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我国中小投资者利益保护机制研究
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摘要
投资者是市场活力之源,他们的信心直接关系到市场的兴旺和发展。对我国以散户为投资主体的新兴证券市场来说,股市的成长和发展,与广大中小投资者的参与和投资休戚相关。但目前,我国中小投资者利益受损情况十分严重。作为数量最大的弱势投资群体,中小投资者迫切需要一套完整的机制来保护他们的利益。本文在对中小投资者利益保护的背景、理论及意义探讨的基础上,从证券市场各个利益主体的博弈以及证券市场制度的残缺两方面入手,分析了中小投资者利益受损的原因,进而提出了建立健全中小投资者利益保护机制的途径。
     从篇章结构来看,本文共分为四个部分。
     在论文的第一部分,对中小投资者利益保护作了一个概括性的阐述。作为新兴证券市场,尤其是在经济转轨环境下发展起来的证券市场,中国股市不可避免的存在薄弱环节,投资者利益受损问题尤为突出。投资者保护并不是保证投资者获利,投资者要在信息充分披露的前提下,对自己的投资决策负责。国外对中小投资者保护的研究大多集中在公司治理结构层面,对中小股东受损的分析多从公司控制权角度和委托代理关系产生的信息不对称角度展开。从政府立法、执法在投资者保护过程中的作用看,投资者保护可以从契约和法律两方面加以完善。最后,探讨了中小投资者保护的理论和现实意义,明确了本文研究的必要性。
     在论文的第二部分,通过博弈分析解释了信息不对称如何造成中小投资者利益受损。在信息不对称的条件下,证券市场中各个参与人进行博弈,以寻求自身利益的最大化。但各个利益主体博弈的过程,也恰恰是处于信息末端的中小投资者利益受损的过程。本文主要分析了几个有代表性的博弈模型,包括上市公司信息披露的监管博弈、次优或绩差企业的上市包装的博弈、上市公司操纵利润确保增发的博弈,以及中小投资者和机构投资者的投机博弈。
     在论文的第三部分,从我国证券市场存在制度缺陷角度,较为系统的分
    
    2内容提要
    皿口......................
    析了中小投资者利益得不到有效保护的深层次原因。股票市场内部结构失
    衡,股权被严重分割,直接的后果是绝大多数的中小投资者投资成本高昂,
    而且无法有效行使股东权利。股票市场从建立之初,就存在体制性缺陷:行
    政干预严重扭曲了市场运行机制:上市、退市机制残缺;政府本身定位不清,
    监管力度不够。目前,我国投资者保护方面的完整的法律体系还远远没有建
    立起来,在立法和执法方面都存在较为严重的问题。
     在论文的第四部分,提出了建立健全中小投资者利益保护机制的途径。
    首先,要规范和强化信息披露制度,这是有效投资者保护机制的基础;其次,
    从公司层面考虑,提出了如何完善上市公司法人治理结构;第三,从社会层
    面考虑,提出了如何建立健全证券市场的监督约束机制;最后,为使中小投
    资者利益受损后能得到经济补偿,提出了建立中小投资者赔偿基金的设想。
The investors are the resources of market activity, and their confidence is associated with the prosperity and development of the market. According to the new market based on small investors, the development and growth is associated with the attendance of middle-small investors. However, in nowadays, the profit of small investors is facing a serious decreasing. As the weakest investor group of a largest number, the middle-small investors emergently need a set of complete system to protect their profit. Based on the background, theory and exploration of protecting middle-small investors profit, the article begins from the aspect of the game of every participant of stock market and the incompleteness of stock market system to analyze the reasons for the loss of middle-small investors, furthermore, to put forward the suggestions on establishing the system to protect them.
    This article can be classified into four parts.
    In the first part, the author makes a general presentation to the protection of middle-small investors. As a new stock market, especially the market developed under the circumstance of transitional economy, China's stock market has its irresistible weakness, and the loss of investors profit is obvious. The protection of investors is not to make sure that they will win in the market, but in the condition of complete information release, the investors should be responsible to their investment decisions. The research on the protection of middle-small investors in foreign countries is concentrated on the level of company management structure, and the analysis on the loss of middle-small investors is mainly started from the angle of company control right and the unequal information caused by the relationship of agent and commission. Seen from the functions of government in the process of protecting investors, the protection can be improved from the aspects of contracts and laws. In the end, the author discusses t
    he theoretical and practical meaning of protecting middle-small
    
    
    investors, and clarifies the necessary meaning of this article.
    In the second part the author explains how the equilibrium of information causes the loss of middle-small investors by the analysis of game theory. Under the circumstance of unequal information, every participant of stock market is in a game to make the max profit for itself. However, the process of the game for every profit holder is just the process of the investors at the end of information line losing their profit. The article includes several typical game theory models, such as the supervision of information release for listed companies, the cosmetics of companies with a bad grade, the profit operation to ensure stock increasing, and the speculation between the big investors and the middle-small investors.
    In the third part the author analyzes in a systematic way the deep reasons for the phenomenon that the middle-small investor could not get effective protections from the aspect of the weakness of stock market system. With the equilibrium of internal structure of stock market and the serious separation of stock right, the direct result is the high investment cost for middle-small investors what makes them unable to pursue the right of investors. In the beginning of the establishment of the stock market, the defects of the system existed, the interrupting of government distorted the operation system of market, as a result the system of getting into stock market and getting out is not complete, the definition of government is not clear, and the power of supervision is not enough. In present time, the complete law system to protect investor has not been set up, and some serious problems exist in the making and pursuing laws.
    In the forth part of this thesis, the author puts forward the measure to establish the protective system for middle-small investors. Firstly, the information release system should be modified and stressed, which is the base of effective protection system. Secondly, considering from the level of company, the author puts forward how to
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