不同蛋鸡品种、饲养方式、补料种类对鸡蛋品质影响的研究
|
摘要
本试验分别研究了不同蛋鸡品种、不同饲养方式、不同补料种类对鸡蛋品质的影响，并对其机理进行了初步的探讨，确定了在生产优质鸡蛋方面的蛋鸡品种和饲养方式。本试验分三部分进行，第一部分：选取体况良好的35周龄农大褐三号蛋鸡、绿壳蛋鸡、京白939蛋鸡、海兰褐蛋鸡、沧州本地柴鸡各250只，每品种随机分为5个重复，每重复50只，饲喂玉米——豆粕型饲料(日粮参照海兰公司制定的32～40周龄蛋鸡营养标准)经一周的预饲期，进入正试期，试验期从6月10日至7月11日。结果表明：不同的蛋鸡品种之间的鸡蛋品质在蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋壳相对重、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄系数、哈夫单位、蛋黄中磷脂质含量、蛋黄中胆固醇含量、蛋黄脂肪／鲜蛋重、蛋清中蛋白质、蛋黄中蛋白质、蛋黄相对重方面存在显著的种间差异，而蛋清含水量、蛋黄含水量不受蛋鸡品种的影响。其中柴鸡和绿壳蛋鸡在蛋黄颜色的沉积、蛋黄磷脂质含量、蛋黄相对重方面显著的优于其他品种蛋鸡，而蛋黄胆固醇含量显著低于其他品种蛋鸡，是生产优质鸡蛋的良好品种。第二部分：选取体重均匀、采食良好、产蛋率相近的35周龄绿壳蛋鸡、农大褐三号蛋鸡、本地柴鸡各500只，每一品种随机分为两组，一组采用阶梯式笼养；二组采用草地围栏饲养，每天18：00补料。经一周预试期进入正试期，试验从9月15日至10月15日。结果表明：不同的饲养方式显著的影响蛋黄颜色、蛋黄中磷脂质、蛋黄中胆固醇含量，其中绿壳蛋鸡、农大褐三号蛋鸡、本地柴鸡的散养鸡组比其对应的笼养鸡组蛋黄颜色高4.4、3.2、1.6个罗氏单位，蛋黄中磷脂质提高5.26％、8.69％、11.16％差异显著(P＜0.05)，蛋黄中胆固醇降低了16.54％、6.67％、8.18％差异显著(P＜0.05)。同时散养鸡组显著的降低蛋清含水量、蛋黄含水量，散养鸡组有提高蛋黄相对重的的趋势，但差异不显著，不同的饲养方式对鸡蛋品质其他方面的影响差异不显著。第三部分：选取体重均匀、采食良好、产蛋率相近的本地柴鸡500只，随机分为5组，每组100只，其中第一组为对照组(Ⅰ组)饲喂常规饲料，处理一(Ⅱ组)、二(Ⅲ组)、三(Ⅳ组)、四(Ⅴ组)分别在常规饲料中添加1％虾头粉、3％苜蓿粉、5％苜蓿粉、7％苜蓿粉，5个组均采用室内散养+室外运动场相结合的饲养方式，每天喂料三次。试验经一周的预试期进入正试期，试验从2004年1月1日至2004年3月1日，试验期60天。结果表明：在饲养60天后各试验组蛋重均比对照组高，其中Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组高11.08％(P＜0.05)，Ⅴ组比Ⅰ组高9.88％(P＜0.05)差异显著。Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组分别比Ⅰ组高12.52％、16.89％差异极显著(P＜0.01)。蛋黄颜色方面Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组显著(P＜0.05)高于对照组Ⅰ，Ⅳ、Ⅴ组则极显著(P＜0.01) 的高于对照组Ⅰ，其中各组之间以Ⅴ组的蛋黄颜色最好。蛋黄中胆固醇含量以Ⅴ组为最低，各试验组均低于对照组，其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别比Ⅰ低11.25％、6.88％差异显著(P＜0.05)，Ⅳ、Ⅴ分别比Ⅰ低18.13％、20.00％，差异极显著(P＜0.01)。不同的补饲饲料对鸡蛋品质的其他方面的影响差异不显著。结论：1、地方柴鸡在生产优质鸡蛋方面具有显著的遗传优势，具有蛋黄颜色鲜亮、磷脂质含量高、蛋黄胆固醇含量低、蛋黄相对重高的特点。2、饲养方式能够改善鸡蛋品质，散养比笼养更能够生产蛋黄颜色好、磷脂质含量高、蛋黄胆固醇含量低的鸡蛋。3、不同的补饲饲料也能影响鸡蛋品质，本
试验中7%的首稽粉添加料在降低蛋黄中胆固醇含量、提高蛋黄颜色方面取得了最好
的效果，但是产蛋率有下降的趋势，综合考虑添加5%的首稽粉能够有效地降低蛋黄
中胆固醇，提高蛋黄颜色，并且对产蛋率以及鸡蛋品质的其他方面没有负影响。虾头
粉能够改善蛋黄颜色，同时有利于降低鸡蛋中胆固醇含量，其最佳添加量有待于进一
步研究。
In this experiment we study for the effect on egg quality of different strains, different feeding model and different dietary respectively, and primarily analyze the mechanism, make certain the proper layer strain and feeding model to product high quality eggs. This experiment include three department, the first: we choose 250 layers from nongda three strain, green shell strain, 939 strain , hailan strain and the layers of cang zhou respectively which are good health and 35 weeks old. Every 250 layers which come from the same strain were randomly departed into 5 overlaps ,and every overlap includes 50 layers which fed by maize-bean(which was fit with the nutrition standard of NRC),the experiment started from 10th of June to llth of July. The result showed that there were difference among the different strains in egg quality on egg weight , eggshell thickness , eggshell comparative weight, egg yolk color, egg yolk quotiety, hafu units, the content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, the content of cholesterol in e
