中德交际模式差异的对比分析——以德国跨国公司在华子公司为模型
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摘要
近几年来，从跨文化的视角研究交际模式已成为国际经济机构内部文化差异分析的有效途径。中国加入世界贸易组织坚定了中国坚持走市场经济道路，同时为国外跨国公司提供了良好的投资环境。为顺应国际形势，越来越多的德国公司进入中国市场，成功的跨文化商务交际已成为公司国际化发展的迫切需要。对中德雇员双方交际模式的深入研究有利于进一步认识德国跨国公司在华子公司内部文化差异，从而有助于公司更好地适应中国市场。
本文试图考察德国跨国公司在华子公司里中德双方雇员之间的交际模式差异。在对跨文化交际模式在理论和实践方面的文献回顾之后，本文根据权威与平等，和谐的人际关系与个人主义，沟通风格，时间概念，安全感以及私人空间掌握共六个关键性文化维度重点分析了中德雇员在交际模式上的不同点，并相应得出六个建设性假设。本文采用定性分析法，以一家著名跨国公司为研究对象，进行科学的半框架性的实地访问考察，分别从以下九个方面对建设性假设进行深入具体地论证：管理中的年龄因素，信息沟通，部门间的沟通与合作，团队合作，决策，分歧与一致，计划与安排，规定与“灰色区域”以及公私生活空间划分。最后本文指出了笔者研究的局限性以及对未来跨国公司跨文化商务交际研究的展望。
In recent years, researches on communication patterns from cross-cultural perspective have become a popular and useful way of identifying cultural differences in international business organizations. China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) ensures China’s adherence to the market economy and a better investment environment in China. With the steady increase in the number of German businesses in China, the success in cross-cultural business communication is becoming even more demanding. The in-depth study of communication patterns could provide a deep insight into cultural differences in business communication between the Chinese and Germans, thus facilitating successful business operation of Multinationals in China.
This thesis attempts to examine the differences in communication patterns between the Chinese and Germans in German Multinationals in China. After reviewing in general major theoretical and applied studies of cultural differences in communication patterns, this thesis proposes six hypotheses of different communication patterns between the Chinese and Germans in German multinationals on the basis of several determining cultural dimensions: Authority vs. Equality, Harmonious Relationships vs. Individualism, Communication Styles, Time Orientation, Security and Privacy Regulations. By applying qualitative methodology with semi-structured in-depth interviews, six hypotheses are further identified in the empirical research of China firms of a German Multinational with respect to nine subsections: Age in Management, Information Handling, Departmentalism, Teamwork, Decision Making, Discussion vs. Consensus, Planning and Scheduling, Rules and “Gray Zones” as well as Public and Private Life. The thesis finally points out the limitations of the study and explores its implications for future research on the cross-cultural analysis of business communication in multinationals.
本文试图考察德国跨国公司在华子公司里中德双方雇员之间的交际模式差异。在对跨文化交际模式在理论和实践方面的文献回顾之后，本文根据权威与平等，和谐的人际关系与个人主义，沟通风格，时间概念，安全感以及私人空间掌握共六个关键性文化维度重点分析了中德雇员在交际模式上的不同点，并相应得出六个建设性假设。本文采用定性分析法，以一家著名跨国公司为研究对象，进行科学的半框架性的实地访问考察，分别从以下九个方面对建设性假设进行深入具体地论证：管理中的年龄因素，信息沟通，部门间的沟通与合作，团队合作，决策，分歧与一致，计划与安排，规定与“灰色区域”以及公私生活空间划分。最后本文指出了笔者研究的局限性以及对未来跨国公司跨文化商务交际研究的展望。
In recent years, researches on communication patterns from cross-cultural perspective have become a popular and useful way of identifying cultural differences in international business organizations. China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) ensures China’s adherence to the market economy and a better investment environment in China. With the steady increase in the number of German businesses in China, the success in cross-cultural business communication is becoming even more demanding. The in-depth study of communication patterns could provide a deep insight into cultural differences in business communication between the Chinese and Germans, thus facilitating successful business operation of Multinationals in China.
This thesis attempts to examine the differences in communication patterns between the Chinese and Germans in German Multinationals in China. After reviewing in general major theoretical and applied studies of cultural differences in communication patterns, this thesis proposes six hypotheses of different communication patterns between the Chinese and Germans in German multinationals on the basis of several determining cultural dimensions: Authority vs. Equality, Harmonious Relationships vs. Individualism, Communication Styles, Time Orientation, Security and Privacy Regulations. By applying qualitative methodology with semi-structured in-depth interviews, six hypotheses are further identified in the empirical research of China firms of a German Multinational with respect to nine subsections: Age in Management, Information Handling, Departmentalism, Teamwork, Decision Making, Discussion vs. Consensus, Planning and Scheduling, Rules and “Gray Zones” as well as Public and Private Life. The thesis finally points out the limitations of the study and explores its implications for future research on the cross-cultural analysis of business communication in multinationals.
