ATM网络拥塞控制方法研究
摘要
异步转移模式ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)采用基于连接的快速分组交换方式进行数据传输。它具有多业务传输特性，能同时传送语音、视频和数据等业务。与传统的网络有区别，因此它的拥塞控制问题也与普通的网络不完全相同。本文首先介绍了ATM网络的拥塞控制理论，分析了ATM网络拥塞控制问题的特殊性，然后采用最优控制、线性二次型高斯最优随机控制和自己提出的一种算法对ATM网络信元级基于速率的拥塞控制问题进行了研究。仿真证明了算法的有效性，本论文的主要工作从下列三方面展开：
第一，对一种最优控制算法进行了改进，将改进后的算法用于带宽恒定情况下单ATM交换节点的拥塞控制问题中。采用c实现了算法和ERICA算法，在此基础上采用matlab对两种算法进行了仿真比较，仿真结果证明改进后的最优算法对既定控制目标的实现上优于ERICA算法。
第二，考虑到ATM同时传输语音、视频和数据业务的特殊性，因此ABR信源的可用带宽是一个不确定的量，将改进后的最优算法扩展为线性二次型高斯最优随机算法对单交换节点ATM网络的拥塞控制问题进行了研究。采用c和matlab进行了仿真并在相同条件下将该算法和ERICA算法进行了比较。仿真结果证明该算法总体上优于ERICA算法。另外该算法计算简单，易于在交换机上实现。
第三，对于多交换节点的ATM链状网络的拥塞控制问题，提出了一种速率分配算法。考虑到模型的复杂性和并行性，提出采用遗传算法对该算法的性能指标进行优化。最后针对一个具体的网络拓扑结构进行了分析，并给出了算法的分析和流程设计。
The transmission method of ATM belongs to fast packet switching mode, and it provides several services such as voice, video and data. The pol icy to control the congestion of ATM differs from those of other networks. In this paper, ATM congestion control theory and its particularity are given, optimal control algorithm, LQG stochastic control algorithm and an algorithm put forward by the author to resolve ATM cell congestion, are introduced. The deployment of this paper is following:
First, improves an optimal algorithm, and applies the modified algorithm to the congestion control problem of single ATM node whose bandwidth is invariable. We program this algorithm and ERICA, and the result shows that the improved algorithm has better performance than ERICA.
Second, ATM transmits voice, video, and data at the same time, some bandwidth is reserved for CBR cells and VBR cells because voice and video cells have high priority, and thus the bandwidth available to ABR cells is variable. Take the above factors into consideration, the improved optimal algorithm is modified to LQG stochastic control algorithm for single ATM switching node whose bandwidth is variable. Both C and matlab simulation have been done, and we find that the stochastic control approach is preponderant, especially in controlling queue length of the switch node. In addition, it is easy to apply the stochastic algorithm to the switch for its simplicity.
Third, this paper brings forward a rate allocation algorithm in
Abstract
the case of multi-source and multi-destination transmit through multi switch. Considering complexity and correlation between variables, we decide to adopt genetic algorithm to the optimization. For a given network, we analyze and design the flow chart of implementing the algorithm in detail.
第一，对一种最优控制算法进行了改进，将改进后的算法用于带宽恒定情况下单ATM交换节点的拥塞控制问题中。采用c实现了算法和ERICA算法，在此基础上采用matlab对两种算法进行了仿真比较，仿真结果证明改进后的最优算法对既定控制目标的实现上优于ERICA算法。
第二，考虑到ATM同时传输语音、视频和数据业务的特殊性，因此ABR信源的可用带宽是一个不确定的量，将改进后的最优算法扩展为线性二次型高斯最优随机算法对单交换节点ATM网络的拥塞控制问题进行了研究。采用c和matlab进行了仿真并在相同条件下将该算法和ERICA算法进行了比较。仿真结果证明该算法总体上优于ERICA算法。另外该算法计算简单，易于在交换机上实现。
第三，对于多交换节点的ATM链状网络的拥塞控制问题，提出了一种速率分配算法。考虑到模型的复杂性和并行性，提出采用遗传算法对该算法的性能指标进行优化。最后针对一个具体的网络拓扑结构进行了分析，并给出了算法的分析和流程设计。
The transmission method of ATM belongs to fast packet switching mode, and it provides several services such as voice, video and data. The pol icy to control the congestion of ATM differs from those of other networks. In this paper, ATM congestion control theory and its particularity are given, optimal control algorithm, LQG stochastic control algorithm and an algorithm put forward by the author to resolve ATM cell congestion, are introduced. The deployment of this paper is following:
First, improves an optimal algorithm, and applies the modified algorithm to the congestion control problem of single ATM node whose bandwidth is invariable. We program this algorithm and ERICA, and the result shows that the improved algorithm has better performance than ERICA.
