猪场废水IC厌氧—三沟式氧化沟工艺技术研究
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摘要
随着集约化、机械化养猪业的发展，养猪场所带来的环境污染已日趋严重。目前规模化猪场废水大多数仅仅采用传统厌氧工艺，无法满足越来越严格的废水排放要求。针对猪场废水有机污染物浓度高、难处理的现状，本论文采用IC厌氧-三沟式氧化沟的组合工艺路线进行研究，重点考察了三沟式氧化沟处理猪场废水厌氧消化液的工艺性能和处理效果，主要结论如下：
猪场废水先进入IC厌氧反应器进行消化处理，考察了IC反应器启动过程和IC厌氧运行效果，实验表明，IC反应器启动初期容积负荷较低，HRT过长不利于COD去除率的上升；IC反应器对不同浓度猪场废水在水力停留时间较短(HRT=5.4h、7.6h、9.4h)的情况下都有很好的去除效果，COD去除率稳定在80.85％～90.2％；温度在16℃以上IC反应器运行良好，COD去除率达80％以上。
猪场废水IC厌氧消化液再进入三沟式氧化沟进行好氧处理。对三沟式氧化沟在两种模式下(硝化模式和硝化-反硝化模式)进行比较，结果表明，从出水的有机物、悬浮物的去除效果来看，两种模式相差不大，而硝化-反硝化模式在脱氮、除磷和动力消耗方面明显优于硝化模式。考察了温度、水力停留时间(有机负荷)、碳氮比等对硝化-反硝化模式的运行效果的影响，结果表明，COD和TN的去除率均受温度的影响，尤以TN的去除率受影响更大；三沟式氧化沟处理IC厌氧消化液的最佳HRT为18h；碳源的数量以及碳源质量的高低是决定反硝化效果的重要因素。运行周期中反硝化运行和硝化运行的时间比t_(DN)／t_N是平衡处理系统反硝化、硝化能力的重要参数，分别比较了t_(DN)／t_N为0.17、0.27、0.40、0.56四种不同组合的运行效果(运行周期均为8h)，结果表明，当硝化能力与反硝化潜能最接近时，即t_(DN)／t_N为0.4时，脱氮效果最好。总结了三沟式氧化沟中累积出现的微生物种类，统计了日常出现的优势种群以及微生物在不同条件改变的特点。从提高脱氮效果、提高除磷效果、控制污泥膨胀等方面提出了便于操作的措施和建议。采用ASM1来表达水质变量的物料平衡方程，建立了动态的三沟式氧化沟水质模型，模拟结果显示，各水质变量的变化都表现出不同程度的周期性，特别突出的峰值出现的原因主要是受边界条件突然变化的影响，通过模拟结果和实测结果比较，模型具有较好的预测性。
论文最后探讨了IC厌氧-三沟式氧化沟组合工艺处理猪场废水的特点，COD总去除率高达97％，NH_3-N去除率达到78.6％，处理出水除TP外都能达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》。同时结合实际工程实例，分析比较猪场废水达标治理运行费用，得出本组合工艺具有处理效果好、流程简单、构筑物少、运行管理费用低等特点，最后提出一套猪场废水达标治理工艺——IC厌氧-三沟式氧化沟组合工艺。
With the development of mechanized piggeries, environmental pollution that it brought about has become more and more serious. Conventional anaerobic processes are merely adopted by the piggeries now, so it can not meet the discharge standard of pollutants. It is difficult to treat piggery wastewater due to higher organic waste contained in it. In this paper IC anaerobic-triple oxidation ditch was adopted and process performance and treatment efficiency of triple oxidation ditch(T-ditch) treating piggery wastewater were emphasized. The main conclusions are as fellows:
Firstly, piggery wastewater is treated with IC anaerobic reactor. Then the start-up of the reactor and operation efficiency are studied. It is discovered that cubage load is lower in the forepart of the start-up and overlong HRT is against the treatment efficiency of COD removal. The treatment efficiency of the different concentration in piggery wastewater is good under short HRT (HRT=5.4h, 7.6h, 9.4h) with IC anaerobic reactor, and removal rate of the COD reaches 80.85%~90.2%. The operation of IC reactor is in a good condition under 16癈, which reaches 80%.
