论遗产债权的法律保护
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摘要
自然人死亡，有两个方面的财产问题需要处理，一是哪些人有权取得遗产；另一方面是死者的债务如何落实。对第一个问题，我国《继承法》规制的比较详尽，而对第二个问题，限于当时的社会经济条件和立法背景，现行《继承法》“盲区”较多。完善我国遗产债权保护机制对于《民法典》的修订和市场秩序的稳定具有迫切的理论和现实意义。遗产债权的保护肇始于罗马法，在古罗马，一开始，债的关系被认为是人身关系，债务人死亡，债归于消灭，后发展为概括继承，即继承人承继被继承人所有的财产和债务。随后，罗马法学家发现这对继承人有失公平，于是产生了限定继承制度，并以“财产清单利益”和“遗产分离”制度来予以制约。罗马法的这两项制度为后世大陆法国家所吸收，各国根据自己的国情对这两项制度进行了推演和升华——德国法设定了遗产管理，遗产清册及遗产破产，法国法确定了财产清单利益、放弃、承认继承制度，瑞士确定了推定放弃继承，官方清算及公式财产清单制度。与其它大陆法国家相比，我国遗产债权保护立法过于原则，存在诸多缺陷：立法原则缺位；遗产界定不够科学；遗产债务及应负担的费用没有明确；无条件限定继承制度使继承人和遗产债权人的保护机制失衡；缺乏有效的遗产管理制度；遗产债权的清偿无程序法保障。我国的遗产债权保护机制应从实体和程序两个方面全方位的予以改造——在实体法方面：首先确立“遗产债权受法律保护的基本原则”，遗产的界定应以法律地位说为基础，另辅以但书，被继承人生前对继承人因结婚、营业、分居等事项所受之赠与应视为遗产，遗产债务只能是被继承人生前行为所引起的公法和私法意义上的债务，不包括继承费用，继承费用虽由遗产支付，但只属遗产的负担。我国无条件限定继承制度应予以全方位的改良：确立以概括继承和限定继承并存的继承方式，继承人享有限定继承利益的前提是遗产债权人请求遗产分离，或继承人主张遗产不足以清偿债务而被推定放弃继承，继承人不履行诚实告知义务将丧失限定继承利益。设立遗产管理制度，防范管理人滥用管理权而损害债权人利益行为的发生。遗产债权人的利益不仅可以因继承人的行为受损，也有可能因
为被继承人的生前行为哪，刚一产觎人以代位权辱0湖权。我国赔
立派的遗产清偿程序，艇一人、遗产债权人，遗产管理人的申顾启动，
或诉讼中法院查明事实后用于启动。激启动后由法院脑公告，催促债权人申报
债权＼债务人履行债务，申报的债权主法院登记，遗产债权在支付继承费用后按优
先觎，工资和摊费用、漱，普通债权，罚金（罚款），）j贩子以雕，不臊
偿的，同一 按比例清偿。
On the protection of the creditor's right about inheritance
After death, one's properties have to be dealt with in the following two aspects: who has the right to gain the inheritance and how the debts should be settled. The former is stated in details in China's Law of Succession. As for the latter, our present Law of Succession is far from perfect, having lots of "blanks" resulting from the past social economic conditions and the background of legislation. Therefore, to improve our protection system of creditor's rights is of urgent significance in theory and practice for the revision of Civil Law as well as the stability of market laws. Creditor's right protection originated from Jus Romanum. In ancient Rome, obligatio was first thought to be personal relation. The debt was gone with the death of the detitor, which later on developed into general succession, that is, the heir inherited all the properties and debts. Afterwards Roman lawyers discovered it was unfair for the heir, so they introduced the system of limited succession with property account interests and
succession separation to restrict it. These two systems in Jus Romanum were later absorbed by civil law countries and then publicized and improved according to their own national situations. In German law inheritance management, account and bankruptcy were set up. In French law, property account interests, abandonment and admission of succession were affirmed. In Switzerland constructive abandonment of succession, official account and formula property account were established. Compared to other civil law countries, in China the legislation of inheritance obligation protection is too much based on principles and many faults exist in it: the legislation principles aren't perfect, the definition of inheritance isn't scientific enough, inherited debts and the charge to be paid aren't made clear. Unconditionedly, limited succession results in the loss of balance in the protection of the heir and the obligee(claimant). Inheritance management system is lack, and there is no special procedure law to ensure inherita
nce obligation clearing. Our protection system of inheritance obligation should be improved in entity and procedure in all sides. In entity, basic principles should be confirmed that inheritance obligation
