浑善达克沙地植被空间格局与梯度分布研究
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摘要
本文借助3S技术实际测定浑善达克沙地面积为32149.53km~2。该沙地从西到东跨越荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原带，东邻大兴安岭山地，东南与燕山山地相接。
通过对浑善达克沙地历时三个生长季的地面考察并应用遥感及地理信息系统等手段，确定了浑善达克沙地植被分布现状及浑善达克沙地植被在不同尺度下的分异规律：由西向东，沙地植被随着干燥度的降低，由旱生群落为主的区段递变为以中生群落为主的区段，表现出具有一定的地带性植被特征，但与传统的地带性植被的递变规律不相一致，沙地中段的植被表现出了高度的特异性，在一定程度上压缩了植被的经向地带性，表现出沙地特有的地带性分布规律，所以认为沙地植被是一种半地带性植被。在沙地与草原的过渡带上一般会有由小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群落组成的一个过渡带，从沙地的边缘到沙地的腹地，植物群落逐渐中生化，沙地在其腹地营造了一个超越当地气候特征的沙地环境，容纳了各类不同生态类型的植物群落。浑善达克沙地的主体部分边缘形成了一个基本连续的湿地环，由湖泊、河谷和各种湿草甸及盐碱化的干湖盆组成，阻挡沙地使其难以向外扩张。沙地植被在沙丘-丘间低地景观尺度上的分布格局决定于地形及因地形而异的土壤水分梯度。沙地植物群落的组织较为散乱，由于沙地先锋植物群落的穿插，弱化了沙地植被群落间的差异。沙地土壤水分分析结果表明：与地带性草原栗钙土相比，沙地砂质土能够充分吸收降水，并向沙地下部渗漏，土壤水分在地形的作用下重新分配，形成沙地内部变异多样的水分梯度；沙地土壤表层的水分散失速率也明显偏低，有利于水分的保持，使得在相同的气候区中，浑善达克沙地的水分条件总是优于同气候区的地带性植被的水分条件，这在一定的程度上加剧了沙地植被的地带性分异。
The Hunshan-Dake Sand land, locates in Xilin-Guole steppe of Inner Mongolia autonomy, is a representative sand land in steppe zone of the north of China, which is adjacent to the east border of Greater Xingan Mts. and conterminous with the border of Yanshan Mountain at the east-south edge. The whole area of sand land is 32149.53 km2.
By the field survey which lasting a period of 3 grown seasons and by the means of remote sense and geographic information system, we ascertain the present vegetation pattern of Hunshan-Dake sand land, find out vegetation distribution principles on the different scales in the same time . From west to east, with the increasing of dry degree, the type of plant community changed form the xeric to the mesic. The vegetation of Sand land shows the characteristic of the zonal vegetation, but don't consistent with the traditional diversification principle. The vegetation of the middle part displays a high differential characteristic, which compresses the longitudinal zonation at a certain extent. So we can say that sand land vegetation is semi-zonal. At the edge of sand land, there lies a Caragana microphylla zone. From the fringe to the center of sand land, there are more mesic plant communities. A sandy environment which is different the local climate is constructed in the hinterland of the sand land, so there are
more different ecological types of the plant communities. At the fringe of main body, a nearly continuous wet land zone including lake, riverbed, dry lake and all kinds of meadows can be seen, which prevent the extension of sand land. The vegetation distributing pattern at the scale of dune-lowland lies on the terrain and the soil water gradient. The organization between plant communities of the sand land
vegetation is disheveled. The edge between communities is blurred for the interlude of sandy pioneer communities.
Compared with the zonal soil of the typic chestnut soil, the arenaceous soil can absorb more precipitation and the water of soil seeps more easily. Moreover, the dissipating rate of soil moisture is more obviously low on the surface of sand soil. So in the same climate zone, there is more favorable water condition in sand than that of the zonal vegetation. The all above intensify the zonal diversification of the sand vegetation at a certain extent.
