违约损害赔偿的范围和计算
摘要
违约损害赔偿，是有一定范围的。本划洽同的本质入手，重点论述了违约损害赔偿的范围，同时，对与范围问题密切相关的违约损害赔偿的计算，也予以了论述。
第一部分：引言
这一部分主要论述了合同的本质。合同的本质，对违约损害赔偿的范围和计算，均有较大影响。合同的本质，已不仅仅是双方当事人的合意，而是在其中渗入了主要体现为法律的社会普遍意志。
第二部分：违约损害赔偿的范围
这一部分论述了两个问题：(一)违约方赔偿的对象：合同相对人的损害；(二)违约方损害赔偿的限定规则。
违约造成的损害，包括合同相对人蒙受的损害，也可能包括第三人蒙受的损害。依据合同的相对性理论，违约方赔偿的对象，只限于合同相对人的损害，而不包括第三人的损害。合同相对人的损害，包括财产损害和非财产损害，财产损害又包括所受损害和所失利益；无论是所受损害还是所失利益，无论是财产损害还是非财产损害，都应予以赔偿。但是，并不是合同相对人事实上蒙受的全部损害都能得到赔偿，换言之，违约方的损害赔偿是受到限定的。
违约方损害赔偿的限定规则主要有：可预见性规则、损益相抵规则、过失相抵规则、减损规则。可预见性规则是违约方损害赔偿的基本的限定规则，依该规则，可预见性的判断标准为一抽象的不确定标准即社会一般人的预见能力，从而可预见性规则不是十分严密，应以规范保护目的说予以补充和修正；可预见性规则中，预见的主体为违约方，预见的时间为合同缔结时，对可预见性的判断以社会一般人的预见能力为标准。损益相抵规则、过失相抵规则、减损规则，是违约方损害赔偿的重要的限定规则，对这三种限定规则，这一部分主要论述了其内涵、适用条件。损益相抵规则的适用条件有三，一是违约损害赔偿之债已经成立，二是受害方受有利益，三是违约行为和利益之间具有因果关系；损益相抵专属于损害赔偿问题，在抽象损害赔偿和具体损害赔偿中都有其适用。过失相抵规则的适用条件有二，一是受害方有过失，二是受害方的过失行为助成损害的发生。减损规则的适用条件有三，一是损害的发生由违约方所致，二是受害方未
采取合理措施防止损害扩大，三是损害因受害方未采取合理措施而扩大。
另外，对减损规则，这一部分还论述了减损措施的主要类型。
第三部分:违约损害赔偿的计算
违约损害赔偿的计算，与违约损害赔偿的范围密切相关。对违约损害
赔偿的计算，这一部分主要论述了其计算基础、计算方法、计算的标准时、
计算的地点标准。违约损害赔偿的计算基础有二，一是期待利益，一是信
赖利益;其中，期待利益居于原则性地位，信赖利益居于补充地位，信赖
利益主要存在于利润难于确定场合和亏本合同场合。请求期待利益赔偿时，
赔偿额由价值损失、其他损失、避免的费用、避免的损失四个方面计算得
出，其中，价值损失的计算有价值差额和修复费用两个标准。违约损害赔
偿的计算方法亦有二，一是抽象的计算方法，一是具体的计算方法，其中
抽象的计算方法代表着计算方法的发展趋势。违约损害赔偿的计算标准时，
没有单一的标准时点，它包括违约时、应履行合同时、裁判时、中间最高
价格时等多种时点。对于违约损害赔偿的计算基础、计算方法、计算标准
时，受害方享有一定的选择权。最后，违约损害赔偿计算的地点标准是债
务履行地。
Compensation for breach of contract is limited to a certain extent. This thesis, starting with analysis of the nature of contract, mainly discusses the extent of damages for breach of contract and the assessment of damages for breach of contract closely related to the extent.
The first part of this thesis, namely introduction, mainly discusses the essence of contract, which, having great effects on the scope and assessment of damages for breach of contract, is not only the consensus of both parties to the contract, but also embodies public will which has been translated into law.
The second part, the scope of damages for breach of contract, mainly focuses on two aspects, (1) the damage compensated by the party in breach of contract, is the damage suffered by the aggrieved party from a breach of contract, and (2) the methods restricting damages imposed on the party in breach.
When one party to the contract has breached the contract, the other party to the contract, as well as a third party who is not a party to the contract, may be damaged. But according to the privity doctrine, only the other party's damage will be compensated, and the third party's not. The other party's damage consists of property damage, which includes damage suffered and profit lost, and non-property damage, both of which
should be compensated. But it should be noted that not all the damage factually suffered by the other party are compensated.
The methods restricting damages imposed on the party in breach mainly are: the rule of foreseeability, the rule of balancing out increase and decrease, the rule of contributory negligence, and the rule of mitigation of damage. The rule of foreseeability is the basic among these methods, and, should be supplemented and corrected by the use of the theory of the protection purpose of the norm, being abstract and uncertain standards. According to the rule of foreseeability, it is the party in breach who should foresee, it is when the contract is made that he should foresee, and he should foresee as a common person may do.