gg yolk, the content of protein in egg white and the content of protein in egg yolk, and cangzhou layers and green shell layer were better than the other strains on egg yolk color, the content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, the content of cholesterol in egg yolk which are proper strains to product good quality eggs. The second: we choose 500 layers from green shell, nongda three and cangzhou layers respectively which are comparisive on weight , ratio of egg production. Every strain was departed into two overlaps, one overlap was fed in cage and the other was fed on grassplot. The experiment started from 15th of September and ended on 15th of October. The result showed there were notability different on egg yolk color, content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, the content of cholesterol in egg yolk, and the layers which fed on grassplot were 4.4,3.2, 1.6 higher than the layers in cage on egg yolk color, the content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk were improved 5.26%, 8.69%, 11.165 (P<0.05), the content of choleste
rol in egg yolk were reduced 16.54% , 6.67%, 8.18% (P<0.05)respective of green shell layer , nong da three layer and cangzhou layer. And there was the trend to reduce the content of water in the egg which was lie by the layer fed on grassplot. The third: we choose 500 layers of cangzhou which were resemble on weight,
ratio of egg production and depart them into 5 overlaps randomly. And fed on routine forage(I), add 1% shrimp head power(II), add 3%clover power(III), 5% clover power(IV), 7% clover power(V). All of the 5 overlaps were fed on the grassplot. The result showed : the control group have the lowest egg weight and II , Vgroup is higher 11.08%, 9.88% than I group on egg weight, and the difference was notability. III, IVgroup were higher 12.52%, 16.89% than the I group respective and the difference was extremely notability. Vgroup have the best egg yolk color, and all of the treatment group were better than the control. V group have the lowest content of cholesterol in egg yolk, II , III group were 11.25%, 6.88% lower than I group respective and the difference is notability.IV, Vgroup were 18.13%, 20.00% lower than I group and the difference is extremely notability. The results: 1, the layer strain of district have good inherit to product good quality egg, and the egg have the character of deep egg yolk color, high
content of phosphor lipid in egg yok, low content of cholesterol in egg yolk and high egg yolk weight / egg weight. 2, feed model can improve the egg quality , the egg which lie by the layer fed on grassplot have better egg yolk color, higher content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, lower content of cholesterol in egg yolk than the egg lie by the layers fed in cage. 3, fill mesh have effect on egg quality too, in this experiment the treatment which fed with the diet supplement with 5% clover power was best to reduce the content of cholesterol in egg yolk, improve the egg yolk color and have no negative on the ratio of egg production and other aspect of egg quality.
