基于小波变换的数字图像水印技术研究
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摘要
随着计算机及网络技术的飞速发展，数字作品传播和拷贝变得越来越方便，同时使得数字作品的信息安全保护和版权保护也成为迫切需要解决的实际问题。数字水印技术是通过在原始数据中嵌入秘密信息——水印(watermark)来证实该数据的所有权，它是一种新的有效的数字产品版权保护和数据安全维护技术，十分贴近实际应用，因此得到了广泛的研究和应用。
论文对基于小波变换的数字图像水印技术进行了研究，主要工作如下：
1．研究了信息隐藏技术的基本概念、特点。回顾了数字水印的研究背景、发展现状。分析了对数字水印的概念、特点及分类、主要应用领域、典型算法、水印攻击分析。
2．研究了小波分析的基本思想、提升框架理论，分析了9／7小波的提升实现。通过对图像小波分解的研究给出了小波变换在数字水印中的应用优势，并对几种典型的基于小波变换的水印方案进行了评述。
3．针对王卫卫和Inoue提出的水印算法不足，提出一种新的基于小波低频系数的数字图像水印算法。本文方法，水印的检测不需要原始图像和原始水印。
4．对本算法、基于离散余弦变换(DCT)域的中频系数位置换的公有水印算法和Kundur提出的基于离散小波变换(DWT)域的量化公有水印算法进行了仿真分析，结果表明：该算法虽然嵌入水印后图像的质量有所下降，但在抗JPEG和JPEG2000攻击方面，水印的鲁棒性得到了较大的提高。
With rapid development of the computer and network, the spread and copy of digital products become more and more convenient. At the same time,information security and copyright protection have been a key problem. A potential method to solve this problem is to use watermarking.
In this thesis, based on waveler transform, the digital watermarking is researched, the main contributions are as follows:
Investigate the basic principles and characteristic of information hiding technique, introduced the research backgrounds, basic principles, application areas, and recent development of the digital watermarking technology.
Analyze wavelet transform, lifting scheme and lifting factorization of 9/7 wavelet, then point out the advantages of using wavelet transform in digital watermarking.
Put forward a new kind of watermarking schemes in DWT domain, which is superior to Wang's algorithm and Inoue's algorithm, we can inspect watermark without original image and original watermarking.
Simulation results of three methods show that although image quality of our algorithm is lower, but is superior to a algorithm in DCT domain and Kundur's algorithm in resistance attacks of JPEG and JPEG2000.
论文对基于小波变换的数字图像水印技术进行了研究，主要工作如下：
1．研究了信息隐藏技术的基本概念、特点。回顾了数字水印的研究背景、发展现状。分析了对数字水印的概念、特点及分类、主要应用领域、典型算法、水印攻击分析。
2．研究了小波分析的基本思想、提升框架理论，分析了9／7小波的提升实现。通过对图像小波分解的研究给出了小波变换在数字水印中的应用优势，并对几种典型的基于小波变换的水印方案进行了评述。
3．针对王卫卫和Inoue提出的水印算法不足，提出一种新的基于小波低频系数的数字图像水印算法。本文方法，水印的检测不需要原始图像和原始水印。
4．对本算法、基于离散余弦变换(DCT)域的中频系数位置换的公有水印算法和Kundur提出的基于离散小波变换(DWT)域的量化公有水印算法进行了仿真分析，结果表明：该算法虽然嵌入水印后图像的质量有所下降，但在抗JPEG和JPEG2000攻击方面，水印的鲁棒性得到了较大的提高。
With rapid development of the computer and network, the spread and copy of digital products become more and more convenient. At the same time,information security and copyright protection have been a key problem. A potential method to solve this problem is to use watermarking.
In this thesis, based on waveler transform, the digital watermarking is researched, the main contributions are as follows:
Investigate the basic principles and characteristic of information hiding technique, introduced the research backgrounds, basic principles, application areas, and recent development of the digital watermarking technology.
Analyze wavelet transform, lifting scheme and lifting factorization of 9/7 wavelet, then point out the advantages of using wavelet transform in digital watermarking.
Put forward a new kind of watermarking schemes in DWT domain, which is superior to Wang's algorithm and Inoue's algorithm, we can inspect watermark without original image and original watermarking.
Simulation results of three methods show that although image quality of our algorithm is lower, but is superior to a algorithm in DCT domain and Kundur's algorithm in resistance attacks of JPEG and JPEG2000.
