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实物期权及其在石油勘探开发中的应用
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摘要
当今的市场条件下,决策者经常需要在非常不确定的环境下做出一些重要的战略投资决策,此时的市场规模、进入市场的机会、开发成本、竞争者的行动方案等等都是未知的。在这种情况下,由于传统的投资决策工具存在一定的缺陷,利用传统投资工具评估的结果,往往很难尽如人意。另外,由于决策者要求要做的和现有决策工具所能够做的存在巨大的差别,因此,决策者经常在不依靠数量分析的情况下,做出有关公司未来发展非常重要的投资决策。这样对项目产生的弊端是显而易见的。
    笔者正是基于以上的考虑,希望能为项目管理者介绍一种新的项目经济评价方法—实物期权法。本文共分三章。第一章首先进行实物期权概念、原理的阐述,接着根据实物期权的特点,将实物期权分成推迟投资期权等六种形式,并结合一个石油公司进行石油勘探开发活动的例子加以说明。
    第二章侧重于介绍实物期权方法的应用。实物期权方法不只是一种经济评价工具,更确切地说,它是一种思维方法。项目管理者应当理解它的精髓,灵活地加以运用。应用实物期权要遵循既定步骤,完成框架的合理建设后,选取适当的定价模型加以计算。
    第三章本文的重点,也是将实物期权方法具体应用到石油项目投资领域的实例。文章首先分析石油行业的特点,紧接着对我国石油行业几十年来主要应用的项目评估方法进行分析,比较它们和实物期权法的不同,最后结合石油勘探开发的具体例子展示应用实物期权法给项目经济评价带来的影响。
    实物期权理论突破了传统决策分析方法的束缚,它不是对传统决策分析方法(如NPV、决策树等)的简单否定,而是在保留传统方法合理内核基础上,对不确定性因素及其相应环境变化做出积极响应的一种思维方式的概括和总结。它给出的适合期权价值的净现值判别标准与实际情形更为吻合。
Traditional project appraisal within the context of capital budgeting assumes that the firm will embark on a rigid and inflexible path forward, ignoring and failing to respond and adjust to any changes in the market place. The method ignores, however, that the risk-pattern of the project is likely to change over time—requiring changing discount rates. It also ignores the value of managerial flexibility to react to future uncertainties. Traditional project appraisal sees and acknowledges risk, but disregards the fact that managerial actions will mitigate those risks and thereby preserve or even increase value—very much to the contrary, real options analysis marries uncertainty and risk with flexibility in the valuation process.
    The whole essay comprises four parts as follows:
    Chapter one introduces real option’s concept and basic principle. According to real option’s characteristics, it consists of six basic managerial options: The option to Defer, The Option to Abandon, The Option to Switch, The Option to Expand/Contract, The Option to Grow and The Option to Stage.
    Chapter two mainly discusses the application of method of real option. In the first place, it points out that method of real option is not only an economic appraisal tool but also a method of thought. Project administrators should understand its insight meanings and utilize it flexibly. The conceptual analogy between financial options and real options is quite intuitive. It appears less obvious, however, that the mathematical concepts used to price financial options—with all the assumptions they rely on—will also be applicable to real options. Real options deal with capital budgeting, investment decisions and business transactions. Therefore it should follow this way in applying real option: first, creating and adjusting applying framework; second, choosing different data and pricing models; third, consulting financial market about the results; four, improving the design of investment. Section three introduces three different pricing models of real option: Partial Differential Equation (PDE), Simulation Method and Dynamic Procedural Method. Among of them, binomial option pricing model is the most important. The beauty of the binomial model is its simplicity. It does not deliver closed form solutions but it omits the need for partial differential equations and relies on “elementary mathematics” instead. It is based on a discrete-time approach, rather than continuous time. The discrete-time framework fits quite well with the real option world: while decisions can be made at any time, in practice, decisions are in fact made at discrete points in time, after certain information has arrived or after certain milestones have been completed.
    Chapter three is the most important in this paper. In this chapter, it deals with real option’s practical application—to an example of an oil exploration and development project. Section one introduces the features of petroleum industry: such as big
    
