供应链管理视角的企业物流网络构造研究
摘要
在动态的、竞争性的环境中，被直接用于物流作业的设施数量、规模以及地理关系即企业物流网络的布局实际影响着向顾客提供服务的能力和成本。因为企业物流网络的能力和结构将直接影响到企业的运作成本和客户服务水平，从而对其市场竞争能力产生重要影响。
因此，如何构造企业的物流网络，用何种管理思想来指导物流网络的构建是本文所要探讨的主要问题。为此，笔者提出应用供应链管理思想分四个步骤构建企业的物流网络。应用这一管理思想所构建的物流网络更具有柔性，有利于缓解由于经济的不确定性造成的市场波动，有利于降低企业的物流成本并提高物流服务水平以满足多样化和个性化的消费者需求，有利于克服物流各功能要素之间的“效益背反”现象从而提高整个物流网络的运行效率。全文共分六个部分。
文章的第一部分明确了论文撰写的目的和意义，确定了论文的研究视角和研究方法及论文撰写的研究框架。第二部分概述了物流网络的基础理论，简单概述了物流节点和物流网络的基本概念，并从运筹学、市场营销学、组织理论和信息管理学四个角度概括了目前国内外关于物流网络的相关研究。文章的第三部分阐述了从供应链管理视角构造企业物流网络的原因。通过对供应链管理的概念及其管理思想的阐述，分析了供应链管理的库存理论、物流理论和客户关系理论对企业物流网络产生的影响，并指出从供应链管理视角构造企业的物流网络将会实现降低企业的物流成本、减少资本投入、改善客户服务水平和提高网络柔性的目的。通过对比供应链管理思想和传统物流管理思想，指出按传统物流管理思想构造的企业物流网络存在着一系列问题，诸如物流成本过高、客户服务水平低、物流运作效率低等，而在供应链管理思想的指导下重构企业的物流网络却能很好地解决这些问题。应用供应链管理思想构造的物流网络更具有柔性，能够更好地缓解由于经济的不确定性带来的市场波动和物流运作中的“效益背反”现象，并且有利于降低物流成本和提高客户服务水平。
文章的第四和第五部分属于企业物流网络的构造阶段。第四部分列举了在网络构造过程中可能出现的各种影响因素以及在构造物流网络时应遵循的一些指导原则。物流管理者对这些影响因素和指导原则的理解程度将会对物流网络的构造产生重要的影响，它不但会对物流网络的运作成本和运作效率产生巨大影响，而
且关系到企业战略目标的实现甚至企业的生存。在第五部分中，笔者设计了一个
具有普遍性的物流网络构造框架。按照建立物流网络构造团队、物流审计、确定
物流网络建模方案、物流网络设施选址决策四个步骤来构造企业的物流网络，并
且在网络构造完成后还应对其做出绩效评价和进一步的网络优化。通过计算出物
流设施的地理位置、数量、规模及其服务范围最终确定物流网络的布局。文章的
第六部分是关于论文中涉及的相关模型的实证应用。为了检验本文中物流网络设
施选址模型在降低物流成本和提高服务水平上的可行性，以江西某制药集团和江
西某酒业集团为例加以了验证。对文中的重力区位模型和P一Median模型，笔者应
用LOG认叭RE version 4.0软件求解得出最优方案。
In the dynamic and competitive environment, the facilities' quantity, capacity and geography relationship, that is configuration of logistics network, affect directly the ability and cost providing the service toward customers. Because the capability and configuration of the business logistics network impact on the running cost of business and customer service level directly, and they have important influence on the business market competence.
How to construct the business logistics network and what thought of management is used for constructing logistics network are the leading problems in this thesis. Therefore, the writer puts forward to apply the thought of supply chain management and divides four steps to set up the business logistics network. This logistics network has better flexibility. It benefits to overcome market fluctuation that economic uncertainty causes, benefits to lower the logistics cost and improve the logistics service level to satisfy the diversification and individuation's of consumer demand, benefits to overcome the "trade-off1 phenomenon and raise the efficiency of the whole logistics network. The thesis is divided into six parts totally.
