基于DCT域的自适应彩色图像数字水印技术研究
摘要
多媒体数据的数字化为多媒体信息的存取提供了极大的便利，极大地提高了信息表达的效率和准确性。各种数据可以自由地发布到网上，但是盗版问题也随之而来。传统的加密技术不能完全解决版权保护问题，只能在传输过程中对数据进行加密，不仅影响人们使用，而且安全性不高。数字水印技术是解决这一问题的有效途径，在多媒体版权保护方面具有加密技术所不具有的优点，并且与之有着很强的互补性。
本文对彩色图像的数字水印技术进行了研究。研究了彩色图像特点，根据DCT特点确定了水印嵌入区域，在原有的HVS图像块分类的基础上进行改进，完善了HVS图像块分类。提出了一种新数字水印算法，通过DCT变换来进行嵌入，利用HVS特性对图像进行分类，根据8×8图像块中RGB的比例来自适应地调整水印嵌入强度，在RGB颜色分量中嵌入水印。实验结果表明，本算法具有较好的鲁棒性和不可见性。
最后总结全文，并对未来数字水印的研究方向进行了展望。
The digitalization of the multimedia data provides much convenience for the multimedia information's storage and extraction.lt makes much improvement of the efficiency and veracity of information expression.Each data can be distributed freely in Internet,but pirate problem follows this.Traditional Encryption technique cannot solve copyright protection problem entirely,which encrypts data only in transporting process,not only limiting people's use but also having low level security. Digital watermarking technique is an efficiency tool of copyright protection.Being compared with Encryption,it overcomes the shortcomings of Encryption technique in multimedia copyright protection,and provides the complementary solution for Encryption technique.
The digital watermarking technique on color image is studied in this paper. We analysis the features of color image,choose the area in which watermarking is to be embedded,improve the classify of image blocks on HVS. Then propose an adaptive color image watermarking algorithm based on DCT, which adaptive adjusts embedding threshold using the feature of HVS and ratio of RGB in 8 X 8 block,and embed watermarking in RGB channels. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good robustness and invisibility.
Finally,the thesis is concluded,together with some possible research directions in the future.
本文对彩色图像的数字水印技术进行了研究。研究了彩色图像特点，根据DCT特点确定了水印嵌入区域，在原有的HVS图像块分类的基础上进行改进，完善了HVS图像块分类。提出了一种新数字水印算法，通过DCT变换来进行嵌入，利用HVS特性对图像进行分类，根据8×8图像块中RGB的比例来自适应地调整水印嵌入强度，在RGB颜色分量中嵌入水印。实验结果表明，本算法具有较好的鲁棒性和不可见性。
最后总结全文，并对未来数字水印的研究方向进行了展望。
The digitalization of the multimedia data provides much convenience for the multimedia information's storage and extraction.lt makes much improvement of the efficiency and veracity of information expression.Each data can be distributed freely in Internet,but pirate problem follows this.Traditional Encryption technique cannot solve copyright protection problem entirely,which encrypts data only in transporting process,not only limiting people's use but also having low level security. Digital watermarking technique is an efficiency tool of copyright protection.Being compared with Encryption,it overcomes the shortcomings of Encryption technique in multimedia copyright protection,and provides the complementary solution for Encryption technique.
The digital watermarking technique on color image is studied in this paper. We analysis the features of color image,choose the area in which watermarking is to be embedded,improve the classify of image blocks on HVS. Then propose an adaptive color image watermarking algorithm based on DCT, which adaptive adjusts embedding threshold using the feature of HVS and ratio of RGB in 8 X 8 block,and embed watermarking in RGB channels. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has good robustness and invisibility.
Finally,the thesis is concluded,together with some possible research directions in the future.
