水稻细条病的发生发展与田水中噬菌体量消长关系研究
|
摘要
通过对细菌过滤器过滤、氯仿处理以及用稻细条病病叶组织浸提液直接分离噬菌体等方法的比较，结果表明：三者中相比之下，细菌过滤器过滤法是最为简便可靠的噬菌体分离方法。通过对湖北省10个水稻细菌性条斑病菌与20个噬菌体互作反应的研究表明：不同来源的细条病菌与不同来源的噬菌体之间，存在着亲和性的分化。根据它们相互的亲和关系，可把10个细条病菌菌株划分为6个组，把20个噬菌体划分为7个溶菌型；其中RP、RS、RT、RX、RY等5个细条菌菌株可与所有参试的20个噬菌体发生亲和反应，据此在用噬菌体技术进行湖北省水稻细菌性条斑病的测报工作中，这些广亲和性的菌株可作为指示菌。
对盆栽水稻采用针刺、喷雾、田水等不同方法接种水稻细菌性条斑病菌后，检测稻株发病和田水中的噬菌体，结果表明：未接种病菌的处理，无病株，也未测到噬菌体：三种接种处理均可引致稻株发病，并先后在其盆水中检测到噬菌体，说明噬菌体与致病菌有密切的伴随关系。在采用叶面喷雾和田水接种稻白叶枯自然组合菌B-1和单胞克隆子Ⅳ-16试验中，B-1处理引起植株发病，水中测到噬菌体，而Ⅳ-16虽引起植株发病，但水中无噬菌体，此结果表明：人工接种条件下病原细菌噬菌体是由病菌中的溶原细胞传带而来的。
对不同时期稻田水中杂菌污染对其中水稻细菌性条斑病菌噬菌体的测定计数的影响的研究表明：7月15日之前及9月1日之后气温较低的情况下，可用未经任何处理的稻田水直接分离测定其中噬菌体的数量；通过比较离心法、细菌过滤器过滤及氯仿处理三种方法的除杂菌效果和对噬菌
斑的显现的影响，表明:7月巧日至9月l日之间气温较高的这段时期，
采用1:10比例的氯仿处理样品后进行测数的方法更为可取，测得的噬菌
斑数量除以系数41.5%即为稻田水中的噬菌体的实际数量。
通过对早、中、晚稻细条病的发生发展连续两年的系统调查表明:此
病在湖北省早稻上发生很轻，其为害重点是中、晚稻:从生育期看，在秧
田期，以潜伏侵染为主，始病期一般出现在水稻分萦盛、末期，发病高峰
期出现在抽穗至灌浆期。对稻株发病与田水中噬菌体数量消长关系研究表
明:噬菌体的急增期出现在病株率急增期之前或与之同步，因而通过测定
噬菌体数量进行大田细条病发展趋势的预报是可行的。研究结果还表明:
在中、晚稻分萦末期至始穗期连续3周(每7d一次)定期、定田检测田
水中噬菌体数量变化情况，结合乳熟期前生育阶段的降雨量和雨日，即可
对病害流行趋势进行预报:当噬菌体量达到10Opfu/ml时，过10d左右田
间即开始零星发病;达到10O0pfu/ml时，若随后两周内连续阴雨、每周
雨日4d以上，全生育期累积雨量超过600aun，则抽穗至灌浆期细条病发
生严重，而且，其严重度随雨量、雨日的增多而上升;否则，发病轻或很
轻。
The studies on the interactions of 10 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and 20 strains of phage isolated from Hubei province showed that: there were differentiation in the susceptibilities of host bacteria to phage stains isolated from different areas. According to the interactions, 10 bacterial strains were classified into 6 susceptible groups and 20 phage strains were classified into 7 different lysotypes. 5 bacterial strains such as RP, RS, RT, RX and RY were susceptible to 20 phage strains all, so they could be used to detecting the phage in samples forecasting Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice (BLS) with the bacteriophage technique in Hubei province.
