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洗染废水处理工艺及机理的研究
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摘要
服装洗染业是近年来发展起来的新型行业,这些洗染厂规模不大,数量多且分散,产生的废水严重污染了环境。由于这些洗染厂的废水难以集中,迫切需要研究开发一套投资低,占地面积小,简单有效适合于洗染业特点的废水处理技术。
     本文根据洗染废水的特点,研究了以物化法为主的治理技术。试验所用水样取自株洲洗染厂,原废水水质为:pH值为2~6;COD_(cr)250~4000mg/L,且变化较大;色度250~1000倍,呈蓝黑色;浊度320~1200度。试验考察了pH值,絮凝剂用量,搅拌时间及助沉剂等因素的影响。其最佳工艺条件为:pH值9~10,加入复合药剂为0.4~0.6kg/m~3,聚丙烯酰胺为3~4g/m~3,活化粉煤灰2~3kg/m~3,搅拌5min,经混凝沉降后,COD_(cr)、色度和浊度的去除率分别可以达到80%、98%和96%,处理后水质达到国家二级排放标准。论文对絮凝剂以及粉煤灰的作用机理进行了探讨。
     针对物化处理洗染废水中絮凝物沉降速度慢,沉降体积大的缺点,本文还研究了混凝—电解气浮法。试验结果表明:电解气浮过程中,采用石墨作阴极,铁作阳极,电解电压一般控制在8~11v,废水的COD_(cr)去除率可达到87%,电能消耗约0.08度/m~3。论文对电解气浮机理进行了探讨。
     最后,本文还进行了工业化试验,试验采用了二套流程方案。对于简单的混凝沉降物化流程,处理后水质为:COD_(cr)<150mg/L,BOD_5<30mg/L,色度<10倍,浊度≤30度,达到国家二级排放标准;该法过程简单、占地面积小、投资少,适合一般休闲服洗涤废水处理。对于物化法—生化法混合流程,混凝沉降作为一级处理,活性污泥法作为二级处理,该法投资和运行费用稍高,但效果更佳,适合污染较重的牛仔服洗染废水处理;废水经该法处理后,出水水质为:COD_(cr)<50mg/L,BOD_5<20mg/L,色度<10倍,浊度≤25度,可以直接回用。
Washing and dyeing industries, which with small scale and great numbers were scattered, have prospered in recent years, the wastewater from these factories have been polluting the enviorment seriously. Because the wastewater was hardly concentrated, it is necessary to develop a kind of new treatment technology with the feature of simplicity, little investment and being suitable for this industry's characteristics.
    According to the characteristics of the washing and dyeing wastewater, a kind of physical- chemistry treatment technology was developed. The wastewater from Zhuzhou was found to be the charaters: pH 2~6,CODcr 250~4000mg/L, colourity 250-1000 times,turbidity 320~1200 degree.The effects of different factors such as pH, flocculating agent amount, stirring time and settling agent were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions in the physical- chemistry process: pH 9~10; inorganic compound flocculating agent 0.4 ~ 0.6kg/m3; polyacrylamide 3~4 g/m3; activated flyash 2~3kg/m3 and keeping stirring five minutes. After coagulating settling, the effect could achieve the remival efficiency of 80% CODcr, 98% colourity and 96% turbidity; water quality could meet the second integrated wastewater discharge standard. At the same time, function mechanism of flocculating agent and flyash were initially discussed.
    For the disadvantages of slow sedimentation rate and large volume in the physical- chemistry treatment, the coagulating electrical floatation was studied in the article. The result showed that in the electrical floatation process, cathode is graphite, anode is Fe ,electric pressure is 8~llvolt, consumption of energy is about 0.08 degree/m3; CODcr remival efficiency could reach 87%. And the mechanism of elctronical floatation process was initially discussed.
    At last, the commercial tests were studied; two process schemes were adopted in the tests. For the simple flocculating settling physical-chemistry process, yielding water quality: CODcr<150mg/L, BOD5< 30mg/L, colourity <10 times, turbidity30; This process possessed the characteristics of less investment, simple process, and small floor area,
    
    
    and was fit for dealing with the wastewater of common sportswears. For the combined process of coagulating-biochemical process , coagulating settling was primary treatment and activated sludge process was secondary treatment; this process possessed the characteristics of little more investment and operating cost and better effect , and was fit for dealing with the seriously polluted wastewater of jeans; the wastewater being treated: CODcr<50mg/L,BOD5<20mg/L, colourity 10 times , turbidity 25, and could be recycled.
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