Second, ATM transmits voice, video, and data at the same time, some bandwidth is reserved for CBR cells and VBR cells because voice and video cells have high priority, and thus the bandwidth available to ABR cells is variable. Take the above factors into consideration, the improved optimal algorithm is modified to LQG stochastic control algorithm for single ATM switching node whose bandwidth is variable. Both C and matlab simulation have been done, and we find that the stochastic control approach is preponderant, especially in controlling queue length of the switch node. In addition, it is easy to apply the stochastic algorithm to the switch for its simplicity.
Third, this paper brings forward a rate allocation algorithm in
Abstract
the case of multi-source and multi-destination transmit through multi switch. Considering complexity and correlation between variables, we decide to adopt genetic algorithm to the optimization. For a given network, we analyze and design the flow chart of implementing the algorithm in detail.
引文
1 Andrew S.Tanenbaum. 计算机网络．熊桂喜，王小虎．第三版．清华大学出版社，2000:286-301
2 Pitsillides A, Lambert J. Adaptive Congestion Control in ATM Based Networks: Quality of Service and High Utilization. Computer Communications. 1997,20:1239-1258
3 Iliadisllias, Orsatti D. Performance of TCP Traffic and ABR Congestion Control Mechanisms. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 1998,30:1763-1774
4 Pecelli G, Kim BG. Dynamic Behavior of Feedback Congestion Control Schemes. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM'95, Boston, MA, 1995:253-260
5 Pal G, Agrawal S. Window-based Congestion Control in a Packet Switched Network with Voice and Data Transmission. Computer Communications. 1996,19:612-618
6 Yin N, Hluchyi M, Grossman D. Performance of End-to-end Closed-loop Rate Controls for Traffic Management. ATM Forum/93-1014,1993
7 Hluchyj M, Yin N. A Proposal for ATM End System Cell Flow Regulation. ATM Forum/94-0052,1994
8 Benmohamed L, Wang YT. A Control-theoretic ABR Explicit Rate Algorithm for ATM Switches with per-VC Queuing. In proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, 1998:183-191
9 Altman E, Basar T, Srikant R. Robust Rate Control for ABR Sources. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, 1998:166-173
10 Imer OC, Compans S, Basar T, Srikant R. ABR Congestion Control in ATM Networks. IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 2001,21:38-56
11 William Stallings．高速网络TCP/IP和ATM的设计原理．齐望东，谢希仁．电子工业出版社，1999：25-198
12 谭浩强．C程序设计．第二版．清华大学出版社，2000
13 Stanley B. Lippman. Essential C++, 侯捷．华中科技大学出版社，2001
14 龚剑，朱亮．matlab5.X入门与提高．清华大出版社，2000
15 UYLESS BLACK．ATM宽带网络．吕良双，梁进，武言．第1版．清华大学出版社，2000：70-96
16 倪鹏云．计算机网络系统结构分析．第2版．国防工业出版社，2000：98-165
17 谢希仁．计算机网络．第2版．电子工业出版社，2000：357-395
18 黄锡伟，朱秀吕．宽带通信网络．人民邮电出版社，2001：358-432
19 Kolarov A, Ramamurthy G. Comparison of Explicit Rate and Explicit Forward Congestion Indication Flow Control Schemes for ABR Service in Wide Area Networks. In Proceedings of IFIP-IEEE. Montreal, Canada, 1996:123-134
20 Traffic Management Specification version 4.1. ATM Forum. Af-tm-0121.000, March, 1999
21 张孝林，吴介一．基于速率的流量控制机制的研究．通信学报．2001，22：57-62
22 贡越，程时昕．ATM网中ABR业务的拥塞控制机制．通信技术．1997，2：1-12
23 Bennett Jetal. Comments on the July PRCA Rate Control Baseline. AF-TM/9-0682, July 1999
24 Hluchy Metal. A Proposal for End-to-end Closed-loop Rate-based Traffic Management. AF-TM/9-R0211, March 1999
25 Giuseppe Bianchi, Luigi Fratta, Luigi Musumeci. Congestion Control Algorithms for the ABR Service in ATM Networks. Global Telecommunications Conference. 1996, 2:1080-1084