引文
[1] I.J. Cox and M.L. Miller, The first 50 years of electronic watermarking[J], Journal of Applied Signal Processing, 2002(2):126-132
[2] A.Z. Tirkel, G.A. Rankin, R.M. Van Schyndel, W.J. Ho, N.R.A. Mee, C. F. Osbome, Electronic watermark[J]. Digital Image Computing, Technology and Application(DICTA'93), Macquarie University, 1993,1:666-673
[3] R.G. van Schyndel, A.A. Tirkel, C.F. Osborne, A digital watermarking [J], First IEEE International Image Processing Coference, 1994, 2:86-90
[4] I.J. Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton, and T. Shamoon, Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J].Technical Report 95-10, NEC Research Institute, Princeton, NJ, 1995
[5] I. Pitas, A method for signature casting on digital images[J], 1996 IEEE International Coference on Image Processing(ICIP'96), 1996,3:215-218
[6] G. Voyatzis and I. Pitas. Embedding robust watermarks by chaotic mixing[J], 13th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP'97), 1997, 1:213-216
[7] D. Kundur and D. Hatzinakos, Digital watermarking for telltale tamper-profing and authentication[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue on Identification and Protection of Multimedia Information, 1999, 87(7):1167-1180
[8] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu. Techniques for data hiding [J], IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35(3&4):313-336
[9] K, Boney, A. Tewfik, K. Hamdy, Digital watermarks for audio signals[J], IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia Computing and Systems, 1996, 1:473-480
[10] K. Matsui and K. Tanaka, Video-steganography: How to secretly embed a signature in a picture[J], IMA Intellectual Property Project Proceedings, 1994, 1:187-206
[11] G.C. Langelaar, R.L. Lagendijk, and J. Biemond, Real-time labeling methods for MPEG compressed video[J], 18~(th) Symposium on Information Theory, 1997, 1:25-32
[12] F. Hartung and B. Girod, Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video[J], Signal Processing, 1998, 66(3):283-301
[13] Neil F. Johnson, Sushil Jajodia, Exploring Steganography: Seeing the Unseen[J], IEEE Computer, February 1998, 31(2): 26-34
[14] Ross Anderson, Roger Needham, Adi Shamir, The steganographic file system[A], Proceeding od Information Hiding'98[c], 1998, 73-82
[15] Fabien A.P. Petitcolas, Ross J. Anderson and Markus G. Kuhn, Information Hiding-A Survey[J], Proc. of IEEE, 87(7):1062-1078, 1999
[16] F. Harturg, M. Kutter, Multimedia watermarking techniques[J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87(7):1079-1107
[17] G. Voyatzis, I. Pitas, The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products[J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87 (7): 1197-1207
[18] H.J. Ramon, P. Rernando, Statistical analysis of watermarking schemes for copyright protection of images[J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87(7):1142-1166
[19] Zhao Jian, K. Eckhard, A generic digital watermarking model[J], Computer & Graphics, 1998, 22 (4):397-403
[20] Martin Kutter, Stefan Winkler, A vision-based masking model for spread-spectrum image watermarking[J], IEEE Trans. Image Processing, January 2002, 11(1): 16-25
[21] C.I. Podilchuk, W. Zeng, Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models[J], IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, May 1998, 16 (4):525-539
[22] Barnett R. and Pearson D, Attack Operators for Digitally Watermarked Images[J], IEEE Proceedings Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 145,
1998，pp．271-279
[23] 阮秋崎编，图象处理基础[M]，北京：中国铁道出版社，1988，68-72
[24] 傅德胜，寿亦禾著，图形图像处理学[M]，南京：东南大学出版社，2002，279-284
[25] 黄继武，SHI YunQ，一种自适应图象水印算法[J]，自动化学报，1999，25(4)：477-482
[26] 易开祥，石教英，自适应二维数字水印系统[J]，中国图象图形学报，2001．5，第6卷(A版)第6期：444-449
[27] Christine I. Podilchuk, Wenjun Zeng. Digital Image Watermarking using Visual Models[J], Proceeding of SPIE on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, San Jose, 1997, 3016:100-111
[28] PODILCHUK C I, ZENG W J, Image-adaptive watermarking using visuanl models[J], IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 1998, 16(5):525-539
[29] 张华熊，仇佩亮，置乱技术在数字水印中的应用[J]，电路与系统学报，2001．9，第6卷第3期：32-36
[30] 潘纲，吴朝晖，吕红兵等，基于二维DCT的双图像数字水印算法[J]，工程图学学报，2000年第3期：118-125
[31] 孙锐，孙洪，姚天任，一种自适应的彩色图像水印算法[J]，数据采集与处理，2002．9，第17卷第3期：283-287
[32] 郑江滨，郑延平，赵荣椿，基于彩色分量DCT域的数字图像水印[J]，西北工业大学学报，2002年2月，第20卷第1期：70-74
