不同粗蛋白质、钙水平日粮对种公鸡免疫效果、生殖机能和血液生理生化指标的影响
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摘要
本研究选择21周龄新扬州鸡种公鸡135只，按照仿完全随机区组法分成9组，每组15只。采用两因子(粗蛋白和钙)析因设计，分别设高、中、低(粗蛋白质水平为17％、14％和11％，钙水平为3.3％、2.3％和1.3％)3个水平，构成9种日粮处理，各种日粮中其他营养水平保持一致。本研究比较了在繁殖期全程饲喂(正试期为48周)不同粗蛋白质和钙水平日粮对种公鸡免疫效果、生殖机能及血液生理生化指标的影响，结果表明：
1、试验前各组公鸡体重基本一致，试验进行短期内出现明显的生长，粗蛋白质水平为17％的高蛋白组和钙水平为1.3％的低钙组生长较好。试验后期各组鸡体重变化范围不大。说明不同粗蛋白和钙水平日粮对成年种公鸡的体重没有明显的影响(P＞0.05)。
2、与免疫前相比，试验鸡注射新城疫疫苗15、30天后，不同处理组抗体水平有不同程度的升高，低蛋白低钙组抗体水平显著高于高蛋白高钙组(P＜0.05)；免疫90天后每组的抗体水平都出现明显的降低，其中低蛋白低钙组下降最少，其水平极显著地高于另外二组(P＜0.01)。日粮粗蛋白质对免疫后15、30天公鸡体内的抗体水平有着显著影响(P＜0.05)，对免疫90天的水平有着极显著影响(P＜0.01)；日粮钙对免疫后30天的抗体水平有着极显著的影响(P＜0.01)；二者的交互作用对它影响不显著(P＞0.05)。
3、粗蛋白质对公鸡的精液量和精子活力的效应值分别是3.649和8.652，达到显著(P＜0.05)和极显著的水平(P＜0.01)；钙对精子活力和精子畸形率有着显著影响(P＜0.05)；粗蛋白质和钙对精液品质各指标没有明显的交互作用(P＞0.05)。整个繁殖期的种公鸡长期采食低蛋白低钙日粮后，其精液量、精子活力、精子密度(P＞0.05)和有效精子数均大于高蛋白高钙组(P＜0.05)，精子畸形率低于高蛋
白高钙组(P>0.05)。日粮钙和公鸡年龄对翠丸影响显著(P<0.05)，高钙日粮组公
鸡的肇九重量、体积和翠九指数显著低于低钙约(P<0.05)，70周龄不同粗蛋白质
和钙水平处理组公鸡罕丸的重量、体积和肇丸指数显著低于46周龄(P<0.05)。日
粮粗蛋白质和钙分别对攀酮、促黄体素和促卵泡素影响不显著(P>0.05)，二者的
共同作用对翠酮的影响显著(P<0.()5)，对促黄体素的影响极显著(P<0.01)。试验
公鸡的精液量与精子密度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，精子活力与精子畸形率和血浆
促卵泡素(FSH)呈显著王相关(P<0.仍)，精子畸形率与FSH和左侧梁丸指数呈
显著正相关(P<0.05)，血浆FSH和左右侧肇丸指数间均呈很强的正相关(P<0.01)。
4、血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量在不同粗蛋白质水平日粮组间差异不显
著(P>0.05)。中钙组总蛋白、球蛋白含量显著高于高钙组(P 平逐渐升高，磷水平恒定的情况下，不同处理组血清钙磷处于一种相对稳定状态，
钙水平维持在16.Omg/dl匕下，磷水平维持在3.smg/dl左右。血清钙磷水平较低的
低钙组.碱性磷酸酶活性最高(P>0.05)。
5、低蛋白组葡萄糖含量稍高于另两组(P>0.05)，甘油三酷含量极显著地高于
高蛋白组(P<0.01);高蛋白组尿酸含量极显著地高于另两组(P<0.01)。谷丙转氨
酶活性为高蛋白组最高，差异不显著(P>.05);高蛋白组谷草转氨酶活性极显著
地高于中蛋白组(P<0.01)。低蛋白组T;含量显著高于高蛋白组(P<0.05);高蛋
白组T;含量显著高于中蛋白组(P<0.05)，高蛋白组皮质醇含量极显著地高于低蛋
白组(P<0.01)。血清生化各指标和血_浆r3和皮质醇含量在不同钙水平日粮组间无
显著差异(P>O，05);而高钙组T4含量显著高丁另外两组(P<0.05)。
The experiment was conducted to investigate effects of feeding different dietary crude protein and calcium levels during the overall reproduce time on immunity, reproductive function and blood physiological and biochemical indexes of breeder roosters. 135 New Yangzhou breeder roosters at 21-week-old were sampled, and randomly divided into 9 groups of 15 roosters each, fed with 9 diets designed by a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of three crude protein levels (17%, 14%, 11%) and three calcium levels (3.3%, 2.3%, 1.3%) with the same other nutrition levels. The results showed that:
l.At the beginning of the experiment, there was an evident uptrend of growth in roosters. Body weight of groups which were fed with the diet of high protein and low calcium well. But there was no significant change of each group in the later of the experiment. Body weight of aged roosters was not affected by the different dietary of crude protein and calcium levels (P>0.05) .