试验中7%的首稽粉添加料在降低蛋黄中胆固醇含量、提高蛋黄颜色方面取得了最好
的效果，但是产蛋率有下降的趋势，综合考虑添加5%的首稽粉能够有效地降低蛋黄
中胆固醇，提高蛋黄颜色，并且对产蛋率以及鸡蛋品质的其他方面没有负影响。虾头
粉能够改善蛋黄颜色，同时有利于降低鸡蛋中胆固醇含量，其最佳添加量有待于进一
步研究。
In this experiment we study for the effect on egg quality of different strains, different feeding model and different dietary respectively, and primarily analyze the mechanism, make certain the proper layer strain and feeding model to product high quality eggs. This experiment include three department, the first: we choose 250 layers from nongda three strain, green shell strain, 939 strain , hailan strain and the layers of cang zhou respectively which are good health and 35 weeks old. Every 250 layers which come from the same strain were randomly departed into 5 overlaps ,and every overlap includes 50 layers which fed by maize-bean(which was fit with the nutrition standard of NRC),the experiment started from 10th of June to llth of July. The result showed that there were difference among the different strains in egg quality on egg weight , eggshell thickness , eggshell comparative weight, egg yolk color, egg yolk quotiety, hafu units, the content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, the content of cholesterol in e
gg yolk, the content of protein in egg white and the content of protein in egg yolk, and cangzhou layers and green shell layer were better than the other strains on egg yolk color, the content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, the content of cholesterol in egg yolk which are proper strains to product good quality eggs. The second: we choose 500 layers from green shell, nongda three and cangzhou layers respectively which are comparisive on weight , ratio of egg production. Every strain was departed into two overlaps, one overlap was fed in cage and the other was fed on grassplot. The experiment started from 15th of September and ended on 15th of October. The result showed there were notability different on egg yolk color, content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, the content of cholesterol in egg yolk, and the layers which fed on grassplot were 4.4,3.2, 1.6 higher than the layers in cage on egg yolk color, the content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk were improved 5.26%, 8.69%, 11.165 (P<0.05), the content of choleste
rol in egg yolk were reduced 16.54% , 6.67%, 8.18% (P<0.05)respective of green shell layer , nong da three layer and cangzhou layer. And there was the trend to reduce the content of water in the egg which was lie by the layer fed on grassplot. The third: we choose 500 layers of cangzhou which were resemble on weight,
ratio of egg production and depart them into 5 overlaps randomly. And fed on routine forage(I), add 1% shrimp head power(II), add 3%clover power(III), 5% clover power(IV), 7% clover power(V). All of the 5 overlaps were fed on the grassplot. The result showed : the control group have the lowest egg weight and II , Vgroup is higher 11.08%, 9.88% than I group on egg weight, and the difference was notability. III, IVgroup were higher 12.52%, 16.89% than the I group respective and the difference was extremely notability. Vgroup have the best egg yolk color, and all of the treatment group were better than the control. V group have the lowest content of cholesterol in egg yolk, II , III group were 11.25%, 6.88% lower than I group respective and the difference is notability.IV, Vgroup were 18.13%, 20.00% lower than I group and the difference is extremely notability. The results: 1, the layer strain of district have good inherit to product good quality egg, and the egg have the character of deep egg yolk color, high
content of phosphor lipid in egg yok, low content of cholesterol in egg yolk and high egg yolk weight / egg weight. 2, feed model can improve the egg quality , the egg which lie by the layer fed on grassplot have better egg yolk color, higher content of phosphor lipid in egg yolk, lower content of cholesterol in egg yolk than the egg lie by the layers fed in cage. 3, fill mesh have effect on egg quality too, in this experiment the treatment which fed with the diet supplement with 5% clover power was best to reduce the content of cholesterol in egg yolk, improve the egg yolk color and have no negative on the ratio of egg production and other aspect of egg quality.