Inoculating with the suspension of X. o. pv. oryzicola on the leaves of rice plants by needle-pricking, spraying and pouring it in paddy water, the percentages of diseased plants and quantities of phages in water were checked up periodically. The results showed that three kinds of inoculation methods all causing BLS, the bacteriophages were detected in water.there were no diseased plants and phages in plots not inoculated, which indicted there was a close relationship between the pathogen and the phage. When inoculated with the natural compound strain of B-l,both diseased plants and phages were detected;but when inoculated with monocell colony strain of IV-16 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, although there are diseased plants, no phage was detected in paddy water, which suggested that the bacteriophages should be transmitted by the lysogenic cell among the compound strain cells in the
artificial inoculation condition.
Detection the quantities of the phage of X.o. pv.oryzicola in paddy water during different growth stages of rice showed that the plaques could be observed clearly formed on PSA plates mixture with host bacterium under low temperature (below 34 ,before 15th, July or after 1st, September). In high temperature periods ( higher than 34 ,between 15th, July and 1st, September in Wuhan ) .to discontaminate,the method adding the chloroform to the samples of paddy field water with ratio 1:10 was much better than filtering with bacterial filters and centrifuging,the actual quantities of phages in samples should be the counts of observed plaques divided by 40%.
Investigation on the early,middle and late season rice showed that BLS was very light on early season rice and it mainly attacked middle and late season rice in Hubei Province. It was found that BLS show symptoms in a tillering stage and reached the summit of disease from heading to milking stage. Studies on relationship between the development of BLS and quantities of phages in rice fields indicated that the rapid increasing periods of phages steped with BLS diseases or ocurred ahead, so it would be feasible to forecast the development trend of BLS by periodically detecting the quantities of phages in selected rice fields on middle or late season rice for three weeks (a time per 7 days) from tillering to early heading stage, considering with the quantities and days of rainfall before the mature stage. When the quantities of phages in paddy water reached to 100 pfu/ml ,BLS would begin to appear scatteredly 10 days after. When the quantities reached to 1000 pfu/ml, BLS would be gradually serious with the incr
easing of the quantities of rainfall and rainy days, if the total quantities of rainfall exceeded 600mm in entire growth stages and the rainy days per week more than 4days,the disease could be very serious in heading to milking stages, otherwise it would be light or very light.
对盆栽水稻采用针刺、喷雾、田水等不同方法接种水稻细菌性条斑病菌后，检测稻株发病和田水中的噬菌体，结果表明：未接种病菌的处理，无病株，也未测到噬菌体：三种接种处理均可引致稻株发病，并先后在其盆水中检测到噬菌体，说明噬菌体与致病菌有密切的伴随关系。在采用叶面喷雾和田水接种稻白叶枯自然组合菌B-1和单胞克隆子Ⅳ-16试验中，B-1处理引起植株发病，水中测到噬菌体，而Ⅳ-16虽引起植株发病，但水中无噬菌体，此结果表明：人工接种条件下病原细菌噬菌体是由病菌中的溶原细胞传带而来的。
对不同时期稻田水中杂菌污染对其中水稻细菌性条斑病菌噬菌体的测定计数的影响的研究表明：7月15日之前及9月1日之后气温较低的情况下，可用未经任何处理的稻田水直接分离测定其中噬菌体的数量；通过比较离心法、细菌过滤器过滤及氯仿处理三种方法的除杂菌效果和对噬菌
斑的显现的影响，表明:7月巧日至9月l日之间气温较高的这段时期，
采用1:10比例的氯仿处理样品后进行测数的方法更为可取，测得的噬菌
斑数量除以系数41.5%即为稻田水中的噬菌体的实际数量。
通过对早、中、晚稻细条病的发生发展连续两年的系统调查表明:此
病在湖北省早稻上发生很轻，其为害重点是中、晚稻:从生育期看，在秧
田期，以潜伏侵染为主，始病期一般出现在水稻分萦盛、末期，发病高峰
期出现在抽穗至灌浆期。对稻株发病与田水中噬菌体数量消长关系研究表
明:噬菌体的急增期出现在病株率急增期之前或与之同步，因而通过测定
噬菌体数量进行大田细条病发展趋势的预报是可行的。研究结果还表明:
在中、晚稻分萦末期至始穗期连续3周(每7d一次)定期、定田检测田
水中噬菌体数量变化情况，结合乳熟期前生育阶段的降雨量和雨日，即可
对病害流行趋势进行预报:当噬菌体量达到10Opfu/ml时，过10d左右田
间即开始零星发病;达到10O0pfu/ml时，若随后两周内连续阴雨、每周