[33] 梅蕤蕤，卢宗庆，谢维信，一种彩色图像自适应数字水印算法[J]，深圳大学学报(理工版)，2001．9，第18卷第3期：19-27
[34] 刘景，基于样图的二维纹理合成技术研究[D]，河海大学硕士学位论文，2003．3
[2] A.Z. Tirkel, G.A. Rankin, R.M. Van Schyndel, W.J. Ho, N.R.A. Mee, C. F. Osbome, Electronic watermark[J]. Digital Image Computing, Technology and Application(DICTA'93), Macquarie University, 1993,1:666-673
[3] R.G. van Schyndel, A.A. Tirkel, C.F. Osborne, A digital watermarking [J], First IEEE International Image Processing Coference, 1994, 2:86-90
[4] I.J. Cox, J. Kilian, T. Leighton, and T. Shamoon, Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J].Technical Report 95-10, NEC Research Institute, Princeton, NJ, 1995
[5] I. Pitas, A method for signature casting on digital images[J], 1996 IEEE International Coference on Image Processing(ICIP'96), 1996,3:215-218
[6] G. Voyatzis and I. Pitas. Embedding robust watermarks by chaotic mixing[J], 13th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP'97), 1997, 1:213-216
[7] D. Kundur and D. Hatzinakos, Digital watermarking for telltale tamper-profing and authentication[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue on Identification and Protection of Multimedia Information, 1999, 87(7):1167-1180
[8] W. Bender, D. Gruhl, N. Morimoto, and A. Lu. Techniques for data hiding [J], IBM Systems Journal, 1996, 35(3&4):313-336
[9] K, Boney, A. Tewfik, K. Hamdy, Digital watermarks for audio signals[J], IEEE Int. Conf. on Multimedia Computing and Systems, 1996, 1:473-480
[10] K. Matsui and K. Tanaka, Video-steganography: How to secretly embed a signature in a picture[J], IMA Intellectual Property Project Proceedings, 1994, 1:187-206
[11] G.C. Langelaar, R.L. Lagendijk, and J. Biemond, Real-time labeling methods for MPEG compressed video[J], 18~(th) Symposium on Information Theory, 1997, 1:25-32
[12] F. Hartung and B. Girod, Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video[J], Signal Processing, 1998, 66(3):283-301
[13] Neil F. Johnson, Sushil Jajodia, Exploring Steganography: Seeing the Unseen[J], IEEE Computer, February 1998, 31(2): 26-34
[14] Ross Anderson, Roger Needham, Adi Shamir, The steganographic file system[A], Proceeding od Information Hiding'98[c], 1998, 73-82
[15] Fabien A.P. Petitcolas, Ross J. Anderson and Markus G. Kuhn, Information Hiding-A Survey[J], Proc. of IEEE, 87(7):1062-1078, 1999
[16] F. Harturg, M. Kutter, Multimedia watermarking techniques[J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87(7):1079-1107
[17] G. Voyatzis, I. Pitas, The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimedia products[J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87 (7): 1197-1207
[18] H.J. Ramon, P. Rernando, Statistical analysis of watermarking schemes for copyright protection of images[J], Proceedings of the IEEE, 1999, 87(7):1142-1166
[19] Zhao Jian, K. Eckhard, A generic digital watermarking model[J], Computer & Graphics, 1998, 22 (4):397-403
[20] Martin Kutter, Stefan Winkler, A vision-based masking model for spread-spectrum image watermarking[J], IEEE Trans. Image Processing, January 2002, 11(1): 16-25
[21] C.I. Podilchuk, W. Zeng, Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models[J], IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, May 1998, 16 (4):525-539
[22] Barnett R. and Pearson D, Attack Operators for Digitally Watermarked Images[J], IEEE Proceedings Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 145,
1998，pp．271-279
[23] 阮秋崎编，图象处理基础[M]，北京：中国铁道出版社，1988，68-72
[24] 傅德胜，寿亦禾著，图形图像处理学[M]，南京：东南大学出版社，2002，279-284
[25] 黄继武，SHI YunQ，一种自适应图象水印算法[J]，自动化学报，1999，25(4)：477-482
[26] 易开祥，石教英，自适应二维数字水印系统[J]，中国图象图形学报，2001．5，第6卷(A版)第6期：444-449
[27] Christine I. Podilchuk, Wenjun Zeng. Digital Image Watermarking using Visual Models[J], Proceeding of SPIE on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging, San Jose, 1997, 3016:100-111
[28] PODILCHUK C I, ZENG W J, Image-adaptive watermarking using visuanl models[J], IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 1998, 16(5):525-539
[29] 张华熊，仇佩亮，置乱技术在数字水印中的应用[J]，电路与系统学报，2001．9，第6卷第3期：32-36
[30] 潘纲，吴朝晖，吕红兵等，基于二维DCT的双图像数字水印算法[J]，工程图学学报，2000年第3期：118-125
[31] 孙锐，孙洪，姚天任，一种自适应的彩色图像水印算法[J]，数据采集与处理，2002．9，第17卷第3期：283-287
[32] 郑江滨，郑延平，赵荣椿，基于彩色分量DCT域的数字图像水印[J]，西北工业大学学报，2002年2月，第20卷第1期：70-74
[33] 梅蕤蕤，卢宗庆，谢维信，一种彩色图像自适应数字水印算法[J]，深圳大学学报(理工版)，2001．9，第18卷第3期：19-27
[34] 刘景，基于样图的二维纹理合成技术研究[D]，河海大学硕士学位论文，2003．3
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