有机膨润土对水中有机物的吸附作用及处理工艺
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摘要
有机膨润土在废水处理和污染环境修复中的应用及机理研究是环境科学与工程领域的热点之一。本文在评述有机膨润土吸附水中有机污染物应用及机理的基础上，围绕着膨润土性质、表面活性剂种类和废水处理工艺等三个方面，研究了有机膨润土吸附处理水中有机污染物的效率、机理及影响因素。
不同产地的膨润土由于阳离子交换容量(CEC)等物理化学性质的差异，即使用同一方法改性的有机膨润土对水中有机物的吸附效果有较大的差别。研究表明，有机膨润土对水中的苯胺、硝基苯的分配系数K_p与膨润土的CEC呈正相关。同一有机膨润土对不同有机物的去除效果也不同，如100CTMAB有机膨润土对水中有机物的去除率为：菲＞酸性大红＞β-萘酚＞对硝基苯酚＞苯酚＞硝基苯＞苯胺，其中β-萘酚的去除率达到95％，菲去除率接近100％。
用阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB和非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100共同改性制得阳-非离子有机膨润土，发现对水中硝基苯能产生协同吸附作用。由于CTMAB和TX-100混合表面活性剂进入膨润土层间，导致阳-非离子有机膨润土的层间距远大于单阳离子有机膨润土，其f_(oc)高于相应的单阳离子和单非离子有机膨润土有机碳含量之和，故有机膨润土层间有机相对有机物的分配作用增强，对水中硝基苯等有机污染物产生协同吸附作用，如60CTMAB／20TX-100对水中硝基苯的去除率为46.1％，而60CTMAB、20TX-100对其的去除率分别为35.2％、5.5％。
提出了有机膨润土合成-废水处理一体化新工艺。当CTMAB加入量为膨润土阳离子交换容量的60～100％时，一体化工艺与传统工艺处理水中对硝基苯酚效果相近。CTMAB加入量为20～40％时，一体化工艺处理效果优于传统工艺。一体化工艺对20mg／L的β-萘酚、对硝基苯酚、苯酚、硝基苯、苯胺的去除率分别为97.5％、80.3％、57.3％、34.8％、27.8％；对实际染料废水的COD_(Cr)去除率大于70％，脱色率达到85％。与传统工艺相比，一体化工艺无需有机膨润土的合成工序，可减少膨润土合成设备投资和运行费用，节约能源，避免表面活性剂的二次污染；废水处理流程简单，操作方便，处理时间大为缩短，并显著降低废水处理的成本。
The application and sorption mechanisms of organobentonites in wastewater treatment and remediation of polluted environment have been a concern in the field of environmental science and engineering. Based on the review about the application and sorption mechanisms of organobentonites sorbing organic contaminants, the efficiency, mechanisms and impact factors of sorption were investigated in this dissertation from the aspects of bentonites and surfactants'type and wastewater treatment processes.
The physical and chemical properties of bentonite vary because of different producing areas. Even the bentonite was modified with the same method; the sorption capability of them differs greatly. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of aniline and nitrobenzene to organobentonites from water were positively proportional to the cation exchange capacity of four bentonites and the organic carbon content of the organobentonites. The sorption of different organic compounds onto the same organobentonite from water was researched. The removal rate sequence was phenanthrene > acid bright red > P-naphthol > p-nitrophenol > phenol > nitrobenzene > aniline. The removal rates of phenanthrene and P-naphthol were 100% and 95%, respectively.
A series of cationic-nonionic organobentonites were synthesized with cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) and nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. The cationic-nonionic organobentonites can sorb nitrobenzene from water synergicly. CTMAB and Triton X-100 were intercalated into the interlayer of bentonite, the basal spacing of 60CTMAB/20TX-100 cationic-nonionic organo -bentonite was higher than 60CTMAB cationic organobentonite. In contrast with cationic organobentonites and nonionic organobentonites, the organic carbon content was increased significantly. The partition behavior of the organic phase was enhanced; Nitrobenzene can be removed more efficiently to cationic-nonionic organobentonites from water. The removal rates of nitrobenzene by 60CTMAB/20TX-100, 60CTMAB and 20TX-100 organobentonites were 46.1%, 35.2%, 5.5%, respectively.
A new integrative method was proposed in this study. The treatments of simulate p-nitrophenol wastewater by the integrative and the traditional methods were compared. When the amount of CTMAB was 60 -100% CEC, the isotherms of these two methods were conform. When the amount of CTMAB was 20~40% CEC, the sorption of p-nitrophenol onto organobentonites by the integrative method was more
effective than the traditional method. When the concentrations of p-naphthol, p-nitrophenol, phenol, nitrobenzene, aniline were 20mg/L, the removal rates of them with integrative method were 97.5%, 80.3%, 57.3%, 34.8%, 27.8%. Integrative method can treat dye wastewater well, and the removal rate of CODcr and chroma were 70% and 85%. There is no process of synthesizing organobentonites by the new integrative method. This integrative method will save considerate efforts and energy, avoid the secondary contamination of the surfactants and reduce the cost of wastewater treatment markedly.
