河北省生物多样性现状及生态系统对其维持功能评价
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摘要
繁杂多样的生物及其组合即生物多样性与它们的物理环境共同构成了人类生存所依赖的生命支持系统。历史发展到今天，人类正以前所未有的速度改变着地球面貌，创造空前的物质财富的同时，也极大的改变了其他生物的生存环境，使地球上的生物多样性不断减少，大量的物种趋于灭绝。人类生存的基础正在逐渐被瓦解。保护生物多样性己成为当前世界关注的热点。
由于生物多样性的研究历史较短，尤其是对其生态服务功能的研究仅是近几年才开始的。许多相关的理论、方法论问题仍处于探索阶段，生物多样性的评价，尤其是对其生态服务功能的评价更是少之又少。鉴于此，作者在系统分析相关研究成果的基础上，首次对河北省生物多样性的现状做出全面评述，并用定性、定量相结合的方法对河北省内不同生态系统在维持生物多样性这一生态服务功能中所起作用的重要程度做出评价。
除了绪论和结语外，全文共分为四部分。
第一部分，对生物多样性的有关概念、生物多样性的价值进行了界定和探讨，并对国内外关于生物多样性的研究进展进行了回顾和简要评述。在此基础上，提出本论文的切入点和创新点。
第二部分，是论文的主体部分。作者结合生态学相关理论及相关研究成果，首次对河北省包括生态系统多样性、物种多样性、遗传多样性在内的生物多样性的现状进行系统的分析，并对河北省近几年的生物入侵情况做了全面汇总、评价，认为由于人类长期对大自然重索取、轻投入，重开发、轻保护，河北省已经呈现出各类生态系统脆弱、不完善、发育不成熟、生态过程多受人工控制，野生物种减少，人工、半人工生物增加，生物入侵较为普遍、灾害日趋加剧的特点。
第三部分，是本论文的关键部分。作者创立了简便、全面、可操作性强的方法对不同类型生态系统生态服务功能之一的维持多样性的重要程度做出评价，并根据评价结果划分出四个等级：极重要、重要、较重要、不重要。
第四部分，根据分析、评价的结果，借鉴参照国内外相关先进的管理、保护经验，对河北省生物多样性保护提出相应建议。
The complicated biology and its combination (biodiversity) with its physical environment compose of the life support system which human survival relies on. Up to now, human is changing the appearance in an unprecedented speed and creating unprecedented material wealth. At the same time, human is changing the living environment of other biology greatly. They also make the biodiversity reduce greatly, and a large amount of species tend to distinct. As the survival foundation of human is disintegrating gradually. The protection of biodiversity has been the focus of current world.
The history of research on biodiversity is short, especially, the research on the ecological service function only begins from several years ago. So a lot of related theories and methodologies are still under exploration, the assessment of biodiversity is scarce and few of them related to the assessment of its ecololgical service function. Since that, the author analyses the current situation biodiversity theoretically for the fist time and assesses the important role of different ecological system in Hebei province in supporting the ecological function of biodiversity.
Besides the introduction and knot language, this paper is consisted of four parts.
The first part defines the related conception of biodiversity and discusses the value of biodiversity and looks back on the domestic and international progress of research on biodiversity. On the basis of it, the author put forward innovation of this paper. The second part is the main part is the main part of the paper. On the basis of the actual investigation guided by the related theory, the author analyses the current situation of Hebei which includes the ecosystem diversity, the species diversity, the inherit diversity thoroughly for the first time in recent years. According to the author, because the human being ask for more, invest less and explore more, protect less to nature in a long period, the ecosystem in a long period, the ecosystem in Hebei appears several characteristics : all kinds of ecosystems becoming fragile and imperfect; the course of ecological controlled by human ; wild species decreasing man-made and half man-made species increasing biological invasion becoming universal; the disaste
r of nature more violently.
The third part is the essence of this paper. The author creates a kind of method which is overall, simply and can be operated in practice easily. Using the method, the author assesses the importance of different kinds of ecosystems on supporting biodiversity which is one of the ecological service function. According to the result of assessment, the author also classifies it into four scale: very important, much important, important unimportant.
At the end of the paper, on ground of the result above and by virtue of related advanced domestic and international, experience of management and protection, the author gave some advices to the protection of biodiversity in Hebei.