26 King T.Ma, Ravi Sankar, Kenneth J.Christensen. A New Explicit Rate-based Congestion Control Scheme for ABR Services. Local Computer Networks. 22nd Annual Conference, 1997:195-201
27 Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Raj Jain. The ERICA Switch Algorithm for ABR Traffic Management in ATM Networks. IEEE/ACM transactions on networking. 2000,8:87-98
28 Chun-liang Lee, Yaw-Chung Chen, Jin-Ru Chen. A Simplified Approach Based on Source Control for ATM Service. Computer Communication. 2002, 24:1272-1282
29 张孝林，吴介一．ATM网络中两种流量控制机制的性能比较．计算机应用研究．2000，8：21-39
30 吴沧浦．最优控制的理论与方法．第2版．国防工业出版礼，2000：73-107
31 E.Altman, T.Basar, R.Srikant. Multi-User Rate-Based Flow Control with Action Delays: A Team-Theoretic Approach. In Proceedings of 36th IEEE CDC. 1997:2387-2392
32 C.E.Rohrs, E.Charles, R.A.Berry. A Linear Control Approach to Explicit Rate Feedback in ATM Networks. In Proceedings of INFOCOM'97. 1997:277-282
33 Kyung Youn Kim, Bong Seok Kim, Young Bok Choi, Sung Tack Ko, Kyung sik Kim. Optimal Rate Based Flow Control for ABR Services in ATM Networks. IEEE TENCON. 1999, 28:635-638
34 Imer OC, Compans S, Basar T, Srikant R. ABR Congestion Control in ATM Network. IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 2001,21:38-56
35 Orhan Cagri Imer, Tamer Basar, R Srikant. A Robust Adaptive Algorithm for ABR Congestion Control in ATM Networks. Computer Communications and Networks. Ninth International Conference. 2000:48-53
36 Ambalavanar Arulambalam, XiaoQiang Chen. Allocating Fair Rates for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. Nov 1996:92-100
37 J.M.Jaffe. Bottleneck Flow Control. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1981, 29:954-962
38 W.k.Lai, J.-Y.Tsai. A Flow Control Scheme on ATM Networks with Max-rain Fairness. Computer Communications. 1999, 22:543-555
39 郭尚来．随机控制．消华大学出版礼，2000：188-196
40 Eitan Altman, Tamer Basar, R.Srikant. Congestion Control as a Stochastic Control Problem with Action Delay. Automatiea. 1999, 35:1937-1950
41 Wieslaw Lobejko. VBR Traffic Prediction in ATM System. Military Communication Institute, 05-130 Zegree Poland, 1997:1585-1588
42 舒朝海，敖发良，谭永红．基于速率的ATM流量反馈控制—一种基于神经网络预测的方法．桂林电子工业学院学报．2000，1：71-76
43 Orhan C, Imer, Tamer Basar. Control of Congestion in High-Speed Network. European Journal of Control. 2001, 7:132-144
44 王小平，曹立明．遗传算法理论、应用与软件实现．西安交通大学出版社，2002：3-205
2 Pitsillides A, Lambert J. Adaptive Congestion Control in ATM Based Networks: Quality of Service and High Utilization. Computer Communications. 1997,20:1239-1258
3 Iliadisllias, Orsatti D. Performance of TCP Traffic and ABR Congestion Control Mechanisms. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems. 1998,30:1763-1774
4 Pecelli G, Kim BG. Dynamic Behavior of Feedback Congestion Control Schemes. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM'95, Boston, MA, 1995:253-260
5 Pal G, Agrawal S. Window-based Congestion Control in a Packet Switched Network with Voice and Data Transmission. Computer Communications. 1996,19:612-618
6 Yin N, Hluchyi M, Grossman D. Performance of End-to-end Closed-loop Rate Controls for Traffic Management. ATM Forum/93-1014,1993
7 Hluchyj M, Yin N. A Proposal for ATM End System Cell Flow Regulation. ATM Forum/94-0052,1994
8 Benmohamed L, Wang YT. A Control-theoretic ABR Explicit Rate Algorithm for ATM Switches with per-VC Queuing. In proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, 1998:183-191
9 Altman E, Basar T, Srikant R. Robust Rate Control for ABR Sources. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, San Francisco, CA, 1998:166-173