雨日4d以上，全生育期累积雨量超过600aun，则抽穗至灌浆期细条病发
生严重，而且，其严重度随雨量、雨日的增多而上升;否则，发病轻或很
轻。
The studies on the interactions of 10 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and 20 strains of phage isolated from Hubei province showed that: there were differentiation in the susceptibilities of host bacteria to phage stains isolated from different areas. According to the interactions, 10 bacterial strains were classified into 6 susceptible groups and 20 phage strains were classified into 7 different lysotypes. 5 bacterial strains such as RP, RS, RT, RX and RY were susceptible to 20 phage strains all, so they could be used to detecting the phage in samples forecasting Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice (BLS) with the bacteriophage technique in Hubei province.
Inoculating with the suspension of X. o. pv. oryzicola on the leaves of rice plants by needle-pricking, spraying and pouring it in paddy water, the percentages of diseased plants and quantities of phages in water were checked up periodically. The results showed that three kinds of inoculation methods all causing BLS, the bacteriophages were detected in water.there were no diseased plants and phages in plots not inoculated, which indicted there was a close relationship between the pathogen and the phage. When inoculated with the natural compound strain of B-l,both diseased plants and phages were detected;but when inoculated with monocell colony strain of IV-16 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, although there are diseased plants, no phage was detected in paddy water, which suggested that the bacteriophages should be transmitted by the lysogenic cell among the compound strain cells in the
artificial inoculation condition.
Detection the quantities of the phage of X.o. pv.oryzicola in paddy water during different growth stages of rice showed that the plaques could be observed clearly formed on PSA plates mixture with host bacterium under low temperature (below 34 ,before 15th, July or after 1st, September). In high temperature periods ( higher than 34 ,between 15th, July and 1st, September in Wuhan ) .to discontaminate,the method adding the chloroform to the samples of paddy field water with ratio 1:10 was much better than filtering with bacterial filters and centrifuging,the actual quantities of phages in samples should be the counts of observed plaques divided by 40%.
Investigation on the early,middle and late season rice showed that BLS was very light on early season rice and it mainly attacked middle and late season rice in Hubei Province. It was found that BLS show symptoms in a tillering stage and reached the summit of disease from heading to milking stage. Studies on relationship between the development of BLS and quantities of phages in rice fields indicated that the rapid increasing periods of phages steped with BLS diseases or ocurred ahead, so it would be feasible to forecast the development trend of BLS by periodically detecting the quantities of phages in selected rice fields on middle or late season rice for three weeks (a time per 7 days) from tillering to early heading stage, considering with the quantities and days of rainfall before the mature stage. When the quantities of phages in paddy water reached to 100 pfu/ml ,BLS would begin to appear scatteredly 10 days after. When the quantities reached to 1000 pfu/ml, BLS would be gradually serious with the incr
easing of the quantities of rainfall and rainy days, if the total quantities of rainfall exceeded 600mm in entire growth stages and the rainy days per week more than 4days,the disease could be very serious in heading to milking stages, otherwise it would be light or very light.