引文
[1] 王思珍，曹颖霞．李华等．笼养鸡和散养鸡蛋产品理化成分的比较分析．中国兽医学报．2003，23(4)：388～390
[2] 周洪松，檩华蓉，陈玎玎等．不同杂交组合鸡蛋几种生化成分的比较分析．畜牧兽医学报 1997，28(6)，494～498
[3] 陈玎玎．引进品种鸡蛋和地方品种鸡蛋营养成分的比较分析．安徽农业大学学报，1998，25 (4)：452～455
[4] 王惠芸，高应．鸡蛋中胆固醇快速测定方法的研究．食品科学，1995，16(6)：58～59
[5] 高云仙，智变英．鸡蛋磷脂质的测定．中国畜产与食品，1996，(3)：46～47
[6] 王修启，郑海刚，安汝义等．影响蛋壳质量的因素及改善措施．中国家禽，1999．(21)7：39～41
[7] forster. Performance and egg quality of hens fed cocoa husk based diet. Nigerian Journal of Animals Production(1998) 25(1/2)[En, 16 ref.] Crop Utilization Unit, Cocoa research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B.5244.1badan. Nigeria.
[8] 张祺．蛋壳强化剂的试验研究．中国家禽，1990，22(10)：14～15
[9] 辛盛鹏．生化黄腐酸对提高蛋壳质量的影响．中国家禽，1992，21(11)：15～16
[10] 王小阳．蛋鸡抗热应激添加剂的研制．家畜生态，1992，20(3)：1～3．
[11] Grand Richards.Designer diets and management for optimum egg shell quality. World Poultry, June 1998，45～46
[12] 姚来顺．饲喂时间差异对产蛋率及蛋壳质量的影响．中国畜牧杂志，1992，28(4)：41～42
[13] Mongin. Influence of dietary wild sunflower leaf meal on layers performance and egg quality. Nigerian Journal of Animals Production(1996)23(1/2)28～32[En, 16 ref.]
[14] 王晓霞．石粉粒度与蛋壳质量的关系．中国饲料，1998，(10)：12～14
[15] 陈家华，刘莹．蛋和蛋品的质量．当代畜禽养殖业，2000，3：42～44
[16] 郝正理．畜禽铬的营养研究进展及其应用[J]．饲料博览，1991，10(6)：13～15
[17] Miles. Nutrition factors that influence the egg shell quality in the second laying cycle.2.Available phosphorus level. Revista Brasileeira de Zootecenia(1998)27(1)143～149[Pt, En,27 ref.]
[18] 袁中彪，张克英，左绍群等．蛋壳质量的决定因素：遗传+营养．中国家禽，2001，23(15)：43～45
[19] 屈健．营养因素对蛋壳质量的影响．中国饲料，2000，16：18～20
[20] 袁世永，来古力，小妮热．桔皮、红辣椒粉作褐壳蛋鸡增色添加剂试验．饲料研究．1998，8：26～25
[21] 程忠刚，林映才．郑黎．肉鸡皮肤和蛋鸡蛋黄的着色．饲料广角，2001，5：23～26
[22] 吴孝兵．禽体及蛋黄着色研究进展及应用．养禽与禽病防治．2002，6：28～30
[23] Kuchta, M; Gomowicz.E.; koreleski,J. The effect of canthaxanthene on egg yolk colour in fowls, in relation to the concentration of yellow pigments in food. Rooziniki Naukowe zootechniki. 1999, 26(1): 229～241
[24] Dotas, D.; Zamanidis,S,;Balios, J. Effect of dried tomato pulp on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. British Poultry Science. 1999, 40(5), 695～697
[25] Sobamiwa, O. Performance and egg quality of hens fed cocoa husk based diets.Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 1998, 25(1/2): 22～24
[26] 余有烈．甜菜碱对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响．饲料博览，2000，10(1)：1～2
[27] Middenlort.Influence of graded dietary energy supplementation with palm kernel oil on egg production. Global Journal of pure and Applied Sciences (1999)5(4): 449～452[En,18 ref]
[28] 博礼敦，Srinonknote S．饲用类胡萝卜素对鸭蛋黄着色效率的比较．饲料广角，2001，14：18～20
[29] Chein G, Sim J S. Effect of feeding full flax and canola seeds to laying hens on fatty acid composition, enmbros and newly hatched chickens[J]. Poultry Sci, 1991, 70: 917～922
[30] Hoppe, Krennrich. Overwinter growth and survival of largemouth bass: interactions among size, food, origin, and winter severity. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1995) 129(1)112[En,49ref.]