The first part in this article is definite the purpose and meaning of this thesis, make sure the research angle of view, research approach, and research frame. The second part sums up the leading fruits about the research of logistics network. It at first summarizes the basic conception of logistics node and logistics network, and then sums up the domestic and international correlative research concerning logistics network from the operation research, marketing, organization theory and information management. The third part expatiate the reasons from the angle of view of SCM constructing business logistics network. Through to expatiating the concept of SCM, this part analyze the stock theory, logistics theory, customer relationship theory of SCM to the logistics network's impacts, and points out that the logistics network constructed in terms of the angle of view of SCM could realize objects of lowing logistics cost, reducing capital input and improving customer service level. Through contrasting the SCM wit
h the traditional logistics management, it point out that logistics network constructed in terms
of the thought of traditional logistics management exist a series of problems, such as the logistics cost is too high, customer service level is too low, logistics efficiency is not high, etc but these problems above could be resolved if the logistics network is constructed in the light of the thought of SCM.
The fourth part and fifth part belong to the stage of construction of logistics network. The fourth part enumerates the important impact factors and leading guidelines in the process of constructing logistics network. Comprehension extent of the logistics administrator to these factors and guidelines influencing logistics network will produce important impact on constructing logistics network. It not only would have important impact on running cost and operation efficiency's logistics network, but also would have important impact on realizing the business strategy even its survival. In the fifth part, the writer designs a logistics network construction frame. The frame includes four steps, namely setting up the team of logistics network construction, logistics audit, confirming the model of logistics network construction, decision-making of facilities site selection, and performance appraisal and network optimization after constructing logistics network. Through calculating the site. quantity, capacity and s
ervice scope of logistics facilities determines the configuration of logistics network finally. The sixth part is the appliance concerning the correlative model involved in this thesis. Concerning the problem of single facility location, the writer applies the Gravity location model to get the solution. Concerning the problem of multifacility location, the writer applies the Gravity location model and the P-Median model to get the solution. The
因此，如何构造企业的物流网络，用何种管理思想来指导物流网络的构建是本文所要探讨的主要问题。为此，笔者提出应用供应链管理思想分四个步骤构建企业的物流网络。应用这一管理思想所构建的物流网络更具有柔性，有利于缓解由于经济的不确定性造成的市场波动，有利于降低企业的物流成本并提高物流服务水平以满足多样化和个性化的消费者需求，有利于克服物流各功能要素之间的“效益背反”现象从而提高整个物流网络的运行效率。全文共分六个部分。
文章的第一部分明确了论文撰写的目的和意义，确定了论文的研究视角和研究方法及论文撰写的研究框架。第二部分概述了物流网络的基础理论，简单概述了物流节点和物流网络的基本概念，并从运筹学、市场营销学、组织理论和信息管理学四个角度概括了目前国内外关于物流网络的相关研究。文章的第三部分阐述了从供应链管理视角构造企业物流网络的原因。通过对供应链管理的概念及其管理思想的阐述，分析了供应链管理的库存理论、物流理论和客户关系理论对企业物流网络产生的影响，并指出从供应链管理视角构造企业的物流网络将会实现降低企业的物流成本、减少资本投入、改善客户服务水平和提高网络柔性的目的。通过对比供应链管理思想和传统物流管理思想，指出按传统物流管理思想构造的企业物流网络存在着一系列问题，诸如物流成本过高、客户服务水平低、物流运作效率低等，而在供应链管理思想的指导下重构企业的物流网络却能很好地解决这些问题。应用供应链管理思想构造的物流网络更具有柔性，能够更好地缓解由于经济的不确定性带来的市场波动和物流运作中的“效益背反”现象，并且有利于降低物流成本和提高客户服务水平。
文章的第四和第五部分属于企业物流网络的构造阶段。第四部分列举了在网络构造过程中可能出现的各种影响因素以及在构造物流网络时应遵循的一些指导原则。物流管理者对这些影响因素和指导原则的理解程度将会对物流网络的构造产生重要的影响，它不但会对物流网络的运作成本和运作效率产生巨大影响，而
且关系到企业战略目标的实现甚至企业的生存。在第五部分中，笔者设计了一个
具有普遍性的物流网络构造框架。按照建立物流网络构造团队、物流审计、确定
物流网络建模方案、物流网络设施选址决策四个步骤来构造企业的物流网络，并
且在网络构造完成后还应对其做出绩效评价和进一步的网络优化。通过计算出物
流设施的地理位置、数量、规模及其服务范围最终确定物流网络的布局。文章的
第六部分是关于论文中涉及的相关模型的实证应用。为了检验本文中物流网络设
施选址模型在降低物流成本和提高服务水平上的可行性，以江西某制药集团和江
西某酒业集团为例加以了验证。对文中的重力区位模型和P一Median模型，笔者应
用LOG认叭RE version 4.0软件求解得出最优方案。
In the dynamic and competitive environment, the facilities' quantity, capacity and geography relationship, that is configuration of logistics network, affect directly the ability and cost providing the service toward customers. Because the capability and configuration of the business logistics network impact on the running cost of business and customer service level directly, and they have important influence on the business market competence.
