and Crack, JAM35,1968
[19] A.A. Wells, British Welding. Journal Vo1.16,1968,221
[20] 赵建生．《断裂力学及断裂物理》 华中科技大学出版社 2003．2
[21] 霍立兴．《断裂结构的断裂行为及评定》机械工业出版社 2000．6
[22] 匡震邦．《裂纹端部场》 西安交通大学出版社 2002．1
[23] 李志安．《压力容器断裂理论与缺陷评定》 大连理工出版社 1995．5
[24] F.M. Burdeking, M.G. Dawes. Conference on Practical Application of Fracture Mechanics to Pressure-Vessel Technology. 1971,28
[25] 规范 CVDA-1984 《压力容器缺陷评定规范》
[26] ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, Section 111, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1992
[27] 李生田．《焊接结构现代无损检测技术》 机械工业出版社2000．10
[28] IIW/IIS-SST-1157-90, IIW Guidance on assessment of The Fitness for Purpose of Welded Structures, Draft for development. Printed by FORCE Institutes. Copenhagen. 1990
[29] S. Machida et. On the Partial Safety Factors to be adopted in Revised Version of the Japanese standard on Defect Assessment Methodology WES 2805. IIW. DOC. X-1544-96
[30] Schwable K-H. et. EFAM-ETM-MM96-the ETM Method for assessing the significance of Crack-like defects in joints with mechanical heterogeneity. GKSS. 97/E/9
[31] Schwable K-H. et. Status of the Engineering Treatment Model for Mis-Matched Welds (ETM-MM) Handbook. GKSS. 97/E/43
[32] P. Hornet et. Effect of weld metal mis-matching on defect assessment procedure. GKSS. 94/E/71
[33] 孙志雄．《焊接断裂力学》西北工业大学出版社 1990．4
[34] E. Banks. Toughness Properties of the HAZ Structures in Stuctural Steel. W.J. 1974, No7
[35] 标准GB2358-80《裂纹张开位移(COD)试验方法》
[36] 标准GB2028-80 《利用J_R阻力曲线确定金属材料延性断裂韧度实验方法》 冶金标准化 1980．11
[37] 雷斌隆．用小试样边缺口等技术对结构钢及焊接接头断裂韧度的研究．西南交通大学学报 1981．3
[38] 王元良等．关于焊接接头微区断裂韧度的研究．西南交通大学学报 1981．3
[39] 雷斌隆．对用边缺口小试样评定焊接用钢及其焊接接头断裂韧度的几个问题的研究．西南交通大学学报 1982．4
[40] 束德林．《金属力学性能》 机械工业出版社 1994．10
[41] 唐慕尧．《焊接测试技术》 机械工业出版社 1988．6
[42] 标准JB／T 4291-1999《焊接接头裂纹张开位移(COD)试验方法》
[43] 崔振源等．《断裂韧性的测试原理和方法》 上海科学技术出版社 1981
[44] 王永达．《低合金钢焊接基本数据手册》冶金工业出版社 1998．5
[45] H. Kwun and A. E. Holt. Feasibility of under-lagging corrosion detection in steel pipe using the magnetostrictive sensor technique. NDT & E International, 1995, 28(4)
[46] Charlie R. Brooks, Ashok Choudhury. Failure Analysis of Engineering Materials McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2002
[47] Wannenburg J. The determination of cost-effective NDE inspection schedules for structures containing defects based on probabilistic fracture mechanics. Int. J. Pres. Yes. & Piping, 1994, Vol. 59
[48] G.B. Donaldson, C. Carr, D. McA. McKirdy, U. Klein, A. McNab and J. Kuznik. Resent Progress in SQUIDs as Sensors for Electromagnetic NDE. Studies in Applied Electromagnetic and Mechanics, 8. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF MATERIALS. Netherlands: ISO Press, 1995
[49] I.J. Stares, C. Duffil, A. Ogilvy and C.B. Scruby. On-line Weld pool monitoring and defect detection using ultrasonics. NDT International, 1990,23(4)
[50] 陈国华．《结构完整性评估》科学出版社2002．11
[51] 彭金宁．焊接专家系统在我国的发展焊接，1993，(1)：2-7
[2] 唐智奋．“我国公路架桥机的现状与发展趋势” 《工程机械》1996．10
[3] 中铁十五局机械厂100t／40m新型公路架桥机设计总图 1999．10
[4] 中铁十五局机械厂100t／40m新型公路架桥机焊接工艺 1999．8
[5] 龙驭球．《有限元法概论》 上册 高等教育出版社 1991．1
[6] 丁皓江等．《弹性和塑性力学中的有限单元法》 浙江大学出版社1988．7
[7] 程精一．《ANSYS使用指南》 中国铁道出版社 2001．4
[8] 嘉木工作室ANSYS5.7有限元实例分析教程机械工业出版社 2002．4
[9] 成建民．《有限单元法及其在车辆强度计算中的应用》中国铁道出版社 1988．11
[10] 欧又成．起重运输机械 1995(11)
[11] 蔡麟笙．起重运输机械 1991(5)
[12] Richard W Hertzberg. Deformation and fracture mechanics of engineering materials. John Wiley and Sons Inc, 1996
[13] D. Broek, The Practical Use of Fracture Mechanics, Kluwer, Boston, Mass.,1989.