引文
[1] Fabien A P Petitcolas, Ross J Anderson,Markus G Kulm. Information hiding-a survey. Proceeding of the IEEE,1999,87(7):1062～1077
[2] 李弼程 罗建书，小波分析及其应用，电子工业出版社，2003
[3] Ingemar J．Cox，Matthew L-Miller,Jeffrey A．Bloom著，王颖黄志蓓译，数字水印，电子工业出版社，2003
[4] van Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark. Image Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94. IEEE International Conference, Volume: 2,13-16 Nov. 1994,Pages:86-90 vol.2
[5] Wolfgang R B, Delp E J, A watermark for digital images. Image Processing, 1996. Proceedings. International Conference on, Volume: 3,16-19 Sept. 1996 Pages:219-222 vol.3
[6] Bami M, Bartolini F, Cappellini V, et al. A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking[J]. Signal Processing, 1998, 66(3):357～372
[7] Kaewkamnerd N, Rao K R. Wavelet based imagea daptive watermarking scheme[J]. Electronics Letters, 2000, 36(2):312～313
[8] Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F T, etal. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Transactionson Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673～1687
[9] Mallat S. A theory of multiresolution signal decomposition:The wavelet representation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligent, 1989.11 (5):674～693
[10] 周亚训 叶庆卫 徐铁峰，基于二值运算的数字图像水印嵌入与检测算法，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，Vol.14,No.2 Feb.,2002
[11] 郭磊 郭宝龙，小波域数字图像水印算法的研究，计算机工程与应用，2002．13
[12] Petitcolas F A P, Anderson R J, Kuhn M G. Information hiding-a survey[J]. Proc. Of IEEE, 1999,87(7): 1063～1077
[13] Bors A, Pitas I. Image watermarking using DCT domain constraints[A]. In:
Proc. Int. Conf. Image Processing(ICIP)[C], Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996.
[14] Shapiro J M. Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients[J]. IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, 1993,41 (12):3445～3462.
[15] Said A, Pearlman W A. A new, fast, and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees[J]. IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 1996,6(3):243～250.
[16] Watson A B, Yang G Y, Solomon J Ae tal. Visibility of wavelet quantization noise[J]. IEEE Trans. On Image Processing,1997,6(8): 1164～1175.
[17] 刘振华 尹萍，信息隐藏技术及其应用，科学出版社，2002
[18] 张鸿宾 张素娟，基于嵌入式小波编码的数字图象水印算法，中国图象图 形学报，Vol．7(A)，No．2 Feb．2002．
[19] JPEG2000 partl final committee draft version1.0. Tech.Rep[R]. ISO/IEC FCD15444-1, march,2000.
[20] 胡广书，数字信号处理，清华大学出版社，1997．
[21] 崔锦泰，小波分析导论，西安交通大学出版社，1995．
[22] 赵松年，熊小芸，子波变换与子波分析，电子工业出版社，1997．
[23] 彭玉华，小波变换与工程应用，科学出版社，2000．
[24] I. Daubechies, Orthonormal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets, Comm. Pure and Appl. Math., vol. 41, pp. 909-996, 1988.
[25] I. Daubechies and W. Sweldens. Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps, J. Fourier Anal. Appl., 4:247-269, 1998.
[26] 程正兴，小波分析算法与应用，西安交通大学出版社，1998．
[27] S. Mallat, A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: the Wavelet Representation-on, IEEE Trans. PAMI, vol. 11, pp. 674-693, 1989.
[28] S. Mallat, Multiresolution Approximation and Wavelet Orthonormal Bases of L~2(R), Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 315, pp. 69-87, 1989.
[29] S. Mallat and S.Zhong, Characterization of Signals from Multiscale Edges, IEEE Trans. PAMI, vol. 14, pp. 710-732, 1992.
[30] S. Mallat, Zeros-crossings of a Wavelet Transform, IEEE Trans. Information
Theory, vol. 37, pp. 1019-1033, 1991.
[31] S. Mallat and W. L. Hwang, Singularity Detection and Processing with Wavelets, IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 38, pp. 617-643, 1992.
[32] S. Mallat et al, Matching Pursuits with Time Frequency Dictionaries, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 41, pp. 3397-3451, 1993.
[33] W. Sweldens, The Lifting Scheme: A new philosophy in biorthogonal wavelet constructions, Proc. SPIE 2569, Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing Ⅲ, pp. 68-79, 1995.
[34] G. Fernéndez, S. Periaswamy and W. Sweldens, LIFTPACK: A Software Package for Wavelet Transforms using Lifting, Proc. SPIE 2825, Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing IV, pp. 396-408, 1996.
[35] 胡春玲，陈义宽，马常楼，图象编码时小波基的选择，中国图象图形学报， Vol．3，pp．742-745，1998．
[36] I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets. CBMS-NSF Series in Appl. Math., SIAM, 1992.