[31] 袁世永，来古力，木妮热．桔皮、红辣椒粉作褐壳蛋鸡增色添加剂试验 饲料研究 1998，8：26～25
[32] Brown W V. Dietary recommendation to prevent coronary heart disease. Animals of the New York Academy of Science. 1990,598,376～388
[33] Griffin H D. Manipulation of egg yolk cholesterol: a physiologist view. World Poultry Science Journal. 1992, 48(7): 101～112
[34] Shafey, T. M.; Dingle,J.G.; Medonald,M.w. The relationships between egg yolk cholesterol, egg production and age of hen in three Australian layers strains. Journal of King Saud University, Agriculture Science. 1998, 10(1): 33～41
[35] 杨立明，周正义．草、品种鸡蛋蛋黄营养成分分析 安徽农业技术师范学院学报，2000，14(4)：20～21
[36] Kovacs, G; Schmidt,J.; Husveth,E The effects of layers diets on the cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of the egg.. Allattenyesztes es Takarmanyozas. 1998,47(3):257～266
[37] Koci,S.; Kociova,Z.;Ceresnakova, Z. The effect of full-fat extruded soya on the performance and produce quality in layers and broiler chickens. Zivocisna Vyroba, 1997,42(2): 67～71
[38] Bostsoglou, N. A.; Yannakopoulos, A.L.; Fletouris,D.J. Yolk fatty acid composition and cholesterol content in response to level and form of dietary flaxseed. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 1998,46(11):4652～4656
[39] Wang Bao Wei. Effect of safflower seed oil on productivity, and polyunsaturated fatty acid cholesterol in egg yolk. Chinese Journal of Animal Science. 1996,32(6):39～40
[40] Rady, A.A.; Mandour, M.A. Possibility of enriching Fayoumi hen eggs with omega-3 fatty acid. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 1998,38(76):307～328
[41] Rys, R; Koreleski,J; Kuchta, M.. The influence of marine qriginated fat in diet for hens on the polyunsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk and cholesterol content in blood serum. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki. 1998,25(1) 75～90
[42] 王利华．霍贵成，杨丽杰．日粮中不同脂肪酸水平对鸡蛋胆固醇含量的影响．饲料工业，2001，(22)，4：27～28
[43] Park.Responses of IsaBrown laying hens to a pre-laycr diet containing additional calcium and to dietary protein and lysine concentrations during lay. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (1999) 51(6): 779～784[En,14 ref].
[44] Rybina. Dietary marine algae maintains egg consumer acceptability while enhancing yolk color. Poultry Science (1985) 77(3): 493～496[En,22 ref.]
