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宽苞棘豆化学成分及生物活性研究
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摘要
宽苞棘豆(Oxytropis latibracteata Jurtz),豆科棘豆属植物,主要分布于甘肃、青海、四川西北部。近年来,有关宽苞棘豆中毒方面的临床药理学及其主要营养成分的研究已有所报道,但关于宽苞棘豆的生物活性以及化学成分研究尚未见文献报道。本论文从植物化学及农药学角度初步研究了宽苞棘豆地上部分所含的化学成分及其生物活性,并对活性成分作了进一步分离。主要研究结果如下:
    1. 运用试管法对宽苞棘豆地上部分的化学成分进行了预试,初步确定其含有酚类物质、鞣质、还原性糖、皂甙、生物碱、黄酮及其甙类、氨基酸和氰甙。宽苞棘豆地上部分的石油醚提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、甲醇提取物的杀虫、抑菌、除草活性结果表明,在浓度为5%时,3种提取物对粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)3龄幼虫没有显著的触杀和胃毒活性;在浓度为1000 mg·L-1时,对小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cirerea)、番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)、烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria lternata)和苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)抑制率亦不高;对反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、油菜(Brassiica campestris)却具有明显的抑制作用,以乙酸乙酯提取物抑制活性最高,对反枝苋的萌发抑制率、株高抑制率EC50值分别为 129.192 mg·L-1、55.676 mg·L-1 ;对油菜的萌发抑制率、株高抑制率EC50值分别为423.874 mg·L-1、173.595 mg·L-1。
    2.采用生物活性追踪法对宽苞棘豆地上部分乙酸乙酯浸膏进行了多次常压柱层析分离, 得到了化合物1#、2#、3#、6#。通过测定质谱(MS)、核磁共振谱(1H NMR、13C NMR)数据,并与标准图谱相比较,初步鉴定化合物1#可能为一长链脂肪醇、化合物2#可能是水杨酸酯、化合物3#为β-谷甾醇、化合物6#为硬脂酸。经文献检索,均为首次从该植物中分离得到。测定了这4个化合物对反枝苋的抑制活性。结果表明,化合物1#、6#为宽苞棘豆主要除草活性成份。在浓度为250mg·L-1时,化合物1#、6#对反枝苋表现出较高的抑制活性,其株高抑制率分别为73.54%、65.07%。
Oxytropis latibracteata Jurtz is widely distributed in Gansu province, Qinghai province and northwest Sichuan region. Recent years, the toxic pathology research and nutrition constituets of O. latibracteata have been reported, the bioactivity and chemical constituents, however, have not still been studied. From the view of pesticide science , this thesis primarily studied on the bioactivities and chemical constituents . The main results are as follows.
    1. The chemical constituents of the aerial part of O. latibracteata had been primarily studied with tube test. The results indicated that O. latibracteata contains phenols, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins ,alkaloids, flavonoids and its glycosides,amino acids and cyonogenetic. In addition, the bioactivities, including insecticidal, fungicidal and herbicidal activities, of the aerial part of O. latibracteata had also been screened. The results showed that petrolem ether extract, ether acetate extract, methanol extract of O. latibracteata had no evident contact poison and stomach poison activity against 3rd instar larvae of Mythimna separata Walker at the concentration of 5% and low inhibiting rate against Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cirerea , Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternata and Glomerella cingulata at the concentration of 1000 mg·L-1. Ether acetate extract of O. latibracteata , however, showed intensive inhibiting effect on Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Brassiica campestris . The values of EC50 of ether acetate extract against germination and plant height of Amaranthus retroflexus L. were 129.192 mg·L-1, 55.676 mg·L-1 and the values of EC50 of ether acetate extract against germination and plant height of Brassiica campestris were 423.874 mg·L-1, 173.595mg·L-1 respectively.
    2.. After repeatedly open column chromatography, compound 1#, compound 2#, compound 3# and compound 6# were obtained from ethyl acetate extract of the aerial part of O. latibracteata with bioactivity-guided fractionated. Comparing with the standard spectra of chromatography chart such as MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, compound 1# and compound 2# were primarily identitied as fatty alcohol and salicylic acid easter, compound 3# and compound 6# were identified as β-sitosterol and stearic acid. The four compounds were all isolated from O. latibracteata. for the first time. Fourthmore, the herbicidal activity of the four constituents against Amaranthus retroflexus L. were tested. The results indicated that compound 1# and compound 6# had higher herbicidal activity than compound 2# and compound 3#. Inhibiting rates of compound 1# and compound 6# against the plant height of Amaranthus retroflexus L were 73.54% and 65.07% at the concentration of 250mg·L-1.
引文
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