引文
[01] 王汉荣．水稻细菌性条斑病研究进展．农牧情报研究，1992，(2)：31～34
[02] 童贤明．水稻细菌性条斑病研究概况．植物检疫，1996，10(3)：173～177
[03] 范怀忠，伍尚忠．广东省珠江三角洲水稻细菌性条斑病(白叶病)简报．植病知识，1957，(1)：6～8
[04] 范怀忠．广东水稻细菌性条斑病防治及研究中的一些问题．华南农业科学，1957，(3)：1～3
[05] 方仲达，任欣正．水稻白叶枯病及条斑病和李氏禾条斑病病原细菌的比较研究．植物病理学报，1957，2(3)：99～124
[06] 方仲达，任欣正．李氏禾与水稻白叶枯病及条斑病相互关系的进一步研究．植物病理学报，1959，5(2)：100～110
[07] 唐振宁．全州水稻细菌性条斑病的发生与防治．病虫测报，1988，(1)：43～44
[08] 陈玉奇，余明志．水稻细条病发病程度与损失率关系的调查．病虫测报，1989，(4)：59
[09] 乐承伟．水稻细条病发生与防治．病虫测报，1990，(1)，：61
[10] 黄佳仁，张德英．湖南省水稻细菌性条斑病发生因子及其控防对策．湖南农业科学，1992，(2)：36～38
[11] 何启华．水稻细菌性条斑病发生规律的观察．云南农业科技，1984，(4)：11～15
[12] 石武成．水稻细菌性条斑病发生规律与防治方法．江西农业科技，1987，(7)：19
[13] 黄茂进．稻细菌性条斑病流行因素与防治的探讨．福建农业科学，1989，(5)：4～5
[14] 农秀美．水稻细菌性条斑病在广西的发生发展及防治对策．广西农业科学，1989，(6)：33～36
[15] 刘新华，李玲燕．水稻细菌性条斑病的发生与防治，植物检疫，1994，(5)：301～302
[16] 张晓葵．水稻细条病病种病草带菌传病研究．湖南农业科学，1990，(5)：44～46
[17] 王汉荣．水稻细菌性条斑病的侵染源．浙江农业学报，1993，5(3)147～151
[18] 任新国，向建国．应用A蛋白夹心法(PAS～ELISA)检测感染水稻细菌性条斑病的谷种的传病过程．湖南农业科学，1993，(6)：30～31
[19] 成国英，林梅根．稻细条病菌在病残上的越冬研究及越冬病田稻株发病情况调查．湖北植保，1996，(4)：21～22
[20] 任新国，向建国。水稻细菌性条斑病发生流行条件的初步研究．湖南农学院学报，1992，18(增刊)：121～129
[21] 汪真．水稻细菌性条斑病及其防治．福建农业科学，1989，(3)：38～41
[22] 李建仁．水稻细菌性条斑病发生规律及防治措施研究，湖南农业科
学，1989，(4)：31～35
[23] 成国英，黄昌华．水稻品种对稻细条病的抗性测定．湖北植保，1996，(3)：22～25
[24] 邓亚萍，王元钊．湖北省稻细条病田间流行规律调查．湖北植保，1996，(3)：16～17
[25] 许志纲．水稻白叶枯病菌两类噬菌体性状的比较．植物病理学报，1982，12(2)：1～6
[26] 何家泌译，S．H．Ou编著．水稻细菌病害．北京：农业出版社．1980
[27] 木村贞禾．稻栽培法的改变和白叶枯病的发生预测．今日农业，1980，24(8)：16～21
[28] 片山克己．日本长崎县西彼町的稻白叶枯病的发生预测和传染源调查．今日农业，30(8)：36～38
[29] 张成琬．应用噬菌体法预测水稻白叶枯病的发生．四川农业科技，1978，(5)：14～18
[30] 张成琬，何明，罗显芝等．水稻白叶枯病发生流行的预测．病虫测报参考资料，1981，(1)：15～19
[31] 许志刚．噬菌体技术在水稻白叶枯病预测上的应用．植物病理学报，1980，10(2)：65～70
[32] 杨定斌，钱汉梁．噬菌体技术在江汉稻区水稻白叶枯病预测上的应用．植物保护学报，1996，23(1)：34～38
[33] 张乐，石秀丽．一种快速鉴定玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的新技术—噬菌体株系鉴定法．植物检疫，1997，(1)：11～14
[34] 田筱君．水稻细菌性条斑病噬菌体测试研究．西南农业学报，1988，1(1)：97～98
[35] 向建国，任新国．水稻细菌性条斑病菌噬菌体的专化性及溶菌型．湖南农学院学报，1993，19(5)：527～530
[36] 成国英．对洪湖、枣阳和蒲圻细条病细噬菌体溶菌型的比较．湖北植保，1996，(4)：19
[37] 方仲达，许志纲．有关水稻白叶枯病研究中的几个问题．中国农业科学，1978，(2)：73～77
[38] 褚菊征．北京水稻白叶枯细菌噬菌体的形态和血清学研究．植物病理学报，1982，12(3)：33～40
[39] 方仲达．植病研究法．北京：农业出版社．1979，209～220
[40] Naik S. L, Nema K. G. Disease-coefficient-yield loss relationship in bacterial stresk of rice caused by Xanthomonas translucens Dowson f.sp oryzicola (Fang et al) Bradbury. Current research, 1976, 5(11): 193～195
[41] Rao. C. S., Devadath S. Dissemination of Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola through irrigation water and insect. Indian Phytopathology(publ.1978), 1977, 30(2):256～257