10 Imer OC, Compans S, Basar T, Srikant R. ABR Congestion Control in ATM Networks. IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 2001,21:38-56
11 William Stallings．高速网络TCP/IP和ATM的设计原理．齐望东，谢希仁．电子工业出版社，1999：25-198
12 谭浩强．C程序设计．第二版．清华大学出版社，2000
13 Stanley B. Lippman. Essential C++, 侯捷．华中科技大学出版社，2001
14 龚剑，朱亮．matlab5.X入门与提高．清华大出版社，2000
15 UYLESS BLACK．ATM宽带网络．吕良双，梁进，武言．第1版．清华大学出版社，2000：70-96
16 倪鹏云．计算机网络系统结构分析．第2版．国防工业出版社，2000：98-165
17 谢希仁．计算机网络．第2版．电子工业出版社，2000：357-395
18 黄锡伟，朱秀吕．宽带通信网络．人民邮电出版社，2001：358-432
19 Kolarov A, Ramamurthy G. Comparison of Explicit Rate and Explicit Forward Congestion Indication Flow Control Schemes for ABR Service in Wide Area Networks. In Proceedings of IFIP-IEEE. Montreal, Canada, 1996:123-134
20 Traffic Management Specification version 4.1. ATM Forum. Af-tm-0121.000, March, 1999
21 张孝林，吴介一．基于速率的流量控制机制的研究．通信学报．2001，22：57-62
22 贡越，程时昕．ATM网中ABR业务的拥塞控制机制．通信技术．1997，2：1-12
23 Bennett Jetal. Comments on the July PRCA Rate Control Baseline. AF-TM/9-0682, July 1999
24 Hluchy Metal. A Proposal for End-to-end Closed-loop Rate-based Traffic Management. AF-TM/9-R0211, March 1999
25 Giuseppe Bianchi, Luigi Fratta, Luigi Musumeci. Congestion Control Algorithms for the ABR Service in ATM Networks. Global Telecommunications Conference. 1996, 2:1080-1084
26 King T.Ma, Ravi Sankar, Kenneth J.Christensen. A New Explicit Rate-based Congestion Control Scheme for ABR Services. Local Computer Networks. 22nd Annual Conference, 1997:195-201
27 Shivkumar Kalyanaraman, Raj Jain. The ERICA Switch Algorithm for ABR Traffic Management in ATM Networks. IEEE/ACM transactions on networking. 2000,8:87-98
28 Chun-liang Lee, Yaw-Chung Chen, Jin-Ru Chen. A Simplified Approach Based on Source Control for ATM Service. Computer Communication. 2002, 24:1272-1282
29 张孝林，吴介一．ATM网络中两种流量控制机制的性能比较．计算机应用研究．2000，8：21-39
30 吴沧浦．最优控制的理论与方法．第2版．国防工业出版礼，2000：73-107
31 E.Altman, T.Basar, R.Srikant. Multi-User Rate-Based Flow Control with Action Delays: A Team-Theoretic Approach. In Proceedings of 36th IEEE CDC. 1997:2387-2392
32 C.E.Rohrs, E.Charles, R.A.Berry. A Linear Control Approach to Explicit Rate Feedback in ATM Networks. In Proceedings of INFOCOM'97. 1997:277-282
33 Kyung Youn Kim, Bong Seok Kim, Young Bok Choi, Sung Tack Ko, Kyung sik Kim. Optimal Rate Based Flow Control for ABR Services in ATM Networks. IEEE TENCON. 1999, 28:635-638
34 Imer OC, Compans S, Basar T, Srikant R. ABR Congestion Control in ATM Network. IEEE Control Systems Magazine. 2001,21:38-56
35 Orhan Cagri Imer, Tamer Basar, R Srikant. A Robust Adaptive Algorithm for ABR Congestion Control in ATM Networks. Computer Communications and Networks. Ninth International Conference. 2000:48-53
36 Ambalavanar Arulambalam, XiaoQiang Chen. Allocating Fair Rates for Available Bit Rate Service in ATM Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. Nov 1996:92-100
37 J.M.Jaffe. Bottleneck Flow Control. IEEE Transactions on Communication, 1981, 29:954-962
38 W.k.Lai, J.-Y.Tsai. A Flow Control Scheme on ATM Networks with Max-rain Fairness. Computer Communications. 1999, 22:543-555
39 郭尚来．随机控制．消华大学出版礼，2000：188-196
40 Eitan Altman, Tamer Basar, R.Srikant. Congestion Control as a Stochastic Control Problem with Action Delay. Automatiea. 1999, 35:1937-1950
41 Wieslaw Lobejko. VBR Traffic Prediction in ATM System. Military Communication Institute, 05-130 Zegree Poland, 1997:1585-1588
42 舒朝海，敖发良，谭永红．基于速率的ATM流量反馈控制—一种基于神经网络预测的方法．桂林电子工业学院学报．2000，1：71-76
43 Orhan C, Imer, Tamer Basar. Control of Congestion in High-Speed Network. European Journal of Control. 2001, 7:132-144
44 王小平，曹立明．遗传算法理论、应用与软件实现．西安交通大学出版社，2002：3-205
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