must be protected by law; the recognition of inheritance must be based on lawful status, assisted by a proviso; the denoted properties from the decedent to the heir due to marriage, business, a mensa et thoro and so on after the decedent's death should be regarded as inheritance. Inheritance obligation should only be that caused by the decedent's behavior, based on public law and private law. Succession charge only belongs to inheritance. Our Unconditionedly limited succession system must be improved in all sides. For example, We must confirm a succession system based on the co-existence of general succession and limited succession on the premise that the claimant claims inheritance separation, or claims that the inheritance should be conducted as abandonment of succession, because it isn't enough for paying off debts. The heir will lose the interests from limited succession because of not performing the duty of honestly telling the truth. So succession management system must be established to prevent manage
rs abusing their administrative power and doing damage to the claimant's interests. The claimant's interests can be damaged not only because of the heir's behavior, but also because of the decedent's behavior before death, for which subrogation and abatement should be vested in the claimant. In our country, separate succession amortization procedure should be created which is based on the heir and the claimant, and which is operated with the manager's application or after facts are found out by courts n litigation. After the procedure is operated, the court makes a public declaration urging the claimant to apply for creditors rights and the debtor to perform his debita. Applied obligation should be enrolled by courts. Succession
为被继承人的生前行为哪，刚一产觎人以代位权辱0湖权。我国赔
立派的遗产清偿程序，艇一人、遗产债权人，遗产管理人的申顾启动，
或诉讼中法院查明事实后用于启动。激启动后由法院脑公告，催促债权人申报
债权＼债务人履行债务，申报的债权主法院登记，遗产债权在支付继承费用后按优
先觎，工资和摊费用、漱，普通债权，罚金（罚款），）j贩子以雕，不臊
偿的，同一 按比例清偿。
On the protection of the creditor's right about inheritance
After death, one's properties have to be dealt with in the following two aspects: who has the right to gain the inheritance and how the debts should be settled. The former is stated in details in China's Law of Succession. As for the latter, our present Law of Succession is far from perfect, having lots of "blanks" resulting from the past social economic conditions and the background of legislation. Therefore, to improve our protection system of creditor's rights is of urgent significance in theory and practice for the revision of Civil Law as well as the stability of market laws. Creditor's right protection originated from Jus Romanum. In ancient Rome, obligatio was first thought to be personal relation. The debt was gone with the death of the detitor, which later on developed into general succession, that is, the heir inherited all the properties and debts. Afterwards Roman lawyers discovered it was unfair for the heir, so they introduced the system of limited succession with property account interests and
succession separation to restrict it. These two systems in Jus Romanum were later absorbed by civil law countries and then publicized and improved according to their own national situations. In German law inheritance management, account and bankruptcy were set up. In French law, property account interests, abandonment and admission of succession were affirmed. In Switzerland constructive abandonment of succession, official account and formula property account were established. Compared to other civil law countries, in China the legislation of inheritance obligation protection is too much based on principles and many faults exist in it: the legislation principles aren't perfect, the definition of inheritance isn't scientific enough, inherited debts and the charge to be paid aren't made clear. Unconditionedly, limited succession results in the loss of balance in the protection of the heir and the obligee(claimant). Inheritance management system is lack, and there is no special procedure law to ensure inherita