The contents and applicability of the other three methods of damages restriction are also discussed in this part. The rule of balancing out increase and decrease, being available in both abstract and concrete damages for breach of contract, is applied when the following are satisfied, (1) there stands a debt of damage for breach of contract, (2) the aggrieved party gains some profits, and (3) there is cause and effect relationship between breach of contract and the profits. The rule of contributory negligence is applied when the following are satisfied, (1) the aggrieved party is in default concerning the loss suffered, and (2) his defaulting acts contribute to that loss. The rule of mitigation doctrine is applied when the following are satisfied. (1) the damage is resulted from
the breach of contract by the party in breach, (2)the aggrieved party does not take reasonable steps to mitigate the damage, and (3)thus makes the damage aggravated. Additionally, the types of mitigation are discussed too.
Assessment of damages for breach of contract is closely correlated to the scope of damages for breach of contract. Therefore, the third part is mainly concerned with the bases of, the methods of, the time for and the location for assessment. The basis of assessment includes the expectation and the reliance interest. The expectation interest is of principle and the reliance interest is supplementary. The reliance interest mainly appears in contracts which are profitless and where profits are difficultly ascertained. There are two methods of assessment, abstract and concrete, and the abstract one indicates the ongoing and future trend of assessment. The time for assessment is of variety, such as the time of breach, the time of judgment, and so forth. The location of assessment is where the obligations are performed.
第一部分：引言
这一部分主要论述了合同的本质。合同的本质，对违约损害赔偿的范围和计算，均有较大影响。合同的本质，已不仅仅是双方当事人的合意，而是在其中渗入了主要体现为法律的社会普遍意志。
第二部分：违约损害赔偿的范围
这一部分论述了两个问题：(一)违约方赔偿的对象：合同相对人的损害；(二)违约方损害赔偿的限定规则。
违约造成的损害，包括合同相对人蒙受的损害，也可能包括第三人蒙受的损害。依据合同的相对性理论，违约方赔偿的对象，只限于合同相对人的损害，而不包括第三人的损害。合同相对人的损害，包括财产损害和非财产损害，财产损害又包括所受损害和所失利益；无论是所受损害还是所失利益，无论是财产损害还是非财产损害，都应予以赔偿。但是，并不是合同相对人事实上蒙受的全部损害都能得到赔偿，换言之，违约方的损害赔偿是受到限定的。
违约方损害赔偿的限定规则主要有：可预见性规则、损益相抵规则、过失相抵规则、减损规则。可预见性规则是违约方损害赔偿的基本的限定规则，依该规则，可预见性的判断标准为一抽象的不确定标准即社会一般人的预见能力，从而可预见性规则不是十分严密，应以规范保护目的说予以补充和修正；可预见性规则中，预见的主体为违约方，预见的时间为合同缔结时，对可预见性的判断以社会一般人的预见能力为标准。损益相抵规则、过失相抵规则、减损规则，是违约方损害赔偿的重要的限定规则，对这三种限定规则，这一部分主要论述了其内涵、适用条件。损益相抵规则的适用条件有三，一是违约损害赔偿之债已经成立，二是受害方受有利益，三是违约行为和利益之间具有因果关系；损益相抵专属于损害赔偿问题，在抽象损害赔偿和具体损害赔偿中都有其适用。过失相抵规则的适用条件有二，一是受害方有过失，二是受害方的过失行为助成损害的发生。减损规则的适用条件有三，一是损害的发生由违约方所致，二是受害方未
采取合理措施防止损害扩大，三是损害因受害方未采取合理措施而扩大。
另外，对减损规则，这一部分还论述了减损措施的主要类型。
第三部分:违约损害赔偿的计算
违约损害赔偿的计算，与违约损害赔偿的范围密切相关。对违约损害
赔偿的计算，这一部分主要论述了其计算基础、计算方法、计算的标准时、
计算的地点标准。违约损害赔偿的计算基础有二，一是期待利益，一是信
赖利益;其中，期待利益居于原则性地位，信赖利益居于补充地位，信赖
利益主要存在于利润难于确定场合和亏本合同场合。请求期待利益赔偿时，
赔偿额由价值损失、其他损失、避免的费用、避免的损失四个方面计算得
出，其中，价值损失的计算有价值差额和修复费用两个标准。违约损害赔
偿的计算方法亦有二，一是抽象的计算方法，一是具体的计算方法，其中
抽象的计算方法代表着计算方法的发展趋势。违约损害赔偿的计算标准时，
没有单一的标准时点，它包括违约时、应履行合同时、裁判时、中间最高
价格时等多种时点。对于违约损害赔偿的计算基础、计算方法、计算标准
时，受害方享有一定的选择权。最后，违约损害赔偿计算的地点标准是债
务履行地。
Compensation for breach of contract is limited to a certain extent. This thesis, starting with analysis of the nature of contract, mainly discusses the extent of damages for breach of contract and the assessment of damages for breach of contract closely related to the extent.
The first part of this thesis, namely introduction, mainly discusses the essence of contract, which, having great effects on the scope and assessment of damages for breach of contract, is not only the consensus of both parties to the contract, but also embodies public will which has been translated into law.