Afterward, IC anaerobically digested effluent of piggery wastewater is treated with T-ditch. T-ditch process with nitrification and denitrification can achieve a better performance in removal of COD and SS, and is reliable in operation. The removal efficiency of TN TP in the process are better than that of only combined with nitrification. The influence of the temperature, HRT and C/N to the efficiency of the denitrification operation is studied. The removal rate of COD and TN is influenced by the temperature; especially the influence of the removal rate of TN is bigger. The best HRT is 18h when IC anaerobically digested effluent is treated with T-ditch. The amount and quality of carbon source are the important factors to the denitrification.
It was found that the ratio of the duration for denitrification phase and that for nitrification, tDN/t, is an important parameter to balance denitrification potential and nitrification capability. By comparing four different tDN/tN:0.17, 0.27, 0.40, 0.56, the best nitrogen removal efficiency can be achieved while tDN/tN is 0.40. The microzoon species appearing in T-ditch operation were summarized in this paper, and some characteristics of biofacies in different conditions were discussed. Some detailed suggestions for improving TN, TP removal, controlling sludge bulking, et al in operation T-ditch are provided. The mass balance equations using ASM1 and the water quality model of T-ditch are established. The simulation result shows that the variety of different water quality represents the periodicity of various degrees and the reason of the appearance of especial peak value is mainly of boundary condition. By comparing the simulation and practice result, the water quality model of T-ditch is good for prediction. .
Last, the characters of IC Anaerobic-Triple Oxidation Ditch for Piggery Wastewater
are discussed. The total removal rate of the COD is 97% and the removal rate of the NH3-N is 97%. Therefore, the treated wastewater could meet the discharge standard of pollutants. By comparing the operative expense between this process and practical terms, the former have the good efficiency of treatment for simple flow, few building, low expense of operative and management et al. Finally, IC anaerobic-triple oxidation ditch is concluded.
猪场废水先进入IC厌氧反应器进行消化处理，考察了IC反应器启动过程和IC厌氧运行效果，实验表明，IC反应器启动初期容积负荷较低，HRT过长不利于COD去除率的上升；IC反应器对不同浓度猪场废水在水力停留时间较短(HRT=5.4h、7.6h、9.4h)的情况下都有很好的去除效果，COD去除率稳定在80.85％～90.2％；温度在16℃以上IC反应器运行良好，COD去除率达80％以上。
猪场废水IC厌氧消化液再进入三沟式氧化沟进行好氧处理。对三沟式氧化沟在两种模式下(硝化模式和硝化-反硝化模式)进行比较，结果表明，从出水的有机物、悬浮物的去除效果来看，两种模式相差不大，而硝化-反硝化模式在脱氮、除磷和动力消耗方面明显优于硝化模式。考察了温度、水力停留时间(有机负荷)、碳氮比等对硝化-反硝化模式的运行效果的影响，结果表明，COD和TN的去除率均受温度的影响，尤以TN的去除率受影响更大；三沟式氧化沟处理IC厌氧消化液的最佳HRT为18h；碳源的数量以及碳源质量的高低是决定反硝化效果的重要因素。运行周期中反硝化运行和硝化运行的时间比t_(DN)／t_N是平衡处理系统反硝化、硝化能力的重要参数，分别比较了t_(DN)／t_N为0.17、0.27、0.40、0.56四种不同组合的运行效果(运行周期均为8h)，结果表明，当硝化能力与反硝化潜能最接近时，即t_(DN)／t_N为0.4时，脱氮效果最好。总结了三沟式氧化沟中累积出现的微生物种类，统计了日常出现的优势种群以及微生物在不同条件改变的特点。从提高脱氮效果、提高除磷效果、控制污泥膨胀等方面提出了便于操作的措施和建议。采用ASM1来表达水质变量的物料平衡方程，建立了动态的三沟式氧化沟水质模型，模拟结果显示，各水质变量的变化都表现出不同程度的周期性，特别突出的峰值出现的原因主要是受边界条件突然变化的影响，通过模拟结果和实测结果比较，模型具有较好的预测性。
论文最后探讨了IC厌氧-三沟式氧化沟组合工艺处理猪场废水的特点，COD总去除率高达97％，NH_3-N去除率达到78.6％，处理出水除TP外都能达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》。同时结合实际工程实例，分析比较猪场废水达标治理运行费用，得出本组合工艺具有处理效果好、流程简单、构筑物少、运行管理费用低等特点，最后提出一套猪场废水达标治理工艺——IC厌氧-三沟式氧化沟组合工艺。
