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基于有限位移理论的悬索桥缆索体系分析
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摘要
悬索桥适用范围广、结构形式丰富、造型美观。近年来,随着我国交通建设事业的发展,需要修建大跨度桥梁以满足交通规划。悬索桥作为目前唯一跨度超过1000米的桥梁形式受到越来越多的关注。悬索桥的结构部分可大致分为桥塔、主缆、吊杆、加劲梁、锚碇等。过去对悬索桥的受力分析多采用基于悬索力学的解析法,将主缆、加劲梁以及索塔各部分化整为零,对各部分的受力情况单独考虑,并且分别计算各自的内力。本文以有限位移理论为基础,将现今通用有限元分析软件与悬索桥内力分析结合,探寻一套悬索桥有限元建模、计算的数值方法,以满足工程建设要求。
     本文介绍了世界各国悬索桥的历史及现状,对悬索桥的构造细节、结构形式以及计算理论作了详细的阐述。在此基础上,结合厦门海沧悬索桥工程实例,采用通用有限元软件,完成了该桥的全桥三维有限元建模,并且进行了成桥恒、活载作用下的静力分析。通过分析,本文得到如下结论:
     1.缆索支承体系的结构分析应当首先确定体系的初始状态,初始状态的两个重要折控制参数是:初始索形和初始应变;
     2.悬索桥成桥恒、活载作用下的静力分析,首先需要确定成桥状态下主缆索的初始索形和主缆索的初始应变,再以成桥状态为初始状态建立有限元模型;
     3.悬索桥成桥主缆的索形需要从空缆状态出发,以空缆状态为初始状态,在主缆索上施加成桥恒载,并通过计算得到最终成桥时主缆的形状及位置;
     4.成桥状态下主缆的初始应变是控制悬索桥的初始平衡位置、影响结构重力刚度的重要参数,在设计计算时需要通过多次、反复的试算得到一个最优值;
     5.成桥模型建立后,在后续活载作用下的静力分析必须首先在主梁上作用移动集中荷载,分析主梁各断面的活载挠度与集中荷载作用位置关系曲线图,完成最不利活载的加载,从而最后得到悬索桥主梁的弯矩包络图及挠度包络图。
     通过将本文建模计算所得的结果与厦门海沧大桥的实际工程设计数据的比较,证明本文的方法对于悬索桥缆索体系分析有较好的精度及可操作性。
The suspension bridge has extensive applicability, abundant structural styles and aesthetic shape. As the traffic constructions of China develop in these years, a number of long-span bridges are to be built to meet the demands of traffic layout. More and more attentions are paid on the suspension bridge, which is expected as the unique bridge style with its span beyond 1000 m. The suspension bridge consists of the following parts: bridge tower, main cable, hanger rod, stiffened girder and anchor bank. In the past, analytic method based on the suspension mechanics was mostly adopted in stress analysis of suspension bridge. Combining the all-function FEM software and the stress analysis of suspension bridge, this paper presents a numerical method based on the finite displacement theory for model building and calculating the inner force of suspension bridges, which meets the demands of engineering construction.
    This paper introduces the histories and present states of suspension bridges all over the world and formulates the structure characteristics and basic calculation theories in detail. This paper took the Xiamen Haicang suspension bridge as the example, finished building the whole-bridge 3-D model and static analysis of the bridge under dead and live loads with the all-function FEM software. According the analytic process, the following conclusions are obtained:
    1. The initial condition should be defined firstly in the structural analysis of the cable-support system. There are two important control parameters of the initial condition: initial shape and initial strain of the cable.
    2. In the static analysis of the suspension bridge, the initial shape and initial strain of the main cable under bridge-finished condition should be defined firstly, then the bridge-finished condition should be chosen as the initial condition, under which the FEM model was built.
    3. The cable shape under bridge-finished condition was obtained by taking the empty-cable condition as the initial condition and calculating the cable shape under dead load.
    4. The initial strain under bridge-finished condition is an important parameter, which defines the initial balanced position and gravity stiffness of suspension bridge. The initial strain must be the optimum value obtained by multiple-trial method.
    5. In the static analysis of the bridge model under live load, assuming a shifting concentrated load on the girder, analyzing the relation map of each section deflection and the location of the concentrated load, finishing the load-on of the worst-case live load, then the moment and deflection envelope diagrams of the girder were obtained.
    Comparisons with the actual design data of the Xiamen Haicang suspension bridge, the method of this paper is indicated to be precise and efficient for analysis on cable systems of suspension bridges.
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