[45] 张丽英，王宝维，阎桂玲等．壳聚糖对产蛋鸡血清和蛋黄胆固醇含量的影响[J]．饲料研究，1998，(10)：31～32
[46] El-fattach, A. M.A.; Ibrahim,F. A. A. Effect of feeding fresh and fermented buttermilk on serum and egg yolk cholesterol of Japanese quail hens. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cario. 1998,49(3):355～368
[47] 尹靖东，齐广海，霍启光．日粮中添加微量组分对鸡蛋胆固醇的影响．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，29．(3)：13～17
[48] Al-ankari, A.; Najib,H.; AI-Hozab,A. Yolk and serum cholesterol and production traits, as affected by incorporating a supraoptimal amount of copper in the diet of the Leghorn hen. British Poultry Science.1998,39(3): 393～397
[49] Pesti G M, Bakalli R I. Studies on the effect of feeding cupric sulfate pentahydrate to laying hens on egg cholesterol content[J].Poultry Science, 1998,(77): 1540～1545
[50] Mertz W, Toepfer E V, Rogimski E E, et al. Present knowledge of the role of chromium[J]. Fed Proc, 1974,33: 2275
[51] 田晓华．酵母降低高血脂作用的研究[J]．营养学报，1994，16(2)：127
[52] 胡昌彬．抗生素的负面效应及其替代品的研究．饲料博览．2000，(3)：42～44
[53] 林样霖．有机铬对产蛋鸡降低黄胆固醇和减缓热应激的研究[D]．福建农业大学，硕士学
位论文，1998
[54] 沈宪文，田野，金春英．应用微生态制剂对鸡蛋品质的研究．养禽与禽病防治，1999，12：19～20
[55] 高云仙，智变英．鸡蛋磷脂质的测定．中国畜产与食品．1996，(3)：46～47
[56] 邱祥聘．家禽学[M]．成都：四川科学技术出版社，1993．29～118
[57] 戴有理．青壳蛋鸡常规蛋品质的观测与改进．中国家禽，2001，23(10)：42～43
[58] Jones, Leeson, S. Organoleptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E. Poultry Science (1998) 77(9): 1436～1440[ En, 9 ref].
[59] 陈家华，刘莹．蛋和蛋品的质量．当代畜禽养殖业，2000，3：42～44
[60] 王利华，霍贵成，杨丽杰．日粮中不同脂肪酸水平对鸡蛋胆固醇含量的影响．饲料工业，2001，(22)，4：27～28
[61] 尹靖东．家禽类代谢调控机理的研究进展[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(2)：1～7
[2] 周洪松，檩华蓉，陈玎玎等．不同杂交组合鸡蛋几种生化成分的比较分析．畜牧兽医学报 1997，28(6)，494～498
[3] 陈玎玎．引进品种鸡蛋和地方品种鸡蛋营养成分的比较分析．安徽农业大学学报，1998，25 (4)：452～455
[4] 王惠芸，高应．鸡蛋中胆固醇快速测定方法的研究．食品科学，1995，16(6)：58～59
[5] 高云仙，智变英．鸡蛋磷脂质的测定．中国畜产与食品，1996，(3)：46～47
[6] 王修启，郑海刚，安汝义等．影响蛋壳质量的因素及改善措施．中国家禽，1999．(21)7：39～41
[7] forster. Performance and egg quality of hens fed cocoa husk based diet. Nigerian Journal of Animals Production(1998) 25(1/2)[En, 16 ref.] Crop Utilization Unit, Cocoa research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B.5244.1badan. Nigeria.
[8] 张祺．蛋壳强化剂的试验研究．中国家禽，1990，22(10)：14～15
[9] 辛盛鹏．生化黄腐酸对提高蛋壳质量的影响．中国家禽，1992，21(11)：15～16
[10] 王小阳．蛋鸡抗热应激添加剂的研制．家畜生态，1992，20(3)：1～3．
[11] Grand Richards.Designer diets and management for optimum egg shell quality. World Poultry, June 1998，45～46
[12] 姚来顺．饲喂时间差异对产蛋率及蛋壳质量的影响．中国畜牧杂志，1992，28(4)：41～42
[13] Mongin. Influence of dietary wild sunflower leaf meal on layers performance and egg quality. Nigerian Journal of Animals Production(1996)23(1/2)28～32[En, 16 ref.]
