《管子》思想初探——以法律思想为主

详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文

作者：吕华侨 论文级别：硕士 学科专业名称：中国古代史 中文关键词：管仲 ; 《管子》 ; 法律思想 ; 黄老思想 英文关键词：Guan Zhong ; Guan Zi ; Jurisprudence ; Huanglaoism 学位年度：2003 导师：孙开泰 学科代码：060106 学位授予单位：中国社会科学院研究生院 论文提交日期：2003-05-01

摘要

管仲是春秋时期著名的政治家，他帮助齐桓公建立了春秋霸业。《管子》是托名管仲的一部重要的作品。管仲和《管子》的关系历来众说纷纭，莫衷一是，这在一定程度上影响后世对《管子》的研究和评价。《管子》内容庞杂，几乎囊括了战国时期诸子百家的学术思想，算得上是一部百科全书似的著作，如此巨著决非一人之力，一时之间可以完成。所以说《管子》就是管仲写的，是很难让人理解的，更何况书中有大量管仲身后的事件的记载。要说两者之间没有关系，恐怕也是一种武断的结论。应该说管仲和《管子》还是有联系的，最可能的就是后人想要借用管仲的名气和地位来比表达他们的思想和抱负。这些人就是田齐时期(公元前386—221年)的稷下先生们，之所以这样说，原因之一是他们食齐君之禄，当然得为齐国政权服务；另一个原因是因为稷下是当时战国诸子百家交流融合的场所，具备完成此书的种种必要条件。
     《管子》融儒家、法家、道家等诸子百家于一炉，法家的法律思想尤为突出，可以说代表了当时法律思想的最高水平，是该书的精华所在。书中大量的关于法律制度的记载，是研究先秦法制史不可多得的资料。法理学上，如法的起源，法的性质和作用，法律的制定和执行等方面的论述，精辟而深刻，一些有名的论断，如“依法治国”，至今仍为我们所提倡和沿用。
     战国时期，各国开始变法改革，秦国的商鞅改革最为成功。他的重法、重农的思想对其他诸侯国影响很大，《韩非子》集战国法家思想之大成，倾向于法、术、势三者合一。一时间各国纷纷采用商、韩的理论，重法思想也名噪一时。《管子》以道家哲学为基础，兼采儒、法两家的法律思想，指出法家一味任法的弊端，事实证明，《管子》的主张是正确的，秦用酷法最终导致二世而亡。
     《管子》融道家和法家而得出政治上的黄老学说，提出德、法兼治的政治主张，在中国法律思想史上具有深远的影响。
Guan Zhong was a great politician in Spring and Autumn Period. The biggest contribution he had made was to help Qi Huangong(a feudal duke of Qi ) to build a forceful empire. Guan Zi was a great work which named after Guan Zhong. The relation between Guan Zhong and Guan Zi, the writers of Guan Zi was a problem till today, this prevent us to study Guan Zi deep. The contents of Guan Zi was abundance, it was an encyclopedia and concluded almost all schools' ideology in War States Time. It could not be written only by one person in a short time. It was inconceivable to say that Guan Zi was written by Guan Zhong because there were lots of affairs which took place after he had died. If we said that there were no relations between them, it may be an abrupt conclusion. The relation between them was complex; it was somebody who borrowed the repute and status of Guan Zhong to express their thoughts and dreams. They were the masters of Ji Xia School Palace (an ancient place name near the capital of Qi ), they were lassoed by the king of Qi and served for him in return. The reason why I said was that the Ji Xia School Palace was the appropriate place for the amalgamation of the various schools and it had all necessary conditions to compile the great book.
    Guan Zi blended Confucianism, Taoism, and Jurisprudence School into one book, and jurisprudence was its essential part, it stood for the highest level of law at that time. There were lots of statutes recorded in it; there were valuable material for us to study law history. The jurisprudence Guan Zi had made such as the creation of law, the quality and function of law , the institution and enforcement of law , had exceeded others books in same time. The logion rule by law was first brought forward by Guan Zi and we still say it today.
    Many feudal states began to reform from the beginning of the War States Period; the most successful one was Shang Yang Reform in Qin, which was followed by other states. Han Fei Zi gathered all the merits of Jurisprudence School, and prefers to hold law, trick, power into one hand. The base of Shang Yang' s and Han Fei' s theory was to enforce the law severely. Guan Zi pointed out the flaw of their theory, and lesson of Qin' s had testified that Guan Zi' s allegation was right.
    Guan Zi had put forward the theory: rule by morality and law, which had great influence on ancient Chinese law thought.

引文

《道家文化研究》1-21辑 三联书店出版社。
    《稷下争鸣于黄老之学》 胡家聪著 中国社科出版社 1998年。
    《黄帝四经与黄老思想》 余明光著 黑龙江人民出版社 1989年。
    《管子学案》 [台湾]戴睿著 学林出版社 1094，6。
    《中国法律与中国社会》瞿同祖著 中华书局 1981年。
    《中国法律的传统与近代转型》张晋藩法律出版社 1997年。
    《中国法律思想史》杨鸿烈著 上海书店 1984年。
    《孔子的法律思想》杨景凡 俞荣根著 群众出版社 1984年。
    《商鞅的法律思想》杨鹤皋著 群众出版社 1987年。
    《中国法律思想史新编》张国华著 北京大学出版社 1991年。
    《齐文化丛书1·管子简释》钟肇鹏 孙开泰 陈升著 齐鲁书社 1997，6。
    《中国全史·新编春秋战国史》上册“中国春秋战国思想史”孙开泰著。
    《管子研究》第一辑 山东人民出版社 1987年。
    “稷下学宫考述”孙以楷 《文史》第二十三辑。
    “《管子》原本考”胡家聪 《文史》第十三辑。
    “《管子》版本释略”巩曰国《管子学刊》2002年3期。
    “黄老思想源流”刘蔚华 苗润田 《中国哲学》1986，1 24～33。
    “略论黄老学”蒙文通 《道家文化研究》第十四辑 1998，7。
    “稷下黄老学对孟子思想的影响”孙开泰《道家文化研究》第六辑1995，6。
    “也谈《管子》的法制思想”刘斌《管子学刊》1992年2期。