[37] M. D. Adams and F. Kossentini, Reversible Integer-to-Interger Wavelet Transforms for Image Compression: Performance Evaluation and Analysis. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol .9, pp. 1010-1024, 2000.
[38] M. Boliek, C. Christopoulos and E. Majani (editors), JPEG2000 Part Ⅰ Final Draft International Standard. (ISO/IEC FDIS15444-1), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N1855, August 18, 2000.
[39] S,GMallat. Multiresolution approximations and wavelet orthonormal bases L_2(R). Trans. Math. Soc., 315(1):69-87,1989.
[40] 吴永宏 潘泉 张洪才 张绍武，基于提升框架的传统小波研究，信号处理，2003年037期，194-198
[41] S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran and M. T. Orchard, Image Coding Based on a Morphological Representation of Wavelet Data. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 8, pp. 1161-1173, 1999.
[42] K．R．Castleman著，朱志刚等译，数字图像处理，电子工业出版社，1998．
[43] 赵荣椿，数字图像处理导论，西北工业大学出版社，1995．
[44] Xia Xiang-Gen, Boncelet C G and Arce G R, Wavelet transform based watermark for digital images. Watermarking Special Issue of Optics Experss. December 1998.3(12) :497-511
[45] Kundur D, Hatzinakos D. Diversity and attack characterization for improved robust watermarking. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on] , Volume: 49, Issue: 10, Oct. 2001. Pages:2383-2396
[46] Inoue H, Miyazaki A, Yamamoto A, Katsura T. A digital watermark based on the wavelet transform and its robustness on image compression. Image Processing, 1998. ICIP 98. Proceedings. 1998 International Conference on, Volume: 2,4-7 Oct. 1998. Pages:391-395 vol.2
[47] 邓集锋，第二代小波变换及其遥感图像应用，中国图象图形学报，vol.3，pp．100-104，1998．
[48] 王卫卫 杨波 宋国乡，基于图像小波变换低频系数的数字水印算法，信号处理，2001年12月，554—557
[49] 黄继武siy Y Q 程卫东，DCT域图像水印：嵌入对策和算法，电子学报，2000，28(4)：57-60
[50] 孙圣和 陆哲明，矢量量化技术及应用，科学出版社，2002
[2] 李弼程 罗建书，小波分析及其应用，电子工业出版社，2003
[3] Ingemar J．Cox，Matthew L-Miller,Jeffrey A．Bloom著，王颖黄志蓓译，数字水印，电子工业出版社，2003
[4] van Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark. Image Processing, 1994. Proceedings. ICIP-94. IEEE International Conference, Volume: 2,13-16 Nov. 1994,Pages:86-90 vol.2
[5] Wolfgang R B, Delp E J, A watermark for digital images. Image Processing, 1996. Proceedings. International Conference on, Volume: 3,16-19 Sept. 1996 Pages:219-222 vol.3
[6] Bami M, Bartolini F, Cappellini V, et al. A DCT-domain system for robust image watermarking[J]. Signal Processing, 1998, 66(3):357～372
[7] Kaewkamnerd N, Rao K R. Wavelet based imagea daptive watermarking scheme[J]. Electronics Letters, 2000, 36(2):312～313
[8] Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F T, etal. Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Transactionson Image Processing, 1997, 6(12): 1673～1687
[9] Mallat S. A theory of multiresolution signal decomposition:The wavelet representation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligent, 1989.11 (5):674～693
[10] 周亚训 叶庆卫 徐铁峰，基于二值运算的数字图像水印嵌入与检测算法，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，Vol.14,No.2 Feb.,2002
[11] 郭磊 郭宝龙，小波域数字图像水印算法的研究，计算机工程与应用，2002．13
[12] Petitcolas F A P, Anderson R J, Kuhn M G. Information hiding-a survey[J]. Proc. Of IEEE, 1999,87(7): 1063～1077
[13] Bors A, Pitas I. Image watermarking using DCT domain constraints[A]. In:
Proc. Int. Conf. Image Processing(ICIP)[C], Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996.
[14] Shapiro J M. Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients[J]. IEEE Trans. On Signal Processing, 1993,41 (12):3445～3462.
[15] Said A, Pearlman W A. A new, fast, and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees[J]. IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 1996,6(3):243～250.
[16] Watson A B, Yang G Y, Solomon J Ae tal. Visibility of wavelet quantization noise[J]. IEEE Trans. On Image Processing,1997,6(8): 1164～1175.
[17] 刘振华 尹萍，信息隐藏技术及其应用，科学出版社，2002
[18] 张鸿宾 张素娟，基于嵌入式小波编码的数字图象水印算法，中国图象图 形学报，Vol．7(A)，No．2 Feb．2002．
[19] JPEG2000 partl final committee draft version1.0. Tech.Rep[R]. ISO/IEC FCD15444-1, march,2000.