[14] 王晓霞．石粉粒度与蛋壳质量的关系．中国饲料，1998，(10)：12～14
[15] 陈家华，刘莹．蛋和蛋品的质量．当代畜禽养殖业，2000，3：42～44
[16] 郝正理．畜禽铬的营养研究进展及其应用[J]．饲料博览，1991，10(6)：13～15
[17] Miles. Nutrition factors that influence the egg shell quality in the second laying cycle.2.Available phosphorus level. Revista Brasileeira de Zootecenia(1998)27(1)143～149[Pt, En,27 ref.]
[18] 袁中彪，张克英，左绍群等．蛋壳质量的决定因素：遗传+营养．中国家禽，2001，23(15)：43～45
[19] 屈健．营养因素对蛋壳质量的影响．中国饲料，2000，16：18～20
[20] 袁世永，来古力，小妮热．桔皮、红辣椒粉作褐壳蛋鸡增色添加剂试验．饲料研究．1998，8：26～25
[21] 程忠刚，林映才．郑黎．肉鸡皮肤和蛋鸡蛋黄的着色．饲料广角，2001，5：23～26
[22] 吴孝兵．禽体及蛋黄着色研究进展及应用．养禽与禽病防治．2002，6：28～30
[23] Kuchta, M; Gomowicz.E.; koreleski,J. The effect of canthaxanthene on egg yolk colour in fowls, in relation to the concentration of yellow pigments in food. Rooziniki Naukowe zootechniki. 1999, 26(1): 229～241
[24] Dotas, D.; Zamanidis,S,;Balios, J. Effect of dried tomato pulp on the performance and egg traits of laying hens. British Poultry Science. 1999, 40(5), 695～697
[25] Sobamiwa, O. Performance and egg quality of hens fed cocoa husk based diets.Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 1998, 25(1/2): 22～24
[26] 余有烈．甜菜碱对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响．饲料博览，2000，10(1)：1～2
[27] Middenlort.Influence of graded dietary energy supplementation with palm kernel oil on egg production. Global Journal of pure and Applied Sciences (1999)5(4): 449～452[En,18 ref]
[28] 博礼敦，Srinonknote S．饲用类胡萝卜素对鸭蛋黄着色效率的比较．饲料广角，2001，14：18～20
[29] Chein G, Sim J S. Effect of feeding full flax and canola seeds to laying hens on fatty acid composition, enmbros and newly hatched chickens[J]. Poultry Sci, 1991, 70: 917～922
[30] Hoppe, Krennrich. Overwinter growth and survival of largemouth bass: interactions among size, food, origin, and winter severity. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1995) 129(1)112[En,49ref.]
[31] 袁世永，来古力，木妮热．桔皮、红辣椒粉作褐壳蛋鸡增色添加剂试验 饲料研究 1998，8：26～25
[32] Brown W V. Dietary recommendation to prevent coronary heart disease. Animals of the New York Academy of Science. 1990,598,376～388
[33] Griffin H D. Manipulation of egg yolk cholesterol: a physiologist view. World Poultry Science Journal. 1992, 48(7): 101～112
[34] Shafey, T. M.; Dingle,J.G.; Medonald,M.w. The relationships between egg yolk cholesterol, egg production and age of hen in three Australian layers strains. Journal of King Saud University, Agriculture Science. 1998, 10(1): 33～41
[35] 杨立明，周正义．草、品种鸡蛋蛋黄营养成分分析 安徽农业技术师范学院学报，2000，14(4)：20～21
[36] Kovacs, G; Schmidt,J.; Husveth,E The effects of layers diets on the cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of the egg.. Allattenyesztes es Takarmanyozas. 1998,47(3):257～266
[37] Koci,S.; Kociova,Z.;Ceresnakova, Z. The effect of full-fat extruded soya on the performance and produce quality in layers and broiler chickens. Zivocisna Vyroba, 1997,42(2): 67～71
[38] Bostsoglou, N. A.; Yannakopoulos, A.L.; Fletouris,D.J. Yolk fatty acid composition and cholesterol content in response to level and form of dietary flaxseed. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 1998,46(11):4652～4656
[39] Wang Bao Wei. Effect of safflower seed oil on productivity, and polyunsaturated fatty acid cholesterol in egg yolk. Chinese Journal of Animal Science. 1996,32(6):39～40
[40] Rady, A.A.; Mandour, M.A. Possibility of enriching Fayoumi hen eggs with omega-3 fatty acid. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal. 1998,38(76):307～328
[41] Rys, R; Koreleski,J; Kuchta, M.. The influence of marine qriginated fat in diet for hens on the polyunsaturated fatty acids in egg yolk and cholesterol content in blood serum. Roczniki Naukowe Zootechniki. 1998,25(1) 75～90
[42] 王利华．霍贵成，杨丽杰．日粮中不同脂肪酸水平对鸡蛋胆固醇含量的影响．饲料工业，2001，(22)，4：27～28
[43] Park.Responses of IsaBrown laying hens to a pre-laycr diet containing additional calcium and to dietary protein and lysine concentrations during lay. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research (1999) 51(6): 779～784[En,14 ref].