With the development of mechanized piggeries, environmental pollution that it brought about has become more and more serious. Conventional anaerobic processes are merely adopted by the piggeries now, so it can not meet the discharge standard of pollutants. It is difficult to treat piggery wastewater due to higher organic waste contained in it. In this paper IC anaerobic-triple oxidation ditch was adopted and process performance and treatment efficiency of triple oxidation ditch(T-ditch) treating piggery wastewater were emphasized. The main conclusions are as fellows:
Firstly, piggery wastewater is treated with IC anaerobic reactor. Then the start-up of the reactor and operation efficiency are studied. It is discovered that cubage load is lower in the forepart of the start-up and overlong HRT is against the treatment efficiency of COD removal. The treatment efficiency of the different concentration in piggery wastewater is good under short HRT (HRT=5.4h, 7.6h, 9.4h) with IC anaerobic reactor, and removal rate of the COD reaches 80.85%~90.2%. The operation of IC reactor is in a good condition under 16癈, which reaches 80%.
Afterward, IC anaerobically digested effluent of piggery wastewater is treated with T-ditch. T-ditch process with nitrification and denitrification can achieve a better performance in removal of COD and SS, and is reliable in operation. The removal efficiency of TN TP in the process are better than that of only combined with nitrification. The influence of the temperature, HRT and C/N to the efficiency of the denitrification operation is studied. The removal rate of COD and TN is influenced by the temperature; especially the influence of the removal rate of TN is bigger. The best HRT is 18h when IC anaerobically digested effluent is treated with T-ditch. The amount and quality of carbon source are the important factors to the denitrification.
It was found that the ratio of the duration for denitrification phase and that for nitrification, tDN/t, is an important parameter to balance denitrification potential and nitrification capability. By comparing four different tDN/tN:0.17, 0.27, 0.40, 0.56, the best nitrogen removal efficiency can be achieved while tDN/tN is 0.40. The microzoon species appearing in T-ditch operation were summarized in this paper, and some characteristics of biofacies in different conditions were discussed. Some detailed suggestions for improving TN, TP removal, controlling sludge bulking, et al in operation T-ditch are provided. The mass balance equations using ASM1 and the water quality model of T-ditch are established. The simulation result shows that the variety of different water quality represents the periodicity of various degrees and the reason of the appearance of especial peak value is mainly of boundary condition. By comparing the simulation and practice result, the water quality model of T-ditch is good for prediction. .
Last, the characters of IC Anaerobic-Triple Oxidation Ditch for Piggery Wastewater
are discussed. The total removal rate of the COD is 97% and the removal rate of the NH3-N is 97%. Therefore, the treated wastewater could meet the discharge standard of pollutants. By comparing the operative expense between this process and practical terms, the former have the good efficiency of treatment for simple flow, few building, low expense of operative and management et al. Finally, IC anaerobic-triple oxidation ditch is concluded.
引文
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