由于生物多样性的研究历史较短，尤其是对其生态服务功能的研究仅是近几年才开始的。许多相关的理论、方法论问题仍处于探索阶段，生物多样性的评价，尤其是对其生态服务功能的评价更是少之又少。鉴于此，作者在系统分析相关研究成果的基础上，首次对河北省生物多样性的现状做出全面评述，并用定性、定量相结合的方法对河北省内不同生态系统在维持生物多样性这一生态服务功能中所起作用的重要程度做出评价。
除了绪论和结语外，全文共分为四部分。
第一部分，对生物多样性的有关概念、生物多样性的价值进行了界定和探讨，并对国内外关于生物多样性的研究进展进行了回顾和简要评述。在此基础上，提出本论文的切入点和创新点。
第二部分，是论文的主体部分。作者结合生态学相关理论及相关研究成果，首次对河北省包括生态系统多样性、物种多样性、遗传多样性在内的生物多样性的现状进行系统的分析，并对河北省近几年的生物入侵情况做了全面汇总、评价，认为由于人类长期对大自然重索取、轻投入，重开发、轻保护，河北省已经呈现出各类生态系统脆弱、不完善、发育不成熟、生态过程多受人工控制，野生物种减少，人工、半人工生物增加，生物入侵较为普遍、灾害日趋加剧的特点。
第三部分，是本论文的关键部分。作者创立了简便、全面、可操作性强的方法对不同类型生态系统生态服务功能之一的维持多样性的重要程度做出评价，并根据评价结果划分出四个等级：极重要、重要、较重要、不重要。
第四部分，根据分析、评价的结果，借鉴参照国内外相关先进的管理、保护经验，对河北省生物多样性保护提出相应建议。
The complicated biology and its combination (biodiversity) with its physical environment compose of the life support system which human survival relies on. Up to now, human is changing the appearance in an unprecedented speed and creating unprecedented material wealth. At the same time, human is changing the living environment of other biology greatly. They also make the biodiversity reduce greatly, and a large amount of species tend to distinct. As the survival foundation of human is disintegrating gradually. The protection of biodiversity has been the focus of current world.
The history of research on biodiversity is short, especially, the research on the ecological service function only begins from several years ago. So a lot of related theories and methodologies are still under exploration, the assessment of biodiversity is scarce and few of them related to the assessment of its ecololgical service function. Since that, the author analyses the current situation biodiversity theoretically for the fist time and assesses the important role of different ecological system in Hebei province in supporting the ecological function of biodiversity.
Besides the introduction and knot language, this paper is consisted of four parts.
The first part defines the related conception of biodiversity and discusses the value of biodiversity and looks back on the domestic and international progress of research on biodiversity. On the basis of it, the author put forward innovation of this paper. The second part is the main part is the main part of the paper. On the basis of the actual investigation guided by the related theory, the author analyses the current situation of Hebei which includes the ecosystem diversity, the species diversity, the inherit diversity thoroughly for the first time in recent years. According to the author, because the human being ask for more, invest less and explore more, protect less to nature in a long period, the ecosystem in a long period, the ecosystem in Hebei appears several characteristics : all kinds of ecosystems becoming fragile and imperfect; the course of ecological controlled by human ; wild species decreasing man-made and half man-made species increasing biological invasion becoming universal; the disaste
r of nature more violently.
The third part is the essence of this paper. The author creates a kind of method which is overall, simply and can be operated in practice easily. Using the method, the author assesses the importance of different kinds of ecosystems on supporting biodiversity which is one of the ecological service function. According to the result of assessment, the author also classifies it into four scale: very important, much important, important unimportant.
At the end of the paper, on ground of the result above and by virtue of related advanced domestic and international, experience of management and protection, the author gave some advices to the protection of biodiversity in Hebei.