2. Serum antibody titre of the roosters of each group was on the increase with various degrees after injection. Serum antibody titre of the roosters fed the low protein and low calcium diets increased rapidly during 15 days and 30 days after injection, and decreased evidently after 90 days and 135 days than that of the other groups (P<0.01) . Compared with the group that used high protein, high calcium, the ND antibody titre of the roosters receiving low protein, low calcium were significantly higher (P<0.05) . Crude protein and calcium had significant influence on the serum antibody titre to ND (P<0.05 ) , and the interaction of which did not affect it significantly (P>0.05) .
3.Croud protein had more influence on sperm quality than calcium and interaction of the two factors. Sperm quantity, sperm motility, sperm concentration of the roosters which were used low protein, low calcium diet were significantly higher than those of the group of fed high protein, high calcium diet( P>0.05 ),but available sperm significant
(P<0.05), and sperm abnormality was lower conversely (P>.05). Weight, cubage and index of spermary of trial roosters were lower significantly in high calcium treatment than those in low calcium treatment (P<0.05) . From 46 weeks old to 70 weeks old, weight, cubage and index of spermary of trial roosters were shrink slowly. The interaction of crude protein and calcium had significant effect on serum testosterone(T)
(P<0.05), and had higher significant influence on luteinizing hormone(LH) (P<0.01). Sperm quantity had a positive correlation with sperm concentration(P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between sperm motility and available sperm, follicule stimulating hormone(FSH) (PO.05 ) , and between available sperm and FSH, left spermary index. FSH had a strong positive correlation with spermary index (PO.01 ) .
4.Albumin content of feeding low protein diet was more significantly than middling protein (PO.05 ) . The content of total protein and globulin of the group that used low calcium diet were significantly higher than the group feeding high calcium diet (PO.05) . Under a certain level of phosphorus of each diet, serum calcium and phosphorus were comparatively balanced with the increasing of the dietary calcium level. The content of serum calcium approached about 16.0mg/dl, and the serum phosphorus was around 3.5mg/dl. The activity of ALP of the group that fed low calcium diet was higher than that of other groups (P>0.05 ) .