nce obligation clearing. Our protection system of inheritance obligation should be improved in entity and procedure in all sides. In entity, basic principles should be confirmed that inheritance obligation
must be protected by law; the recognition of inheritance must be based on lawful status, assisted by a proviso; the denoted properties from the decedent to the heir due to marriage, business, a mensa et thoro and so on after the decedent's death should be regarded as inheritance. Inheritance obligation should only be that caused by the decedent's behavior, based on public law and private law. Succession charge only belongs to inheritance. Our Unconditionedly limited succession system must be improved in all sides. For example, We must confirm a succession system based on the co-existence of general succession and limited succession on the premise that the claimant claims inheritance separation, or claims that the inheritance should be conducted as abandonment of succession, because it isn't enough for paying off debts. The heir will lose the interests from limited succession because of not performing the duty of honestly telling the truth. So succession management system must be established to prevent manage
rs abusing their administrative power and doing damage to the claimant's interests. The claimant's interests can be damaged not only because of the heir's behavior, but also because of the decedent's behavior before death, for which subrogation and abatement should be vested in the claimant. In our country, separate succession amortization procedure should be created which is based on the heir and the claimant, and which is operated with the manager's application or after facts are found out by courts n litigation. After the procedure is operated, the court makes a public declaration urging the claimant to apply for creditors rights and the debtor to perform his debita. Applied obligation should be enrolled by courts. Succession
引文
1、佟柔主编《继承法教程》法律出版社 1986年版。
2、刘春茂主编《中国民法学，财产继承》中国人民公安大学出版社 90年版。
3、郭明瑞 房绍坤著，《继承法》法律出版社 1996年版。
4、史尚宪《继承法论》中国政法大学出版社 97年版。
5、《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社 1956年版。
6、叶自强《论程序法的独特价值》，载《诉讼法论丛》第4卷。
7、张玉敏《财产继承中债权人利益的保护》，载《现代法学》1997年2期。
8、刘素萍主编《继承法》中国人民大学出版社 1988年版。
9、《罗马法教科书》，中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
10、罗鼎·重民著《民法继承论》，上海法学编译社会文尝新记事局发行。
11、张玉敏著《继承法律制度研究》，法律出版社 1999年版。
12、张玉敏著《论限定继承》，载《中国法学》1993年第2期。
13、李双元、温世扬主编《比较民法学》，武汉大学出版社 1998年版。
14、齐树洁、林兴登《论继承法对债权人利益的保护》，《厦门大学学报》98年3期。
15、曹满章 曹登润《设立死亡公民清产还债程序初探》载《现代法学》96年5期。
16、王建新编《香港婚姻家庭与继承实务》，人民法院出版社 1997年版。
17、巴里·尼古拉斯著 黄风译《罗马法概论》，法律出版社 2000年版。
18、殷生根 王燕译《瑞士民法典》，中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
19、杜景林 卢谌译《德国民法典》，中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
20、路易斯·亨利·摩尔根《古代社会》，商务印书馆 1987年版。
21、周布枬著《罗马法原论》，商务印书馆 2001年版。
22、郭明瑞 关涛 房绍坤编，《继承法》(教学参考书)法律出版社 1999年版。
23、马育民译《法国民法典》，北京大学出版社 1982年版。
24、周少元 何宁生编《中国法制史》，人民法院出版社 20O3年版。
2、刘春茂主编《中国民法学，财产继承》中国人民公安大学出版社 90年版。
3、郭明瑞 房绍坤著，《继承法》法律出版社 1996年版。
4、史尚宪《继承法论》中国政法大学出版社 97年版。
5、《马克思恩格斯全集》第1卷，人民出版社 1956年版。
6、叶自强《论程序法的独特价值》，载《诉讼法论丛》第4卷。
7、张玉敏《财产继承中债权人利益的保护》，载《现代法学》1997年2期。
8、刘素萍主编《继承法》中国人民大学出版社 1988年版。
9、《罗马法教科书》，中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
10、罗鼎·重民著《民法继承论》，上海法学编译社会文尝新记事局发行。
11、张玉敏著《继承法律制度研究》，法律出版社 1999年版。
12、张玉敏著《论限定继承》，载《中国法学》1993年第2期。
13、李双元、温世扬主编《比较民法学》，武汉大学出版社 1998年版。
14、齐树洁、林兴登《论继承法对债权人利益的保护》，《厦门大学学报》98年3期。
15、曹满章 曹登润《设立死亡公民清产还债程序初探》载《现代法学》96年5期。
16、王建新编《香港婚姻家庭与继承实务》，人民法院出版社 1997年版。
17、巴里·尼古拉斯著 黄风译《罗马法概论》，法律出版社 2000年版。
18、殷生根 王燕译《瑞士民法典》，中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
19、杜景林 卢谌译《德国民法典》，中国政法大学出版社 1999年版。
20、路易斯·亨利·摩尔根《古代社会》，商务印书馆 1987年版。
21、周布枬著《罗马法原论》，商务印书馆 2001年版。
22、郭明瑞 关涛 房绍坤编，《继承法》(教学参考书)法律出版社 1999年版。
23、马育民译《法国民法典》，北京大学出版社 1982年版。
24、周少元 何宁生编《中国法制史》，人民法院出版社 20O3年版。
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