引文
[1] 蒋志刚等．保护生物学．浙江科学技术出版社，1997，12
[2] 王献溥，刘玉凯．生物多样性的理论与实践．中国环境科学出版社，1994
[3] 蔡晓明．生态系统生态学．科学出版社，2000，9
[4] 《生物多样性》编辑部，专家谈生物多样性科学．生物多样性，1997，5(2)：81—83
[5] 胡义平，连林生，宿兵等．滇南小耳猪遗传多样性的血液蛋白电泳研究．生物多样性，1998，6(2)：22-26
[6] 吴平，周开亚，王亚明．用RFLP和PCR—RFLP技术研究东北虎和华南虎线粒体DNA多样性．生物多样性，1997，5(3)：173—178
[7] 刘大力，肖昌松，周培瑾．南极长城站微生物区系调查．生物多样性，1994，2(2)：76—81
[8] 李义明，李典谟．人为活动对舟山群岛大中型兽类的影响—大中型兽受威胁原因分析．生物多样性，1994，2(4)：140—145
[9] 王庆锁，王襄平，罗菊春．生态交错带与生物多样性．生物多样性，1997，5(2)：126—137
[10] 张大勇，姜新华．群落内物种多样性发生与维持的一个假说．生物多样性，1997，5(2)：161—167
[11] 张先锋，王丁，王克雄．漩涡模型及其在白鳍豚种群管理中的应用．生物多样性，1994，2
[12] 王献溥．建立生物多样性保护信息系统的意义和途径[J]．植物资源与环境，1996，5(6)：48～53
[13] 王长永，薛达元．中国生物多样性数据管理能力建设[J]．生物多样性，1998，6(4)
[14] 陈佐忠，王艳芬，汪诗平，周兴民．中国草地生态系统分类初步研究．草地学报，2002，6
[15] 贾慎修．中国草原类型分类的商讨[J]．中国草原，1980
[16] 生物入侵与外来生物对我国生态环境的危害．中国人口，资源与环境，2002年，第4期
[17] 《中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策》．陈灵芝等．科学出版社，1993，4
[18] 《河北森林》编辑委员会．河北森林．中国林业出版社，1988，11
[19] 《中国生物多样性保护综述》．马敬能，孟沙，张佩珊，贾知行，朱翔，梅伟义编著．吕晓平泽．中国林业出版社，1998．4
[20] 《河北草地建设》．河北畜牧局主编．河北科学技术出版社，1997，12
[21] 《河北草地资源》．河北省畜牧水产局、河北省农业区划委员会办公室编著．河北科学技术出版社
[22] 《中国生物多样性国情研究报告》编写组．中国生物多样性国情研究报告．中国环境科学出版社，1998，2
[23] 《河北植物志》
[24] 《河北动物志》
[25] 《河北省自然保护区总体规划》
[26] 河北省22个自然保护区建设规划及科考报告
[28] 国家环境保护总局办公厅．关于开展中东部地区生态功能区划的函．环办函[2003]408号．
[29] 《河北省1996-2002年环境质量状况公报》，河北省环境保护局
[30] 《中国草地资源》[M]．中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司、全国畜牧兽医总站主编．中国科学技术出版社，1996．147～152
[31] 《中国植被》[M]．中国植被编辑委员会编著．科学出版社，1980．144～149
[32] FisherRAetal.There lation between the number of species and number of individuals in random sample of ananimal population J.Ani.Ecol., 1943, 12:42～58
[33] WRI，马克平译．1992，全球生物多样性战略，北京：中国标准出版社，1993
[34] Study of Critical Environmental Problems. Man's Impact on the Global Environment Berlin: Springer Verlag 1970
[35] Holdren JP, Ehrlich PR. Human population and the global environment American Scientist. 1974, 62:282～292
[36] EhrlichPR, EhrlichAH. Extinction.. New York:Ballantine, 1981
[37] West man WE. How much are nature's service worth? Science.1977, 197:960～964.
[38] Schulze ED, MooneyH(ed). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1993
[39] Tilman D, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In Daily G(ed). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington DC: Island Press. 1997, 93～112.
[34] Daily GC. Natures Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997
[35] Farnsworth, N R, A kerele, O, B ingel, A.S. etal.1985.M e dicinal plants interapy. Bullet in of the world health organization, 63: 965～981.