[20] 胡广书，数字信号处理，清华大学出版社，1997．
[21] 崔锦泰，小波分析导论，西安交通大学出版社，1995．
[22] 赵松年，熊小芸，子波变换与子波分析，电子工业出版社，1997．
[23] 彭玉华，小波变换与工程应用，科学出版社，2000．
[24] I. Daubechies, Orthonormal Bases of Compactly Supported Wavelets, Comm. Pure and Appl. Math., vol. 41, pp. 909-996, 1988.
[25] I. Daubechies and W. Sweldens. Factoring wavelet transforms into lifting steps, J. Fourier Anal. Appl., 4:247-269, 1998.
[26] 程正兴，小波分析算法与应用，西安交通大学出版社，1998．
[27] S. Mallat, A Theory for Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: the Wavelet Representation-on, IEEE Trans. PAMI, vol. 11, pp. 674-693, 1989.
[28] S. Mallat, Multiresolution Approximation and Wavelet Orthonormal Bases of L~2(R), Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., vol. 315, pp. 69-87, 1989.
[29] S. Mallat and S.Zhong, Characterization of Signals from Multiscale Edges, IEEE Trans. PAMI, vol. 14, pp. 710-732, 1992.
[30] S. Mallat, Zeros-crossings of a Wavelet Transform, IEEE Trans. Information
Theory, vol. 37, pp. 1019-1033, 1991.
[31] S. Mallat and W. L. Hwang, Singularity Detection and Processing with Wavelets, IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 38, pp. 617-643, 1992.
[32] S. Mallat et al, Matching Pursuits with Time Frequency Dictionaries, IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 41, pp. 3397-3451, 1993.
[33] W. Sweldens, The Lifting Scheme: A new philosophy in biorthogonal wavelet constructions, Proc. SPIE 2569, Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing Ⅲ, pp. 68-79, 1995.
[34] G. Fernéndez, S. Periaswamy and W. Sweldens, LIFTPACK: A Software Package for Wavelet Transforms using Lifting, Proc. SPIE 2825, Wavelet Applications in Signal and Image Processing IV, pp. 396-408, 1996.
[35] 胡春玲，陈义宽，马常楼，图象编码时小波基的选择，中国图象图形学报， Vol．3，pp．742-745，1998．
[36] I. Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets. CBMS-NSF Series in Appl. Math., SIAM, 1992.
[37] M. D. Adams and F. Kossentini, Reversible Integer-to-Interger Wavelet Transforms for Image Compression: Performance Evaluation and Analysis. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol .9, pp. 1010-1024, 2000.
[38] M. Boliek, C. Christopoulos and E. Majani (editors), JPEG2000 Part Ⅰ Final Draft International Standard. (ISO/IEC FDIS15444-1), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N1855, August 18, 2000.
[39] S,GMallat. Multiresolution approximations and wavelet orthonormal bases L_2(R). Trans. Math. Soc., 315(1):69-87,1989.
[40] 吴永宏 潘泉 张洪才 张绍武，基于提升框架的传统小波研究，信号处理，2003年037期，194-198
[41] S. D. Servetto, K. Ramchandran and M. T. Orchard, Image Coding Based on a Morphological Representation of Wavelet Data. IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 8, pp. 1161-1173, 1999.
[42] K．R．Castleman著，朱志刚等译，数字图像处理，电子工业出版社，1998．
[43] 赵荣椿，数字图像处理导论，西北工业大学出版社，1995．
[44] Xia Xiang-Gen, Boncelet C G and Arce G R, Wavelet transform based watermark for digital images. Watermarking Special Issue of Optics Experss. December 1998.3(12) :497-511
[45] Kundur D, Hatzinakos D. Diversity and attack characterization for improved robust watermarking. Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on] , Volume: 49, Issue: 10, Oct. 2001. Pages:2383-2396
[46] Inoue H, Miyazaki A, Yamamoto A, Katsura T. A digital watermark based on the wavelet transform and its robustness on image compression. Image Processing, 1998. ICIP 98. Proceedings. 1998 International Conference on, Volume: 2,4-7 Oct. 1998. Pages:391-395 vol.2
[47] 邓集锋，第二代小波变换及其遥感图像应用，中国图象图形学报，vol.3，pp．100-104，1998．
[48] 王卫卫 杨波 宋国乡，基于图像小波变换低频系数的数字水印算法，信号处理，2001年12月，554—557
[49] 黄继武siy Y Q 程卫东，DCT域图像水印：嵌入对策和算法，电子学报，2000，28(4)：57-60
[50] 孙圣和 陆哲明，矢量量化技术及应用，科学出版社，2002
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