[42] Nema K.G.,Sharma S.R,et al. Effect of water stress on incidence of bacterial leaf streak of rice. JNKVV Research Journal, 1976, 10 (1,supplement):93～94
[43] Rao B.S.Across-season survival of Xanthornons campestris pv.oryzicola causal agent of bacterial leaf streak (BLS).IRRN, 1987,12(2): 27
[44] Shekhawat G. S., Svivestava D.N.Mode of seed infection and transmission of bacterial leaf streak of rice. Annuals of Phytopathology of Society Japan, 1972,17:177
[45] Rao C.S.,Devadath S.Effect of lapse of time after foiler injury on the development of infection by Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola. Oryzae (publ1978), 1977,14 (2): 130～132
[46] Rai M., Reddy P. R. Multiplication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzicola in sensitive and resistant rice cultivars. Acta Phytopathological Academiae Scientiarum Hngaricae, 1983, 18(1) 57～61
[47] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of inoculum concentration, age and degree of susceptibility of the host on bacterial leaf streak development. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, B(1977), 1986, (4):223～227
[48] Ho B L. Effects of BLS infection on rice plant and yield in relation to different nitrogen levels and times of inoculation. MARDI Research Bulletin, 1975, 3 (1): 32～34
[49] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of spacing and nitrogen on bacterial leaf streak incidence. Indian Phytopathology (publ.1978), 1977, 30 (1): 134～135
[50] Rao B. S., Naidu V. D., Rao C. S, et al. Effect of different source of nitrogen on the development of bacterial leaf streak of rice. Oryzae, 1978, 15(1)89～91
[51] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of time and rate of nitrogen application on bacterial leaf streak incidence of rice. Indian Phytopathology (publ.1979), 1978, 31 (3):371～372
[52] Rao B. S., Naidu V. D. The biochemistry of rice plants as influenced by organic soil amendments and its relation to bacterial leaf streak. Journal of research of assam Agricultural University, 1981, 2 (1): 16～18
[53] Rao. C. S, Devadath S. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on bacterial leaf streak of rice. Oryzea, 1977, 14 (1):1～8
[54] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of N, P and K with and without organic manure on bacterial leaf streak incidence. Oryzae (publ. 1978), 1977, 14(2):86～89
[55] Yoshii H. Bacteriophage of the bacterial leaf blight organism of rice. Annual of Phytopathology of Society Japan, 1953, (17): 177
[56] Wakimoto S. Biological and physiological properties of Xanthomonas oryzae phage.
Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr.Kyushu Univ., 1954, (14): 485～493
[57] Wakimoto S.Classification of strains of Xanthomonas oryzae on the basis of their susceptibility against bacteriophages. Ann. Phytopath. Sco. Japan, 1960 ,(25): 193～198
[58] Okabe N., Goto M. Bacteriophage of plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1963, (1): 397～418
[59] Mizukami T. Wakimoto S. Epidemiololgy and control of bacterial leaf blight of rice. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1969, (7): 51～69
[60] Tagami Y. Relationship between the occurrence of bacterial leaf blight of rice and the populations of causal bacteria and its phages in rice growing seasons. Plant Protection Japan, 1959, (13): 389～394
[61] Murty V. S. T, Devadath S. Study on forecasting of bacterial blight of rice. Indian Phytopathology, 1982, 35 (2): 241～246
[62] Nilpanit N. Bacteriophage strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzae from part of Thailand. IRRN, 1984, 9(6): 11～12
[63] Dath A. P., Rao C. S. Host-phage relations in Xanthomonas oryzae as influenced by some bactericides, fungicides, insecticides and weedicides. Oryzae, (publ.1976), 1974, 11 (1): 45～51
[64] Goto M. Phage-typing of the causal bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas translucence f.sp oryzae) of rice in the tropics. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 1965, (30):253～257
[65] Goto M., Frank P. G., Ou S. H. A study on the phage-bacteria relationship of Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola (Fang et al) Bradbury.Annual of phytopathological society of Japan, 1971, (37):249～258
[66] Ranga Reddy P., Raychauduri S. P., Rao Y. P. Phages of Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola occurring in India. Annuals of the Phytopathological society of Japan, 1975, (41):441～446
[67] Nanda J. S., Singh D. S. Bacterial leaf streak disease of rice. Rice, 1977, 26(3):235～241
[68] Adhikari T. B, Mew T. W. Phage sensitivity and lysotype distribution of Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzicola. IRRN, 1985, 10(1):11
[02] 童贤明．水稻细菌性条斑病研究概况．植物检疫，1996，10(3)：173～177
[03] 范怀忠，伍尚忠．广东省珠江三角洲水稻细菌性条斑病(白叶病)简报．植病知识，1957，(1)：6～8
[04] 范怀忠．广东水稻细菌性条斑病防治及研究中的一些问题．华南农业科学，1957，(3)：1～3
[05] 方仲达，任欣正．水稻白叶枯病及条斑病和李氏禾条斑病病原细菌的比较研究．植物病理学报，1957，2(3)：99～124
[06] 方仲达，任欣正．李氏禾与水稻白叶枯病及条斑病相互关系的进一步研究．植物病理学报，1959，5(2)：100～110
[07] 唐振宁．全州水稻细菌性条斑病的发生与防治．病虫测报，1988，(1)：43～44
[08] 陈玉奇，余明志．水稻细条病发病程度与损失率关系的调查．病虫测报，1989，(4)：59
[09] 乐承伟．水稻细条病发生与防治．病虫测报，1990，(1)，：61
[10] 黄佳仁，张德英．湖南省水稻细菌性条斑病发生因子及其控防对策．湖南农业科学，1992，(2)：36～38
[11] 何启华．水稻细菌性条斑病发生规律的观察．云南农业科技，1984，(4)：11～15
[12] 石武成．水稻细菌性条斑病发生规律与防治方法．江西农业科技，1987，(7)：19
[13] 黄茂进．稻细菌性条斑病流行因素与防治的探讨．福建农业科学，1989，(5)：4～5
[14] 农秀美．水稻细菌性条斑病在广西的发生发展及防治对策．广西农业科学，1989，(6)：33～36
[15] 刘新华，李玲燕．水稻细菌性条斑病的发生与防治，植物检疫，1994，(5)：301～302
[16] 张晓葵．水稻细条病病种病草带菌传病研究．湖南农业科学，1990，(5)：44～46
[17] 王汉荣．水稻细菌性条斑病的侵染源．浙江农业学报，1993，5(3)147～151
[18] 任新国，向建国．应用A蛋白夹心法(PAS～ELISA)检测感染水稻细菌性条斑病的谷种的传病过程．湖南农业科学，1993，(6)：30～31
[19] 成国英，林梅根．稻细条病菌在病残上的越冬研究及越冬病田稻株发病情况调查．湖北植保，1996，(4)：21～22