How to construct the business logistics network and what thought of management is used for constructing logistics network are the leading problems in this thesis. Therefore, the writer puts forward to apply the thought of supply chain management and divides four steps to set up the business logistics network. This logistics network has better flexibility. It benefits to overcome market fluctuation that economic uncertainty causes, benefits to lower the logistics cost and improve the logistics service level to satisfy the diversification and individuation's of consumer demand, benefits to overcome the "trade-off1 phenomenon and raise the efficiency of the whole logistics network. The thesis is divided into six parts totally.
The first part in this article is definite the purpose and meaning of this thesis, make sure the research angle of view, research approach, and research frame. The second part sums up the leading fruits about the research of logistics network. It at first summarizes the basic conception of logistics node and logistics network, and then sums up the domestic and international correlative research concerning logistics network from the operation research, marketing, organization theory and information management. The third part expatiate the reasons from the angle of view of SCM constructing business logistics network. Through to expatiating the concept of SCM, this part analyze the stock theory, logistics theory, customer relationship theory of SCM to the logistics network's impacts, and points out that the logistics network constructed in terms of the angle of view of SCM could realize objects of lowing logistics cost, reducing capital input and improving customer service level. Through contrasting the SCM wit
h the traditional logistics management, it point out that logistics network constructed in terms
of the thought of traditional logistics management exist a series of problems, such as the logistics cost is too high, customer service level is too low, logistics efficiency is not high, etc but these problems above could be resolved if the logistics network is constructed in the light of the thought of SCM.
The fourth part and fifth part belong to the stage of construction of logistics network. The fourth part enumerates the important impact factors and leading guidelines in the process of constructing logistics network. Comprehension extent of the logistics administrator to these factors and guidelines influencing logistics network will produce important impact on constructing logistics network. It not only would have important impact on running cost and operation efficiency's logistics network, but also would have important impact on realizing the business strategy even its survival. In the fifth part, the writer designs a logistics network construction frame. The frame includes four steps, namely setting up the team of logistics network construction, logistics audit, confirming the model of logistics network construction, decision-making of facilities site selection, and performance appraisal and network optimization after constructing logistics network. Through calculating the site. quantity, capacity and s