引文
Adler, N.J. International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviors. Belmont: Wadsworth, 1991.
Becker, H.S. Sociological Work: Method and Substance. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979.
Bond, M.H. Beyond the Chinese Face. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Brick, Jean. China: A Handbook for Intercultural Communication. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1995
Carbaugh, Donal. “Intercultural Communication,” Cultural Communication and Contact, ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
Davis, Linell. Doing Culture: Cross-Cultural Communication in Action. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.
Davies, Rod and Paul Temporal. “Team Building in Asia” Orient Pacific Century from the Asia Pacific Management Forum website, 1996-98.
Fayerweather, J. International Business Strategy and Administration. Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1978.
Ferrao, G.P. The Cultural Dimensions of International Business. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990.
Fung, R.J. Organization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Cooperation. Delft: Eburon, 1995.
Gannon, M.J. et al. Understanding Global Culture, Metaphorical Journeys Through 17 Countries. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994.
Gudykunst, W.B. and Yound Yun Kim. eds. Methods for Intercultural Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication, 1984.
Hall, E. T. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday & Comany, 1976.
Hall, E. T. The Hidden Dimension. New York: Doubleday, 1990.
Hall, E.T. & Mildred Reed Hall. Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans. Maine: Intercultural Press, 1990.
Harri, P.R. and Moran, R.T. Managing Cultural Differences. Houston: Gulf Publishing
Company, 1991.
Hofstede, G.H. Culture’s Consequence: International Differences in Work Related Values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1980.
Hofstede, G. H. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Hofstede, G. Cultures and Organizations, Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. London: HarperCollins, 1994.
Hoogvet, A., Puxty, A.G. and Stopford, J.M. Multinational Corporation/Enterprise. In: Hoogvelt, A., Puxty, A.G. and Stopford, J.M.: Multinational Enterprise: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Concepts and Terms. Basingstoke, London: Macmillan, pp. 155-158.
Hoon-Halbauer, S.K. Management of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures. Lund: Lund University Press, 1994.
Kenno, Peggy and Sondra Lacy. Business China: A Practical Guide to Understanding Chinese Business. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books, 1994.
Kenno, Peggy and Sondra Lacy. Business Germany: A Practical Guide to Understanding German Business. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books, 1994.
Kluckholn, Florence and F. Strodtbeck. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, OH: Row&Peterson, 1961.
Kroeber, Alfred L. and Kluckhohn, Clyde . Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.
Lockett, M. “Culture and the Problems of Chinese Management”, Organizational Studies. Vol.9, No.4, 1988: 475-496.
Lustig, Myron.W. and Koester, J. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication across Cultures Fourth Edition. Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Mann, J. Beijing Jeep, The Short, Unhappy Romance of American Business in China. New York: Simon&Schuster, 1989.
Maxwell, J.A. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Applied Social Research Methods Seies. Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, London and New Dehli: Sage Publications, 1996.
Mole, J. Mind Your Manners, Managing Business Cultures in Europe. London: Brealey, 1995.
Murphy, Herta A., Hildebrandt, Herbert W. Effective Business Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Peill-Schoeller, P. Interkulturelles Management, Synergien in Joint Ventures zwischen China und deutschsprachigen Laendern. Berlin: Springer, 1994.
Purves, B. Barefoot in the Boardroom, Venture and Misadventure in the People’s Republic of China. Sydney: Allen&Unwin, 1991.
Reuvid, J. Doing Business with Germany. London: Kogan Page, 2002.
Samover, L.A. and Porter, R.E. Intercultural Communication. California: Wadsworth Publishing, 1991.
Seligman, S.D. Dealing with the Chinese: A Practical Guide to Business Etiquette in the People’s Republic Today. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
Strauss A. and Corbin, J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, London and New Dehli: Sage, 1990.
Taylor, B. “The Science of Culture”, Culture and Consciousness: Perspectives in Social Sciences, ed. Gloria B. Levitas. New York: George Braziller, 1967.
Thiedermann, S. Bridging Cultural Barriers for Corporate Success, How to Manage the Multicultural Workplace. Lexingen: Lexingen Books, 1991.
Triandis, Harry C. The Analysis of Subjective Culture. New York: Wiley, 1972.
Trompenaars, F. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. London: The Economist Books Ltd., 1993.
Valdelin, J. Produktutveckling och marknadsforing. Stockholm: EFI, 1974.
Wik, P. How to Do Business with the People’s Republic of China. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, 1984.
Wu Jian and Cornelius Grove, Encountering the Chinese. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1990.
贾玉新.《跨文化交际学》.上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
胡文仲.主编.《跨文化交际面面观》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999.
文秋芳.《应用语言学 研究方法与论文写作》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
Becker, H.S. Sociological Work: Method and Substance. New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1979.