不同产地的膨润土由于阳离子交换容量(CEC)等物理化学性质的差异，即使用同一方法改性的有机膨润土对水中有机物的吸附效果有较大的差别。研究表明，有机膨润土对水中的苯胺、硝基苯的分配系数K_p与膨润土的CEC呈正相关。同一有机膨润土对不同有机物的去除效果也不同，如100CTMAB有机膨润土对水中有机物的去除率为：菲＞酸性大红＞β-萘酚＞对硝基苯酚＞苯酚＞硝基苯＞苯胺，其中β-萘酚的去除率达到95％，菲去除率接近100％。
用阳离子表面活性剂CTMAB和非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100共同改性制得阳-非离子有机膨润土，发现对水中硝基苯能产生协同吸附作用。由于CTMAB和TX-100混合表面活性剂进入膨润土层间，导致阳-非离子有机膨润土的层间距远大于单阳离子有机膨润土，其f_(oc)高于相应的单阳离子和单非离子有机膨润土有机碳含量之和，故有机膨润土层间有机相对有机物的分配作用增强，对水中硝基苯等有机污染物产生协同吸附作用，如60CTMAB／20TX-100对水中硝基苯的去除率为46.1％，而60CTMAB、20TX-100对其的去除率分别为35.2％、5.5％。
提出了有机膨润土合成-废水处理一体化新工艺。当CTMAB加入量为膨润土阳离子交换容量的60～100％时，一体化工艺与传统工艺处理水中对硝基苯酚效果相近。CTMAB加入量为20～40％时，一体化工艺处理效果优于传统工艺。一体化工艺对20mg／L的β-萘酚、对硝基苯酚、苯酚、硝基苯、苯胺的去除率分别为97.5％、80.3％、57.3％、34.8％、27.8％；对实际染料废水的COD_(Cr)去除率大于70％，脱色率达到85％。与传统工艺相比，一体化工艺无需有机膨润土的合成工序，可减少膨润土合成设备投资和运行费用，节约能源，避免表面活性剂的二次污染；废水处理流程简单，操作方便，处理时间大为缩短，并显著降低废水处理的成本。
The application and sorption mechanisms of organobentonites in wastewater treatment and remediation of polluted environment have been a concern in the field of environmental science and engineering. Based on the review about the application and sorption mechanisms of organobentonites sorbing organic contaminants, the efficiency, mechanisms and impact factors of sorption were investigated in this dissertation from the aspects of bentonites and surfactants'type and wastewater treatment processes.
The physical and chemical properties of bentonite vary because of different producing areas. Even the bentonite was modified with the same method; the sorption capability of them differs greatly. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of aniline and nitrobenzene to organobentonites from water were positively proportional to the cation exchange capacity of four bentonites and the organic carbon content of the organobentonites. The sorption of different organic compounds onto the same organobentonite from water was researched. The removal rate sequence was phenanthrene > acid bright red > P-naphthol > p-nitrophenol > phenol > nitrobenzene > aniline. The removal rates of phenanthrene and P-naphthol were 100% and 95%, respectively.
A series of cationic-nonionic organobentonites were synthesized with cationic surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTMAB) and nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. The cationic-nonionic organobentonites can sorb nitrobenzene from water synergicly. CTMAB and Triton X-100 were intercalated into the interlayer of bentonite, the basal spacing of 60CTMAB/20TX-100 cationic-nonionic organo -bentonite was higher than 60CTMAB cationic organobentonite. In contrast with cationic organobentonites and nonionic organobentonites, the organic carbon content was increased significantly. The partition behavior of the organic phase was enhanced; Nitrobenzene can be removed more efficiently to cationic-nonionic organobentonites from water. The removal rates of nitrobenzene by 60CTMAB/20TX-100, 60CTMAB and 20TX-100 organobentonites were 46.1%, 35.2%, 5.5%, respectively.
A new integrative method was proposed in this study. The treatments of simulate p-nitrophenol wastewater by the integrative and the traditional methods were compared. When the amount of CTMAB was 60 -100% CEC, the isotherms of these two methods were conform. When the amount of CTMAB was 20~40% CEC, the sorption of p-nitrophenol onto organobentonites by the integrative method was more
effective than the traditional method. When the concentrations of p-naphthol, p-nitrophenol, phenol, nitrobenzene, aniline were 20mg/L, the removal rates of them with integrative method were 97.5%, 80.3%, 57.3%, 34.8%, 27.8%. Integrative method can treat dye wastewater well, and the removal rate of CODcr and chroma were 70% and 85%. There is no process of synthesizing organobentonites by the new integrative method. This integrative method will save considerate efforts and energy, avoid the secondary contamination of the surfactants and reduce the cost of wastewater treatment markedly.
引文
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