[44] Rybina. Dietary marine algae maintains egg consumer acceptability while enhancing yolk color. Poultry Science (1985) 77(3): 493～496[En,22 ref.]
[45] 张丽英，王宝维，阎桂玲等．壳聚糖对产蛋鸡血清和蛋黄胆固醇含量的影响[J]．饲料研究，1998，(10)：31～32
[46] El-fattach, A. M.A.; Ibrahim,F. A. A. Effect of feeding fresh and fermented buttermilk on serum and egg yolk cholesterol of Japanese quail hens. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cario. 1998,49(3):355～368
[47] 尹靖东，齐广海，霍启光．日粮中添加微量组分对鸡蛋胆固醇的影响．西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，29．(3)：13～17
[48] Al-ankari, A.; Najib,H.; AI-Hozab,A. Yolk and serum cholesterol and production traits, as affected by incorporating a supraoptimal amount of copper in the diet of the Leghorn hen. British Poultry Science.1998,39(3): 393～397
[49] Pesti G M, Bakalli R I. Studies on the effect of feeding cupric sulfate pentahydrate to laying hens on egg cholesterol content[J].Poultry Science, 1998,(77): 1540～1545
[50] Mertz W, Toepfer E V, Rogimski E E, et al. Present knowledge of the role of chromium[J]. Fed Proc, 1974,33: 2275
[51] 田晓华．酵母降低高血脂作用的研究[J]．营养学报，1994，16(2)：127
[52] 胡昌彬．抗生素的负面效应及其替代品的研究．饲料博览．2000，(3)：42～44
[53] 林样霖．有机铬对产蛋鸡降低黄胆固醇和减缓热应激的研究[D]．福建农业大学，硕士学
位论文，1998
[54] 沈宪文，田野，金春英．应用微生态制剂对鸡蛋品质的研究．养禽与禽病防治，1999，12：19～20
[55] 高云仙，智变英．鸡蛋磷脂质的测定．中国畜产与食品．1996，(3)：46～47
[56] 邱祥聘．家禽学[M]．成都：四川科学技术出版社，1993．29～118
[57] 戴有理．青壳蛋鸡常规蛋品质的观测与改进．中国家禽，2001，23(10)：42～43
[58] Jones, Leeson, S. Organoleptic evaluation of eggs produced by laying hens fed diets containing graded levels of flaxseed and vitamin E. Poultry Science (1998) 77(9): 1436～1440[ En, 9 ref].
[59] 陈家华，刘莹．蛋和蛋品的质量．当代畜禽养殖业，2000，3：42～44
[60] 王利华，霍贵成，杨丽杰．日粮中不同脂肪酸水平对鸡蛋胆固醇含量的影响．饲料工业，2001，(22)，4：27～28
[61] 尹靖东．家禽类代谢调控机理的研究进展[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(2)：1～7
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |