太湖水体污染的遗传毒性研究
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摘要
湖泊生态系统中水、沉积物和生物圈三者有着密切的相互关系。水体污染直接影响生物圈的组成和活动，水体中的污染物和生物残体通过吸附、沉降和扩散等作用进入湖底沉积物；沉积物中污染物在外力作用下能重新进入水体，造成二次污染。太湖是个大型浅水湖泊，对太湖水环境质量和污染现状作全面确切的评估，需要同时从这三个方面入手。本文以遗传毒理学的概念系统和技术，对太湖水体中表层水、沉积物以及蓝藻水华的遗传毒性做了较为详细的探讨。
本研究首先对不同季节、不同位点太湖表层水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行检测，发现入湖河流河口区、近岸区位点的水样有明显的致突变性，湖心区域水样一般无致突变性，表明人类活动对于水体污染的作用；同一位点水样的遗传毒性在不同季节有很大差异，大致表现为冬春季节水样的遗传毒性强于夏秋季节的水样，肯定了水文气象条件也在一定程度上影响污染的存在和扩散。对受污染位点的沉积物进行遗传毒性检测，发现水体重污染位点沉积物也表现明显的致突变性，但与水样致突变性在空间上又不完全对应。随后，对太湖水华暴发期蓝藻样品的遗传毒性进行了分析。蓝藻水华季节性暴发与湖泊富营养化程度直接有关，其危害已引起高度关注。某些种类蓝藻藻毒素已经鉴定，主要表现为肝毒性和神经毒性，本研究中太湖水域蓝藻抽提物证明没有遗传毒性。但蓝藻水华其它方面的潜在危害仍须予以密切关注。
上海市域为太湖流域一部分，其主要水系均源自太湖，上海市80%以上饮用水源与太湖直接有关，因此，太湖的污染程度也相当程度影响本市饮用水质量。本研究对于本市源水和自来水遗传毒性进行了比较，发现以源于太湖水系的原水加工的自来水样比来自长江主流原水的自来水样的致突变性强，自来水的致突变性要比源水的致突变性强，煮沸过程能使自来水的致突变性增强。在以上工作的基础上，为解决上海市区饮用水的致突变问题，本文提出若干可供选择的技术性措施和建议。
Water, sediment and biota make up of the major parts of aquatic ecosystem in the lake. Water pollution directly affects the constitutes and vigority of biota. The pollutants and organism remains eventually convert into sediment on the lake bottom by a series of eco-chemical process, such as adsorption, sedimentation and diffusion. The pollutants of sediments could resuspend into water by disturbing，either by natural force or by human activity, that results in secondary pollution of the water. Since the Taihu Lake is a typical shallow big lake, the ecological quality assessment and evaluation on pollution should be carried out on above mentioned three major components in lake ecosystem synchronously. The paper deals with the genetic toxicological investigation on the genotoxic pollution of the surface water, sediments and blue-green algae which is, momentarily, at the focus of public concern.
Genotoxic activity of the organic pollutants in the surface water in Taihu Lake was monitored in different seasons and different positions in the lake. The samples collected from estuaries of two rivers which flow into the lake or from alongshore area showed strong mutagenicity, while the samples from the lake center or from less polluted surface proved to be mutagenic negative. The results suggested the possible implication of human activity on water pollution in the lake. The samples collected in the different seasons but from the same set of sampling points have displayed different mutagenicity. Winter and spring samples showed stronger mutagenicity than that collected during summer and autumn season. It postulated that certain kind of meteorological and hydrological factors might play a role on the distribution and diffusion of the pollutants over the lake. Some of the sediment samples from a few of polluted areas were screened
for mutagenicity. The results obtained showed that mutagenicity pollution situation in most sediment samples, not all, correlated with that of water samples. Genotoxicity of a set of crude extracts of blue algae, Microcystis aeruginosa , was performed. The blue algae water bloom in fresh water ecosystem associated with water body eutrophication. . Recently, the public concern was largely concentrated on its ecological and public health impact. The data obtained in this study provided a clear information that Microcystis aeruginosa extracts from Taihu Lake is genotoxic free. However, other possible public health risks of the water blooms should be put under a close monitoring.