[36] Grifo, F, Rosenthal, j.(ed). 1997.B iodiversity and human health.Washington DC Island Press
[37] Principe,P. P,1989. The economics ignificance of plants and the ircons tituents as drugs in:Wagner, H,Hikino,H,Farns worth,N.R.(ed.).Economic and Medicinal Plant Research.Vol.3.London:Academic Press. 1～17
[2] 王献溥，刘玉凯．生物多样性的理论与实践．中国环境科学出版社，1994
[3] 蔡晓明．生态系统生态学．科学出版社，2000，9
[4] 《生物多样性》编辑部，专家谈生物多样性科学．生物多样性，1997，5(2)：81—83
[5] 胡义平，连林生，宿兵等．滇南小耳猪遗传多样性的血液蛋白电泳研究．生物多样性，1998，6(2)：22-26
[6] 吴平，周开亚，王亚明．用RFLP和PCR—RFLP技术研究东北虎和华南虎线粒体DNA多样性．生物多样性，1997，5(3)：173—178
[7] 刘大力，肖昌松，周培瑾．南极长城站微生物区系调查．生物多样性，1994，2(2)：76—81
[8] 李义明，李典谟．人为活动对舟山群岛大中型兽类的影响—大中型兽受威胁原因分析．生物多样性，1994，2(4)：140—145
[9] 王庆锁，王襄平，罗菊春．生态交错带与生物多样性．生物多样性，1997，5(2)：126—137
[10] 张大勇，姜新华．群落内物种多样性发生与维持的一个假说．生物多样性，1997，5(2)：161—167
[11] 张先锋，王丁，王克雄．漩涡模型及其在白鳍豚种群管理中的应用．生物多样性，1994，2
[12] 王献溥．建立生物多样性保护信息系统的意义和途径[J]．植物资源与环境，1996，5(6)：48～53
[13] 王长永，薛达元．中国生物多样性数据管理能力建设[J]．生物多样性，1998，6(4)
[14] 陈佐忠，王艳芬，汪诗平，周兴民．中国草地生态系统分类初步研究．草地学报，2002，6
[15] 贾慎修．中国草原类型分类的商讨[J]．中国草原，1980
[16] 生物入侵与外来生物对我国生态环境的危害．中国人口，资源与环境，2002年，第4期
[17] 《中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策》．陈灵芝等．科学出版社，1993，4
[18] 《河北森林》编辑委员会．河北森林．中国林业出版社，1988，11
[19] 《中国生物多样性保护综述》．马敬能，孟沙，张佩珊，贾知行，朱翔，梅伟义编著．吕晓平泽．中国林业出版社，1998．4
[20] 《河北草地建设》．河北畜牧局主编．河北科学技术出版社，1997，12
[21] 《河北草地资源》．河北省畜牧水产局、河北省农业区划委员会办公室编著．河北科学技术出版社
[22] 《中国生物多样性国情研究报告》编写组．中国生物多样性国情研究报告．中国环境科学出版社，1998，2
[23] 《河北植物志》
[24] 《河北动物志》
[25] 《河北省自然保护区总体规划》
[26] 河北省22个自然保护区建设规划及科考报告
[28] 国家环境保护总局办公厅．关于开展中东部地区生态功能区划的函．环办函[2003]408号．
[29] 《河北省1996-2002年环境质量状况公报》，河北省环境保护局
[30] 《中国草地资源》[M]．中华人民共和国农业部畜牧兽医司、全国畜牧兽医总站主编．中国科学技术出版社，1996．147～152
[31] 《中国植被》[M]．中国植被编辑委员会编著．科学出版社，1980．144～149
[32] FisherRAetal.There lation between the number of species and number of individuals in random sample of ananimal population J.Ani.Ecol., 1943, 12:42～58
[33] WRI，马克平译．1992，全球生物多样性战略，北京：中国标准出版社，1993
[34] Study of Critical Environmental Problems. Man's Impact on the Global Environment Berlin: Springer Verlag 1970
[35] Holdren JP, Ehrlich PR. Human population and the global environment American Scientist. 1974, 62:282～292
[36] EhrlichPR, EhrlichAH. Extinction.. New York:Ballantine, 1981
[37] West man WE. How much are nature's service worth? Science.1977, 197:960～964.
[38] Schulze ED, MooneyH(ed). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function, Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1993
[39] Tilman D, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In Daily G(ed). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington DC: Island Press. 1997, 93～112.
[34] Daily GC. Natures Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997
[35] Farnsworth, N R, A kerele, O, B ingel, A.S. etal.1985.M e dicinal plants interapy. Bullet in of the world health organization, 63: 965～981.
[36] Grifo, F, Rosenthal, j.(ed). 1997.B iodiversity and human health.Washington DC Island Press
[37] Principe,P. P,1989. The economics ignificance of plants and the ircons tituents as drugs in:Wagner, H,Hikino,H,Farns worth,N.R.(ed.).Economic and Medicinal Plant Research.Vol.3.London:Academic Press. 1～17
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