通过对浑善达克沙地历时三个生长季的地面考察并应用遥感及地理信息系统等手段，确定了浑善达克沙地植被分布现状及浑善达克沙地植被在不同尺度下的分异规律：由西向东，沙地植被随着干燥度的降低，由旱生群落为主的区段递变为以中生群落为主的区段，表现出具有一定的地带性植被特征，但与传统的地带性植被的递变规律不相一致，沙地中段的植被表现出了高度的特异性，在一定程度上压缩了植被的经向地带性，表现出沙地特有的地带性分布规律，所以认为沙地植被是一种半地带性植被。在沙地与草原的过渡带上一般会有由小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群落组成的一个过渡带，从沙地的边缘到沙地的腹地，植物群落逐渐中生化，沙地在其腹地营造了一个超越当地气候特征的沙地环境，容纳了各类不同生态类型的植物群落。浑善达克沙地的主体部分边缘形成了一个基本连续的湿地环，由湖泊、河谷和各种湿草甸及盐碱化的干湖盆组成，阻挡沙地使其难以向外扩张。沙地植被在沙丘-丘间低地景观尺度上的分布格局决定于地形及因地形而异的土壤水分梯度。沙地植物群落的组织较为散乱，由于沙地先锋植物群落的穿插，弱化了沙地植被群落间的差异。沙地土壤水分分析结果表明：与地带性草原栗钙土相比，沙地砂质土能够充分吸收降水，并向沙地下部渗漏，土壤水分在地形的作用下重新分配，形成沙地内部变异多样的水分梯度；沙地土壤表层的水分散失速率也明显偏低，有利于水分的保持，使得在相同的气候区中，浑善达克沙地的水分条件总是优于同气候区的地带性植被的水分条件，这在一定的程度上加剧了沙地植被的地带性分异。
The Hunshan-Dake Sand land, locates in Xilin-Guole steppe of Inner Mongolia autonomy, is a representative sand land in steppe zone of the north of China, which is adjacent to the east border of Greater Xingan Mts. and conterminous with the border of Yanshan Mountain at the east-south edge. The whole area of sand land is 32149.53 km2.
By the field survey which lasting a period of 3 grown seasons and by the means of remote sense and geographic information system, we ascertain the present vegetation pattern of Hunshan-Dake sand land, find out vegetation distribution principles on the different scales in the same time . From west to east, with the increasing of dry degree, the type of plant community changed form the xeric to the mesic. The vegetation of Sand land shows the characteristic of the zonal vegetation, but don't consistent with the traditional diversification principle. The vegetation of the middle part displays a high differential characteristic, which compresses the longitudinal zonation at a certain extent. So we can say that sand land vegetation is semi-zonal. At the edge of sand land, there lies a Caragana microphylla zone. From the fringe to the center of sand land, there are more mesic plant communities. A sandy environment which is different the local climate is constructed in the hinterland of the sand land, so there are
more different ecological types of the plant communities. At the fringe of main body, a nearly continuous wet land zone including lake, riverbed, dry lake and all kinds of meadows can be seen, which prevent the extension of sand land. The vegetation distributing pattern at the scale of dune-lowland lies on the terrain and the soil water gradient. The organization between plant communities of the sand land
vegetation is disheveled. The edge between communities is blurred for the interlude of sandy pioneer communities.
Compared with the zonal soil of the typic chestnut soil, the arenaceous soil can absorb more precipitation and the water of soil seeps more easily. Moreover, the dissipating rate of soil moisture is more obviously low on the surface of sand soil. So in the same climate zone, there is more favorable water condition in sand than that of the zonal vegetation. The all above intensify the zonal diversification of the sand vegetation at a certain extent.
引文
[1] 杨淑宽，陈静生，郭蓄民，内蒙古小腾格里沙漠考察，治沙研究，北京：科学出版社，1962，144～151
[2] 马世威，马玉明等，沙漠学，内蒙古人民出版社1998，287～290
[3] 吴新宏，浑善达克沙地植被快速恢复，内蒙古大学出版社2003，4～6
[4] 内蒙古自治区水事监理服务中心，锡林郭勒盟浑善达克沙地水资源评价报告，内部资料 2001，8～10
[5] 中科院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队，中国科学院南京土壤研究所，内蒙古自治区与东北西部地区土壤地理，北京：科学出版社，1978，195～200
[2] 马世威，马玉明等，沙漠学，内蒙古人民出版社1998，287～290
[3] 吴新宏，浑善达克沙地植被快速恢复，内蒙古大学出版社2003，4～6
[4] 内蒙古自治区水事监理服务中心，锡林郭勒盟浑善达克沙地水资源评价报告，内部资料 2001，8～10
[5] 中科院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队，中国科学院南京土壤研究所，内蒙古自治区与东北西部地区土壤地理，北京：科学出版社，1978，195～200
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