5.GLU content of roosters feeding low protein diet was slightly higher than the other two groups (P>0.05) . The content of TG of the group fed low protein diet was significantly higher than high protein group (PO.01) . The content of the group that used high protein diet was significantly higher than the other two groups (PO.01). The activity of GPT of the group fed high protein was highest, but no significant influence
(P>0.05) . GOT activity of roosters feeding high protein was significantly higher than middling protein (PO.01) . Compared to the group that used high protein diet, and corticoids in the group fed low protein
1、试验前各组公鸡体重基本一致，试验进行短期内出现明显的生长，粗蛋白质水平为17％的高蛋白组和钙水平为1.3％的低钙组生长较好。试验后期各组鸡体重变化范围不大。说明不同粗蛋白和钙水平日粮对成年种公鸡的体重没有明显的影响(P＞0.05)。
2、与免疫前相比，试验鸡注射新城疫疫苗15、30天后，不同处理组抗体水平有不同程度的升高，低蛋白低钙组抗体水平显著高于高蛋白高钙组(P＜0.05)；免疫90天后每组的抗体水平都出现明显的降低，其中低蛋白低钙组下降最少，其水平极显著地高于另外二组(P＜0.01)。日粮粗蛋白质对免疫后15、30天公鸡体内的抗体水平有着显著影响(P＜0.05)，对免疫90天的水平有着极显著影响(P＜0.01)；日粮钙对免疫后30天的抗体水平有着极显著的影响(P＜0.01)；二者的交互作用对它影响不显著(P＞0.05)。
3、粗蛋白质对公鸡的精液量和精子活力的效应值分别是3.649和8.652，达到显著(P＜0.05)和极显著的水平(P＜0.01)；钙对精子活力和精子畸形率有着显著影响(P＜0.05)；粗蛋白质和钙对精液品质各指标没有明显的交互作用(P＞0.05)。整个繁殖期的种公鸡长期采食低蛋白低钙日粮后，其精液量、精子活力、精子密度(P＞0.05)和有效精子数均大于高蛋白高钙组(P＜0.05)，精子畸形率低于高蛋
白高钙组(P>0.05)。日粮钙和公鸡年龄对翠丸影响显著(P<0.05)，高钙日粮组公
鸡的肇九重量、体积和翠九指数显著低于低钙约(P<0.05)，70周龄不同粗蛋白质
和钙水平处理组公鸡罕丸的重量、体积和肇丸指数显著低于46周龄(P<0.05)。日
粮粗蛋白质和钙分别对攀酮、促黄体素和促卵泡素影响不显著(P>0.05)，二者的
共同作用对翠酮的影响显著(P<0.()5)，对促黄体素的影响极显著(P<0.01)。试验
公鸡的精液量与精子密度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，精子活力与精子畸形率和血浆
促卵泡素(FSH)呈显著王相关(P<0.仍)，精子畸形率与FSH和左侧梁丸指数呈
显著正相关(P<0.05)，血浆FSH和左右侧肇丸指数间均呈很强的正相关(P<0.01)。
4、血清总蛋白、白蛋白和球蛋白含量在不同粗蛋白质水平日粮组间差异不显
著(P>0.05)。中钙组总蛋白、球蛋白含量显著高于高钙组(P
钙水平维持在16.Omg/dl匕下，磷水平维持在3.smg/dl左右。血清钙磷水平较低的
低钙组.碱性磷酸酶活性最高(P>0.05)。
5、低蛋白组葡萄糖含量稍高于另两组(P>0.05)，甘油三酷含量极显著地高于
高蛋白组(P<0.01);高蛋白组尿酸含量极显著地高于另两组(P<0.01)。谷丙转氨
酶活性为高蛋白组最高，差异不显著(P>.05);高蛋白组谷草转氨酶活性极显著
地高于中蛋白组(P<0.01)。低蛋白组T;含量显著高于高蛋白组(P<0.05);高蛋
白组T;含量显著高于中蛋白组(P<0.05)，高蛋白组皮质醇含量极显著地高于低蛋
白组(P<0.01)。血清生化各指标和血_浆r3和皮质醇含量在不同钙水平日粮组间无
显著差异(P>O，05);而高钙组T4含量显著高丁另外两组(P<0.05)。
The experiment was conducted to investigate effects of feeding different dietary crude protein and calcium levels during the overall reproduce time on immunity, reproductive function and blood physiological and biochemical indexes of breeder roosters. 135 New Yangzhou breeder roosters at 21-week-old were sampled, and randomly divided into 9 groups of 15 roosters each, fed with 9 diets designed by a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement of three crude protein levels (17%, 14%, 11%) and three calcium levels (3.3%, 2.3%, 1.3%) with the same other nutrition levels. The results showed that:
l.At the beginning of the experiment, there was an evident uptrend of growth in roosters. Body weight of groups which were fed with the diet of high protein and low calcium well. But there was no significant change of each group in the later of the experiment. Body weight of aged roosters was not affected by the different dietary of crude protein and calcium levels (P>0.05) .