Bond, M.H. Beyond the Chinese Face. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Brick, Jean. China: A Handbook for Intercultural Communication. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1995
Carbaugh, Donal. “Intercultural Communication,” Cultural Communication and Contact, ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
Davis, Linell. Doing Culture: Cross-Cultural Communication in Action. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1999.
Davies, Rod and Paul Temporal. “Team Building in Asia” Orient Pacific Century from the Asia Pacific Management Forum website, 1996-98.
Fayerweather, J. International Business Strategy and Administration. Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1978.
Ferrao, G.P. The Cultural Dimensions of International Business. Englewood Cliffs. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990.
Fung, R.J. Organization Strategies for Cross-Cultural Cooperation. Delft: Eburon, 1995.
Gannon, M.J. et al. Understanding Global Culture, Metaphorical Journeys Through 17 Countries. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1994.
Gudykunst, W.B. and Yound Yun Kim. eds. Methods for Intercultural Communication Research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publication, 1984.
Hall, E. T. Beyond Culture. New York: Doubleday & Comany, 1976.
Hall, E. T. The Hidden Dimension. New York: Doubleday, 1990.
Hall, E.T. & Mildred Reed Hall. Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans. Maine: Intercultural Press, 1990.
Harri, P.R. and Moran, R.T. Managing Cultural Differences. Houston: Gulf Publishing
Company, 1991.
Hofstede, G.H. Culture’s Consequence: International Differences in Work Related Values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1980.
Hofstede, G. H. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Hofstede, G. Cultures and Organizations, Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. London: HarperCollins, 1994.
Hoogvet, A., Puxty, A.G. and Stopford, J.M. Multinational Corporation/Enterprise. In: Hoogvelt, A., Puxty, A.G. and Stopford, J.M.: Multinational Enterprise: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Concepts and Terms. Basingstoke, London: Macmillan, pp. 155-158.
Hoon-Halbauer, S.K. Management of Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures. Lund: Lund University Press, 1994.
Kenno, Peggy and Sondra Lacy. Business China: A Practical Guide to Understanding Chinese Business. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books, 1994.
Kenno, Peggy and Sondra Lacy. Business Germany: A Practical Guide to Understanding German Business. Lincolnwood, IL: Passport Books, 1994.
Kluckholn, Florence and F. Strodtbeck. Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, OH: Row&Peterson, 1961.
Kroeber, Alfred L. and Kluckhohn, Clyde . Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.
Lockett, M. “Culture and the Problems of Chinese Management”, Organizational Studies. Vol.9, No.4, 1988: 475-496.
Lustig, Myron.W. and Koester, J. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication across Cultures Fourth Edition. Allyn and Bacon, 2003.
Mann, J. Beijing Jeep, The Short, Unhappy Romance of American Business in China. New York: Simon&Schuster, 1989.
Maxwell, J.A. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Applied Social Research Methods Seies. Vol. 41. Thousand Oaks, London and New Dehli: Sage Publications, 1996.
Mole, J. Mind Your Manners, Managing Business Cultures in Europe. London: Brealey, 1995.
Murphy, Herta A., Hildebrandt, Herbert W. Effective Business Communications. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Peill-Schoeller, P. Interkulturelles Management, Synergien in Joint Ventures zwischen China und deutschsprachigen Laendern. Berlin: Springer, 1994.
Purves, B. Barefoot in the Boardroom, Venture and Misadventure in the People’s Republic of China. Sydney: Allen&Unwin, 1991.
Reuvid, J. Doing Business with Germany. London: Kogan Page, 2002.
Samover, L.A. and Porter, R.E. Intercultural Communication. California: Wadsworth Publishing, 1991.
Seligman, S.D. Dealing with the Chinese: A Practical Guide to Business Etiquette in the People’s Republic Today. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
Strauss A. and Corbin, J. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, London and New Dehli: Sage, 1990.
Taylor, B. “The Science of Culture”, Culture and Consciousness: Perspectives in Social Sciences, ed. Gloria B. Levitas. New York: George Braziller, 1967.
Thiedermann, S. Bridging Cultural Barriers for Corporate Success, How to Manage the Multicultural Workplace. Lexingen: Lexingen Books, 1991.
Triandis, Harry C. The Analysis of Subjective Culture. New York: Wiley, 1972.
Trompenaars, F. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. London: The Economist Books Ltd., 1993.
Valdelin, J. Produktutveckling och marknadsforing. Stockholm: EFI, 1974.
Wik, P. How to Do Business with the People’s Republic of China. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company, 1984.
Wu Jian and Cornelius Grove, Encountering the Chinese. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, 1990.
贾玉新.《跨文化交际学》.上海：上海外语教育出版社, 1997.
胡文仲.主编.《跨文化交际面面观》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999.
文秋芳.《应用语言学 研究方法与论文写作》.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.
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