[20] 任新国，向建国。水稻细菌性条斑病发生流行条件的初步研究．湖南农学院学报，1992，18(增刊)：121～129
[21] 汪真．水稻细菌性条斑病及其防治．福建农业科学，1989，(3)：38～41
[22] 李建仁．水稻细菌性条斑病发生规律及防治措施研究，湖南农业科
学，1989，(4)：31～35
[23] 成国英，黄昌华．水稻品种对稻细条病的抗性测定．湖北植保，1996，(3)：22～25
[24] 邓亚萍，王元钊．湖北省稻细条病田间流行规律调查．湖北植保，1996，(3)：16～17
[25] 许志纲．水稻白叶枯病菌两类噬菌体性状的比较．植物病理学报，1982，12(2)：1～6
[26] 何家泌译，S．H．Ou编著．水稻细菌病害．北京：农业出版社．1980
[27] 木村贞禾．稻栽培法的改变和白叶枯病的发生预测．今日农业，1980，24(8)：16～21
[28] 片山克己．日本长崎县西彼町的稻白叶枯病的发生预测和传染源调查．今日农业，30(8)：36～38
[29] 张成琬．应用噬菌体法预测水稻白叶枯病的发生．四川农业科技，1978，(5)：14～18
[30] 张成琬，何明，罗显芝等．水稻白叶枯病发生流行的预测．病虫测报参考资料，1981，(1)：15～19
[31] 许志刚．噬菌体技术在水稻白叶枯病预测上的应用．植物病理学报，1980，10(2)：65～70
[32] 杨定斌，钱汉梁．噬菌体技术在江汉稻区水稻白叶枯病预测上的应用．植物保护学报，1996，23(1)：34～38
[33] 张乐，石秀丽．一种快速鉴定玉米细菌性枯萎病菌的新技术—噬菌体株系鉴定法．植物检疫，1997，(1)：11～14
[34] 田筱君．水稻细菌性条斑病噬菌体测试研究．西南农业学报，1988，1(1)：97～98
[35] 向建国，任新国．水稻细菌性条斑病菌噬菌体的专化性及溶菌型．湖南农学院学报，1993，19(5)：527～530
[36] 成国英．对洪湖、枣阳和蒲圻细条病细噬菌体溶菌型的比较．湖北植保，1996，(4)：19
[37] 方仲达，许志纲．有关水稻白叶枯病研究中的几个问题．中国农业科学，1978，(2)：73～77
[38] 褚菊征．北京水稻白叶枯细菌噬菌体的形态和血清学研究．植物病理学报，1982，12(3)：33～40
[39] 方仲达．植病研究法．北京：农业出版社．1979，209～220
[40] Naik S. L, Nema K. G. Disease-coefficient-yield loss relationship in bacterial stresk of rice caused by Xanthomonas translucens Dowson f.sp oryzicola (Fang et al) Bradbury. Current research, 1976, 5(11): 193～195
[41] Rao. C. S., Devadath S. Dissemination of Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola through irrigation water and insect. Indian Phytopathology(publ.1978), 1977, 30(2):256～257
[42] Nema K.G.,Sharma S.R,et al. Effect of water stress on incidence of bacterial leaf streak of rice. JNKVV Research Journal, 1976, 10 (1,supplement):93～94
[43] Rao B.S.Across-season survival of Xanthornons campestris pv.oryzicola causal agent of bacterial leaf streak (BLS).IRRN, 1987,12(2): 27
[44] Shekhawat G. S., Svivestava D.N.Mode of seed infection and transmission of bacterial leaf streak of rice. Annuals of Phytopathology of Society Japan, 1972,17:177
[45] Rao C.S.,Devadath S.Effect of lapse of time after foiler injury on the development of infection by Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola. Oryzae (publ1978), 1977,14 (2): 130～132
[46] Rai M., Reddy P. R. Multiplication of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzicola in sensitive and resistant rice cultivars. Acta Phytopathological Academiae Scientiarum Hngaricae, 1983, 18(1) 57～61
[47] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of inoculum concentration, age and degree of susceptibility of the host on bacterial leaf streak development. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, B(1977), 1986, (4):223～227
[48] Ho B L. Effects of BLS infection on rice plant and yield in relation to different nitrogen levels and times of inoculation. MARDI Research Bulletin, 1975, 3 (1): 32～34
[49] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of spacing and nitrogen on bacterial leaf streak incidence. Indian Phytopathology (publ.1978), 1977, 30 (1): 134～135
[50] Rao B. S., Naidu V. D., Rao C. S, et al. Effect of different source of nitrogen on the development of bacterial leaf streak of rice. Oryzae, 1978, 15(1)89～91