Shanghai is a part of the Taihu Lake basin, The major water system within its administrative boundary stems from Taihu Lake and provides 80 percent of the municipal drinking water source. Water pollution in Taihu Lake largely affects the drinking water quality in this city. Our data showed the tap water samples from the source water which is from Taihu Lake have been detected to be stronger mutagenic toxic than that from Yangtze River. Tap water samples in city south and city middledisplayed stronger mutation potentials compared with their corresponding source water samples. The custom boiling procedure intensified the mutagenic potential in drinking water. Some technical options for the remission of mutagenic pollution situation of municipal drinking water in city Shanghai was proposed.
本研究首先对不同季节、不同位点太湖表层水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行检测，发现入湖河流河口区、近岸区位点的水样有明显的致突变性，湖心区域水样一般无致突变性，表明人类活动对于水体污染的作用；同一位点水样的遗传毒性在不同季节有很大差异，大致表现为冬春季节水样的遗传毒性强于夏秋季节的水样，肯定了水文气象条件也在一定程度上影响污染的存在和扩散。对受污染位点的沉积物进行遗传毒性检测，发现水体重污染位点沉积物也表现明显的致突变性，但与水样致突变性在空间上又不完全对应。随后，对太湖水华暴发期蓝藻样品的遗传毒性进行了分析。蓝藻水华季节性暴发与湖泊富营养化程度直接有关，其危害已引起高度关注。某些种类蓝藻藻毒素已经鉴定，主要表现为肝毒性和神经毒性，本研究中太湖水域蓝藻抽提物证明没有遗传毒性。但蓝藻水华其它方面的潜在危害仍须予以密切关注。
上海市域为太湖流域一部分，其主要水系均源自太湖，上海市80%以上饮用水源与太湖直接有关，因此，太湖的污染程度也相当程度影响本市饮用水质量。本研究对于本市源水和自来水遗传毒性进行了比较，发现以源于太湖水系的原水加工的自来水样比来自长江主流原水的自来水样的致突变性强，自来水的致突变性要比源水的致突变性强，煮沸过程能使自来水的致突变性增强。在以上工作的基础上，为解决上海市区饮用水的致突变问题，本文提出若干可供选择的技术性措施和建议。
Water, sediment and biota make up of the major parts of aquatic ecosystem in the lake. Water pollution directly affects the constitutes and vigority of biota. The pollutants and organism remains eventually convert into sediment on the lake bottom by a series of eco-chemical process, such as adsorption, sedimentation and diffusion. The pollutants of sediments could resuspend into water by disturbing，either by natural force or by human activity, that results in secondary pollution of the water. Since the Taihu Lake is a typical shallow big lake, the ecological quality assessment and evaluation on pollution should be carried out on above mentioned three major components in lake ecosystem synchronously. The paper deals with the genetic toxicological investigation on the genotoxic pollution of the surface water, sediments and blue-green algae which is, momentarily, at the focus of public concern.
Genotoxic activity of the organic pollutants in the surface water in Taihu Lake was monitored in different seasons and different positions in the lake. The samples collected from estuaries of two rivers which flow into the lake or from alongshore area showed strong mutagenicity, while the samples from the lake center or from less polluted surface proved to be mutagenic negative. The results suggested the possible implication of human activity on water pollution in the lake. The samples collected in the different seasons but from the same set of sampling points have displayed different mutagenicity. Winter and spring samples showed stronger mutagenicity than that collected during summer and autumn season. It postulated that certain kind of meteorological and hydrological factors might play a role on the distribution and diffusion of the pollutants over the lake. Some of the sediment samples from a few of polluted areas were screened
for mutagenicity. The results obtained showed that mutagenicity pollution situation in most sediment samples, not all, correlated with that of water samples. Genotoxicity of a set of crude extracts of blue algae, Microcystis aeruginosa , was performed. The blue algae water bloom in fresh water ecosystem associated with water body eutrophication. . Recently, the public concern was largely concentrated on its ecological and public health impact. The data obtained in this study provided a clear information that Microcystis aeruginosa extracts from Taihu Lake is genotoxic free. However, other possible public health risks of the water blooms should be put under a close monitoring.
Shanghai is a part of the Taihu Lake basin, The major water system within its administrative boundary stems from Taihu Lake and provides 80 percent of the municipal drinking water source. Water pollution in Taihu Lake largely affects the drinking water quality in this city. Our data showed the tap water samples from the source water which is from Taihu Lake have been detected to be stronger mutagenic toxic than that from Yangtze River. Tap water samples in city south and city middledisplayed stronger mutation potentials compared with their corresponding source water samples. The custom boiling procedure intensified the mutagenic potential in drinking water. Some technical options for the remission of mutagenic pollution situation of municipal drinking water in city Shanghai was proposed.
引文
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