2. Serum antibody titre of the roosters of each group was on the increase with various degrees after injection. Serum antibody titre of the roosters fed the low protein and low calcium diets increased rapidly during 15 days and 30 days after injection, and decreased evidently after 90 days and 135 days than that of the other groups (P<0.01) . Compared with the group that used high protein, high calcium, the ND antibody titre of the roosters receiving low protein, low calcium were significantly higher (P<0.05) . Crude protein and calcium had significant influence on the serum antibody titre to ND (P<0.05 ) , and the interaction of which did not affect it significantly (P>0.05) .
3.Croud protein had more influence on sperm quality than calcium and interaction of the two factors. Sperm quantity, sperm motility, sperm concentration of the roosters which were used low protein, low calcium diet were significantly higher than those of the group of fed high protein, high calcium diet( P>0.05 ),but available sperm significant
(P<0.05), and sperm abnormality was lower conversely (P>.05). Weight, cubage and index of spermary of trial roosters were lower significantly in high calcium treatment than those in low calcium treatment (P<0.05) . From 46 weeks old to 70 weeks old, weight, cubage and index of spermary of trial roosters were shrink slowly. The interaction of crude protein and calcium had significant effect on serum testosterone(T)
(P<0.05), and had higher significant influence on luteinizing hormone(LH) (P<0.01). Sperm quantity had a positive correlation with sperm concentration(P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between sperm motility and available sperm, follicule stimulating hormone(FSH) (PO.05 ) , and between available sperm and FSH, left spermary index. FSH had a strong positive correlation with spermary index (PO.01 ) .
4.Albumin content of feeding low protein diet was more significantly than middling protein (PO.05 ) . The content of total protein and globulin of the group that used low calcium diet were significantly higher than the group feeding high calcium diet (PO.05) . Under a certain level of phosphorus of each diet, serum calcium and phosphorus were comparatively balanced with the increasing of the dietary calcium level. The content of serum calcium approached about 16.0mg/dl, and the serum phosphorus was around 3.5mg/dl. The activity of ALP of the group that fed low calcium diet was higher than that of other groups (P>0.05 ) .
5.GLU content of roosters feeding low protein diet was slightly higher than the other two groups (P>0.05) . The content of TG of the group fed low protein diet was significantly higher than high protein group (PO.01) . The content of the group that used high protein diet was significantly higher than the other two groups (PO.01). The activity of GPT of the group fed high protein was highest, but no significant influence
(P>0.05) . GOT activity of roosters feeding high protein was significantly higher than middling protein (PO.01) . Compared to the group that used high protein diet, and corticoids in the group fed low protein
引文
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37．王子旭，佘锐萍，袁莉．锌和硒对动物免疫功能的影响．动物医学进展，2003，24(4)：33-35
38．张锐．微量矿物元素在免疫中的作用．中国饲料．1999，12：27-28
39．王健．王志跃，朱晓华等，种公鸡繁殖性能的营养学调控．中国家禽．200l，23(20)：38～4021
40. Adamstone F B et al. The effects of vitamin E deficiency on the tests of the male fowl(Gallus domesticus), J. Morphol physial, 1934(56):339
41. Paredes 和 Garcia. Transitory physiological fibrinogenopenia of childbirth Bol Soc Chil Obstet Ginecol. 1959 Oct;24:306-18.
42. Wilson JL, McDaniel GR, Sutton CD, Renden JA. Semen and carcass evaluation of broiler breeder males fed low protein diets. Poult Sci. 1987 Sep;66(9):1535-40.
43. Arscott G H J, Parker E. Dietary protein and fertility of male chickens J. Nutr 1963(80): 311～314
44. McDaniel GR, Roland DA, Liu P. Body weight and semen production of broiler breeder males as influenced by crude protein levels and feeding regimens during rearing. Poult Sci. 1999, Feb; 78(2):190-196.