    
    investment, long period and great risk. Section two introduces traditional economic appraisal tool applied in petroleum project including Discounted-Cash-Flow approach (DCF) and Uncertainty analysis approaches. Section three indicates the advantage of applying real option. The option approach integrates managerial flexibility in the valuation by assuming that at each stage in the future, pending on the then-prevailing market conditions; management will choose the value-maximizing and loss -minimizing path forward. Section four shows the concrete application of real option theory to oil exploration. Real option analysis supports and expands the strategic framework of an organization.
    Conclusion: Real option analysis does not necessarily preclude or replace traditional DCF and NPV analysis. In many instances, the value derived from an option analysis tends to be higher than that derived from a rigid NPV-only analysis, largely because NPV analysis ignores value created by managerial flexibility and ability to respond to future uncertain
引文
外文文献
    1.Lenos Trigeorgis (1996) Real Options: Managerial Flexibility and Strategy in Resourse Allocation, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
    2.Benninga,S.and B.Czaczkes (2000,second edition), Financial Modeling, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
    3.Marion A.Brach. (2003) Real Options in Practice, John Wiley&Sons,Inc.
    
    中译文文献
    1.(美)马莎?阿姆拉姆、纳林?库拉蒂拉卡著,张维等译:《实物期权-不确定性环境下的战略投资管理》,机械工业出版社2001年版。
    2.(美)阿维纳什?迪克西特,罗伯特?平迪克著,朱勇、黄立虎、丁新娅、朱静译:《不确定性条件下的投资》,中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
    3.(加)约翰?C?赫尔著,张陶伟译:《期货期权入门》,中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
    中文文献
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    4.伍海华、杨德平著:《随机过程-金融资产定价之应用》,中国金融出版社2002年版。
    5.门明著:《金融衍生工具原理与应用》,对外经济贸易大学出版社1999年版。
    6.门明著:《金融工程学》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2000年版。
    7.周子康,杨春鹏著:“实物期权与金融期权”,《管理现代化》,2001年第五期。
    8.杨春鹏,伍海华著:“实物期权在专利权价值评估中的应用”,《系统工程理论与实践》,2002年第6期。
    9.王永平著:“不确定性情况下的投资决策理论-期权的观点”,《技术经济与管理研究》2001年第2期。
    10.周春生、常青、郭良勤著:“等待的价值-未来不确定性条件下的建设项目投资决策分析”,《经济研究》,2001年第8期。
    11.张永峰、杨树锋、贾承造、陈汉林、凌春华著“用于油气勘探项目战略
    
    
    经济评价的实物期权法”,《石油学报》2003年第1期。
    12.凌春华、杨克著:“油气勘探经济评价新方法的研究—实物期权法”,《中国软科学》2003年第7期。
    13.高世葵、董大忠著:“油气勘探经济评价的实物期权法与传统方法的综述分析与比较”,《中国矿业》2004年第1期。
    14.李涛著:“自然资源开发项目的实物期权评价方法”,《成都信息工程学院学报》2002年第4期。
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    16.陈远东著:“石油产业特点与其跨国直接投资的形成”,《内蒙古科技与经济》2003年第5期。
    17.杨象平著:“石油基本建设的特点”,《石油规划设计》1998年第6期。
    18.张庆伟著:“实物期权在石油勘探中的应用”,《西安石油学院学报》2002年第3期。
    19.赵乐强、宗国洪、郭元龄、张燕、高磊、石红霞著:“我国油气勘探经济评价面临问题的探讨”,《油气地质与采收率》2002年第1期。
    20.罗东坤著:“油气勘探经济评价方法”,《油气地质与采收率》2002年第1期。
    21.刘声猛、田泽、陈西玲、金业青著“期权方法在石油开发项目评价中的应用探析”,《江汉石油学院学报》2003年第3期。
    22.郝洪、郑仕敏著“石油开发项目决策的期权方法”,《石油大学学报》2003年第2期。
    23.曹艳、孙彦彬、张博、刘永建著“石油工程项目投资决策中复合期权模型的应用”,《大庆石油学院学报》2003年第4期。
    24.董旭东著“实物期权思维对传统投资决策方法的修正”,《化工技术经济》2002年第5期。

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