ervice scope of logistics facilities determines the configuration of logistics network finally. The sixth part is the appliance concerning the correlative model involved in this thesis. Concerning the problem of single facility location, the writer applies the Gravity location model to get the solution. Concerning the problem of multifacility location, the writer applies the Gravity location model and the P-Median model to get the solution. The
引文
1、赵林渡。供应链与物流管理：理论与实务。北京：机械工业出版社，2003
2、陈兵兵编著．供应链管理—策略、技术与实务．北京：电子工业出版社，2004
3、罗纳德·堡罗著，王晓东，胡瑞娟等译．企业物流管理—供应链的规划、组织和控制．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
4、约翰·科伊尔，爱德华·巴蒂，小约翰·兰利著，文武，陈志杰，张彦等译．企业物流管理：供应链视角．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
5、刁柏青，李学军，王建编著．物流与供应链系统规划于设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
6、林立千著．设施规划与物流中心设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
7、宋伟刚．物流工程及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
8、程理民，吴江，张玉林编著．运筹学模型与方法教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
9、骆温平编著．物流与供应链管理．北京；电子工业出版社，2002
10、汪鸣，冯浩．我国物流业发展政策研究．北京：中国计划出版社，2002
11、王焰．一体化的供应链：战略、设计与管理．北京：中国物资出版社，2002
12、牟旭东，陈健．物流：第三利润源泉．上海：上海远东出版杜，2002
13、齐二石，周刚．物流工程．天津：天津大学出版社，2002
14、现代物流管理课题组．物流客户管理．广东：广东经济出版社，2002
15、现代物流管理课题组．物流成本管理．广东：广东经济出版社，2002
16、现代物流管理课题组．物流服务管理．广东；广东经济出版社，2002
17、徐文静．物流战略规划与模式．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
18、方仲民．物流系统规划与设计．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
19、李长江．物流中心设计与运作．北京：中国物资出版社，2002
20、夏晓东．企业物流管理．成都：四川人民出版社，2002
21、朱道立，龚国华，罗齐．物流和供应链管理．上海：复旦大学出版社，2001
22、宋华．现代物流与供应链管理案例．北京：经济管理出版社，2001
23、陈荣．物流供应链管理．长春：东北财经大学出版社，2001
24、刘伟．供应链管理．成都：四川人民出版社，2002
25、赵刚．物流运筹．成都：四川人民出版社，2002
26、孙宏岭，戚世均编著．现代物流绩效分析．北京；中国物资出版社，2001
27、电子商务中供应链管理的分析与研究． 浙江大学管理学博士学位论文，2001，4
28、北京市城市物流战略规划研究．北京工业大学交通运输规划与管理硕士学位论文，2002，5
29、我国物流经济及空间组织研究． 辽宁师范大学人文地理学硕士学位论文，2002，6
30、通运输协会．我国物流发展现状及对策研究，2001，3
31、李伊松、鞠颂东．电子商务与物流．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001
32、《中国流通经济》，2002年第一期
33、《展望中国物流市场》，2002年3月10日，第1版
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45、Herbert W.Davis and William H.Drumm,"Logistics Costs and Customer Service Levels, 1996,"Annual Conference Proceedings (Orlando,Fla: Council of Logistics Management,1996),p221.
2、陈兵兵编著．供应链管理—策略、技术与实务．北京：电子工业出版社，2004
3、罗纳德·堡罗著，王晓东，胡瑞娟等译．企业物流管理—供应链的规划、组织和控制．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
4、约翰·科伊尔，爱德华·巴蒂，小约翰·兰利著，文武，陈志杰，张彦等译．企业物流管理：供应链视角．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
5、刁柏青，李学军，王建编著．物流与供应链系统规划于设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
6、林立千著．设施规划与物流中心设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2003
7、宋伟刚．物流工程及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
8、程理民，吴江，张玉林编著．运筹学模型与方法教程．北京：清华大学出版社，2000
9、骆温平编著．物流与供应链管理．北京；电子工业出版社，2002
10、汪鸣，冯浩．我国物流业发展政策研究．北京：中国计划出版社，2002
11、王焰．一体化的供应链：战略、设计与管理．北京：中国物资出版社，2002
12、牟旭东，陈健．物流：第三利润源泉．上海：上海远东出版杜，2002
13、齐二石，周刚．物流工程．天津：天津大学出版社，2002
14、现代物流管理课题组．物流客户管理．广东：广东经济出版社，2002
15、现代物流管理课题组．物流成本管理．广东：广东经济出版社，2002
16、现代物流管理课题组．物流服务管理．广东；广东经济出版社，2002
17、徐文静．物流战略规划与模式．北京：机械工业出版社，2002
18、方仲民．物流系统规划与设计．北京：机械工业出版社，2003
19、李长江．物流中心设计与运作．北京：中国物资出版社，2002
20、夏晓东．企业物流管理．成都：四川人民出版社，2002
21、朱道立，龚国华，罗齐．物流和供应链管理．上海：复旦大学出版社，2001
22、宋华．现代物流与供应链管理案例．北京：经济管理出版社，2001
23、陈荣．物流供应链管理．长春：东北财经大学出版社，2001
24、刘伟．供应链管理．成都：四川人民出版社，2002
25、赵刚．物流运筹．成都：四川人民出版社，2002
26、孙宏岭，戚世均编著．现代物流绩效分析．北京；中国物资出版社，2001
27、电子商务中供应链管理的分析与研究． 浙江大学管理学博士学位论文，2001，4
28、北京市城市物流战略规划研究．北京工业大学交通运输规划与管理硕士学位论文，2002，5
29、我国物流经济及空间组织研究． 辽宁师范大学人文地理学硕士学位论文，2002，6
30、通运输协会．我国物流发展现状及对策研究，2001，3
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