45．刘素洁，孙长勉等．日粮能量蛋白水平对肉用型种公鸡繁殖性能的影响．饲料工业，2002，5：29-31
46. Hocking PM, Duff SR. Musculo-skeletal lesions in adult male broider breeder fowls and their relationships with body weight and fertility at 60 weeks of age. Br Poult Sci. 1989 Dec; 30(4): 777-84.
47．丁余荣，王桂朝．蛋白质含量对肉用种公鸡精液量、精子密度和受精率的影响．中国家禽，1991(4)：28～29
48．候宗良，马学云等．种用公鸡繁殖期最佳营养水平研究．1999，3：35～36
49．王志跃，戴国俊等．不同氨基酸水平对种公鸡繁殖性能的影响．中国家禽，1999，8
50．王建辰，章孝荣．动物生殖调控[M]．合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1998
51．黄松明，袁扬忠．几种公鸡目粮对种鸡人工授精受精率的影响．上海畜牧兽医通讯，1997，6：18～19
52．李志芳，饲料中粗蛋白水平与钙含量对父母代种公鸡精液质量及受精率的影响．禽业科技．1997．13(11)：24～25
53．梁明振，梁贤威．微量元素锌、铬、硒与动物繁殖性能．广西农业生物科学．2001，4：295—300
54．康顺之．家畜繁殖机能与矿物质营养的关系[J]．草食家畜，1986，(3)：22～24．
55. Miltonl, Scott. Nutrition of the Chicken[M].Newyork:ThirdEdition, Ithaca, 1982.227～282.
56. CanterA.H., Scottml.The Effect of Selenium in the Hen's Diet on Egg Production, Hatch Ability Performance of Progeny and Selenium Concentration in Eggs[J].Poultry Sci, 1974, 53:1870.
57. Latshaw.J.D, Osmanm.A Selenium and Vitamin E Responsive Condition in the Llaying Hen[J].Poultry Sci, 1974, 53:1704.
58．周明．微量元素对动物繁殖机能的影响．国外畜牧学-饲料，1990，1：17
59．张德祥，杨华林．限饲对肉种公鸡繁殖性能的影响．饲料博览．1999，3：1—2
60．郑春田，李德发，谯仕彦等．高血球粉低蛋白质日粮补充异亮氨酸对仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响．动物营养学报．2001，13(2)：20～25
61．孙建和，严亚贤译．降低污染、提高效率—家禽最低营养水平的探讨．Asian．Aust Anirn Sci[J]．1998，6：755—768
62. Wilson J L et al. Dietary protein level for broiler breeder males. Poultry Science, 1987:66(2): 237～242
63. Wilson J L et al. Semen and carcass evaluation of broiler breeder males fed low protein diets. Poultry Science, 1987:66:1535～1540
64. Simon, O. Metabolism of proteins and amino acids. In: Protein metabolism in farm animals. Oxiford University Press, VEB. Deutscher Landwirt-schaftverlag Berlin, 1989, 273-366
65. Young, V. R., H.N. Munro, D.E. Mathers and D.M.Bier. In New aspects of clinlical nutrition, . Basel:Karger, 1983:43-73
66．石矿．鸡的钙营养．山东家禽．1998，3：37-40
67. Ranjit K C. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly[J]. Nutrition Research Review, 1991.4:83-95
68．丁贤，殷波．蛋白质、氨基酸营养与免疫．饲料博览．2001，6：30—32
69. Evans N P, Land R B, McNeilly J R, et al. Role of gonadal negative feedback on the gonadotrophin responses to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone ram lambs from two lines of sheep selected for their luteinizing hormone response to GnRH. J Reprod Fert. 1991, 2:549-558
70. Wolfe M W, StumpfT, Roberson M S, et al. Esteadiol influences on pattern of gonadotropin secretion in bovine males during the period of changed responses to estradiol feedback in agematched females. Bio Reprod. 1989, 4:626-634
71. Sakurai H, Adams T E. gpmadptrope responsiveness in orchidectomized sheep: Ⅰ Effect of
continuous infusion ofestradiol. Bio Reprod. 1991, 6:804-809
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