[51] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of time and rate of nitrogen application on bacterial leaf streak incidence of rice. Indian Phytopathology (publ.1979), 1978, 31 (3):371～372
[52] Rao B. S., Naidu V. D. The biochemistry of rice plants as influenced by organic soil amendments and its relation to bacterial leaf streak. Journal of research of assam Agricultural University, 1981, 2 (1): 16～18
[53] Rao. C. S, Devadath S. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on bacterial leaf streak of rice. Oryzea, 1977, 14 (1):1～8
[54] Rao C. S, Devadath S. Effect of N, P and K with and without organic manure on bacterial leaf streak incidence. Oryzae (publ. 1978), 1977, 14(2):86～89
[55] Yoshii H. Bacteriophage of the bacterial leaf blight organism of rice. Annual of Phytopathology of Society Japan, 1953, (17): 177
[56] Wakimoto S. Biological and physiological properties of Xanthomonas oryzae phage.
Sci. Bull. Fac. Agr.Kyushu Univ., 1954, (14): 485～493
[57] Wakimoto S.Classification of strains of Xanthomonas oryzae on the basis of their susceptibility against bacteriophages. Ann. Phytopath. Sco. Japan, 1960 ,(25): 193～198
[58] Okabe N., Goto M. Bacteriophage of plant pathogens. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1963, (1): 397～418
[59] Mizukami T. Wakimoto S. Epidemiololgy and control of bacterial leaf blight of rice. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1969, (7): 51～69
[60] Tagami Y. Relationship between the occurrence of bacterial leaf blight of rice and the populations of causal bacteria and its phages in rice growing seasons. Plant Protection Japan, 1959, (13): 389～394
[61] Murty V. S. T, Devadath S. Study on forecasting of bacterial blight of rice. Indian Phytopathology, 1982, 35 (2): 241～246
[62] Nilpanit N. Bacteriophage strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzae from part of Thailand. IRRN, 1984, 9(6): 11～12
[63] Dath A. P., Rao C. S. Host-phage relations in Xanthomonas oryzae as influenced by some bactericides, fungicides, insecticides and weedicides. Oryzae, (publ.1976), 1974, 11 (1): 45～51
[64] Goto M. Phage-typing of the causal bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas translucence f.sp oryzae) of rice in the tropics. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan, 1965, (30):253～257
[65] Goto M., Frank P. G., Ou S. H. A study on the phage-bacteria relationship of Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola (Fang et al) Bradbury.Annual of phytopathological society of Japan, 1971, (37):249～258
[66] Ranga Reddy P., Raychauduri S. P., Rao Y. P. Phages of Xanthomonas translucens f.sp oryzicola occurring in India. Annuals of the Phytopathological society of Japan, 1975, (41):441～446
[67] Nanda J. S., Singh D. S. Bacterial leaf streak disease of rice. Rice, 1977, 26(3):235～241
[68] Adhikari T. B, Mew T. W. Phage sensitivity and lysotype distribution of Xanthomonas campestris pv.oryzicola. IRRN, 1985, 10(1):11