[14] 胡传炘 《断裂力学及其应用》北京工业大学出版社 1989．5
[15] 高庆．《工程断裂力学》 重庆大学出版社 1986．5
[16] Wells. A.A., Unstable Crack Propagation in Metals: Damage and Fast Fracture, Proc. of the Propagation Symposium Cranfield, The College of Aeronautics, 1962, Cranfield. England
[17] 王仁东．《断裂力学理论与应用》 化学工业出版社 1984．8
[18] Rice, J.R., A Path Independent Integral and the Approximate Analysis of Strain Concentrations by Notches and Crack, JAM35,1968
[19] A.A. Wells, British Welding. Journal Vo1.16,1968,221
[20] 赵建生．《断裂力学及断裂物理》 华中科技大学出版社 2003．2
[21] 霍立兴．《断裂结构的断裂行为及评定》机械工业出版社 2000．6
[22] 匡震邦．《裂纹端部场》 西安交通大学出版社 2002．1
[23] 李志安．《压力容器断裂理论与缺陷评定》 大连理工出版社 1995．5
[24] F.M. Burdeking, M.G. Dawes. Conference on Practical Application of Fracture Mechanics to Pressure-Vessel Technology. 1971,28
[25] 规范 CVDA-1984 《压力容器缺陷评定规范》
[26] ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, Section 111, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 1992
[27] 李生田．《焊接结构现代无损检测技术》 机械工业出版社2000．10
[28] IIW/IIS-SST-1157-90, IIW Guidance on assessment of The Fitness for Purpose of Welded Structures, Draft for development. Printed by FORCE Institutes. Copenhagen. 1990
[29] S. Machida et. On the Partial Safety Factors to be adopted in Revised Version of the Japanese standard on Defect Assessment Methodology WES 2805. IIW. DOC. X-1544-96
[30] Schwable K-H. et. EFAM-ETM-MM96-the ETM Method for assessing the significance of Crack-like defects in joints with mechanical heterogeneity. GKSS. 97/E/9
[31] Schwable K-H. et. Status of the Engineering Treatment Model for Mis-Matched Welds (ETM-MM) Handbook. GKSS. 97/E/43
[32] P. Hornet et. Effect of weld metal mis-matching on defect assessment procedure. GKSS. 94/E/71
[33] 孙志雄．《焊接断裂力学》西北工业大学出版社 1990．4
[34] E. Banks. Toughness Properties of the HAZ Structures in Stuctural Steel. W.J. 1974, No7
[35] 标准GB2358-80《裂纹张开位移(COD)试验方法》
[36] 标准GB2028-80 《利用J_R阻力曲线确定金属材料延性断裂韧度实验方法》 冶金标准化 1980．11
[37] 雷斌隆．用小试样边缺口等技术对结构钢及焊接接头断裂韧度的研究．西南交通大学学报 1981．3
[38] 王元良等．关于焊接接头微区断裂韧度的研究．西南交通大学学报 1981．3
[39] 雷斌隆．对用边缺口小试样评定焊接用钢及其焊接接头断裂韧度的几个问题的研究．西南交通大学学报 1982．4
[40] 束德林．《金属力学性能》 机械工业出版社 1994．10
[41] 唐慕尧．《焊接测试技术》 机械工业出版社 1988．6
[42] 标准JB／T 4291-1999《焊接接头裂纹张开位移(COD)试验方法》
[43] 崔振源等．《断裂韧性的测试原理和方法》 上海科学技术出版社 1981
[44] 王永达．《低合金钢焊接基本数据手册》冶金工业出版社 1998．5
[45] H. Kwun and A. E. Holt. Feasibility of under-lagging corrosion detection in steel pipe using the magnetostrictive sensor technique. NDT & E International, 1995, 28(4)
[46] Charlie R. Brooks, Ashok Choudhury. Failure Analysis of Engineering Materials McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2002
[47] Wannenburg J. The determination of cost-effective NDE inspection schedules for structures containing defects based on probabilistic fracture mechanics. Int. J. Pres. Yes. & Piping, 1994, Vol. 59
[48] G.B. Donaldson, C. Carr, D. McA. McKirdy, U. Klein, A. McNab and J. Kuznik. Resent Progress in SQUIDs as Sensors for Electromagnetic NDE. Studies in Applied Electromagnetic and Mechanics, 8. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF MATERIALS. Netherlands: ISO Press, 1995
[49] I.J. Stares, C. Duffil, A. Ogilvy and C.B. Scruby. On-line Weld pool monitoring and defect detection using ultrasonics. NDT International, 1990,23(4)
[50] 陈国华．《结构完整性评估》科学出版社2002．11
[51] 彭金宁．焊接专家系统在我国的发展焊接，1993，(1)：2-7
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