The second part, the scope of damages for breach of contract, mainly focuses on two aspects, (1) the damage compensated by the party in breach of contract, is the damage suffered by the aggrieved party from a breach of contract, and (2) the methods restricting damages imposed on the party in breach.
When one party to the contract has breached the contract, the other party to the contract, as well as a third party who is not a party to the contract, may be damaged. But according to the privity doctrine, only the other party's damage will be compensated, and the third party's not. The other party's damage consists of property damage, which includes damage suffered and profit lost, and non-property damage, both of which
should be compensated. But it should be noted that not all the damage factually suffered by the other party are compensated.
The methods restricting damages imposed on the party in breach mainly are: the rule of foreseeability, the rule of balancing out increase and decrease, the rule of contributory negligence, and the rule of mitigation of damage. The rule of foreseeability is the basic among these methods, and, should be supplemented and corrected by the use of the theory of the protection purpose of the norm, being abstract and uncertain standards. According to the rule of foreseeability, it is the party in breach who should foresee, it is when the contract is made that he should foresee, and he should foresee as a common person may do.
The contents and applicability of the other three methods of damages restriction are also discussed in this part. The rule of balancing out increase and decrease, being available in both abstract and concrete damages for breach of contract, is applied when the following are satisfied, (1) there stands a debt of damage for breach of contract, (2) the aggrieved party gains some profits, and (3) there is cause and effect relationship between breach of contract and the profits. The rule of contributory negligence is applied when the following are satisfied, (1) the aggrieved party is in default concerning the loss suffered, and (2) his defaulting acts contribute to that loss. The rule of mitigation doctrine is applied when the following are satisfied. (1) the damage is resulted from
the breach of contract by the party in breach, (2)the aggrieved party does not take reasonable steps to mitigate the damage, and (3)thus makes the damage aggravated. Additionally, the types of mitigation are discussed too.
Assessment of damages for breach of contract is closely correlated to the scope of damages for breach of contract. Therefore, the third part is mainly concerned with the bases of, the methods of, the time for and the location for assessment. The basis of assessment includes the expectation and the reliance interest. The expectation interest is of principle and the reliance interest is supplementary. The reliance interest mainly appears in contracts which are profitless and where profits are difficultly ascertained. There are two methods of assessment, abstract and concrete, and the abstract one indicates the ongoing and future trend of assessment. The time for assessment is of variety, such as the time of breach, the time of judgment, and so forth. The location of assessment is where the obligations are performed.
引文
1、李永军：《合用法原理》，北京：中国人民公安大学出版社1999年版。
2、王利明、崔建远：《合同法新论·总则》(修订版)，北京：中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
3、付静坤：《二十世纪契约法》，北京：法律出版社1997年版。
4、梁慧星：《民法》，成都：四川人民出版社1988年版。
5、曾世雄：《损害赔偿法原理》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
6、李巍：《联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释》，北京：法律出版社2002年版。
7、韩世远：《违约损害赔偿研究》，北京：法律出版社1999年版。
8、谢怀栻等：《合同法原理》，北京：法律出版社2001年版。
9、郑玉波：《民商法问题研究》(二)，台北自版。
10、王利明：《违约责任论》(修订版)，北京：中国政法大学出版社2002年版。
11、史尚宽：《债法总论》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
12、梁慧星：《民法解释学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社1995年版。
13、王利明、方流芳、郭明瑞：《民法新论》(上)，北京：中国政法大学出版社1988年版。
14、阿蒂亚：《合同法概述》(中译本)，北京：法律出版社1982年版。
15、黑格尔：《法哲学原理》，上海：商务印书馆1961年版。
16、韩世远：“非财产上损害与合同责任”，《法学》1998年第6期。
17、梁慧星：“从近代民法到现代民法”，梁慧星：《民法学说判例与立法研究》，北京：国家行政学院出版社1999年版。
18、朱卫国：“过失阳抵论”，梁慧星主编：《民商法论丛》第4卷，北京：法律出版社1996年版。
19、韩豫宛、何志：“论赔偿损失”，《法律适用》2000年第11期。
20、(美)富勒、帕迪尤：“合同损害赔偿中的信赖利益”，韩世远译，梁慧星主编：《民商法论丛》第7卷，北京：法律出版社1998年版。
21、最高人民法院中国应用法学研究所编：《人民法院案例选》1995年第1辑(总第11辑)，北京：人民法院出版社1995年版。
22、《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿若干问题的解释》，2001
年最高人民法院审判委员会第1161次会议通过，法释[2001]7号。
23、对外贸易经济合作部条约和法律司编译：《国际商事合同通则》，北京：法律出版社1996年版。
24、《法国民法典》，李浩培、吴传颐、孙鸣岗译，上海：商务印书馆1979年版。
25、Treitel, Treitel On Contract, Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.
26、G. H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, Steven & sons, 1983.
27、Harvin D. Pitch, Damages for Breach of Contract, The Carswell company Limited, 1985.
28、R. Birmingham, Damage Measures and Economic Rationality-The Security of Contract Law, Duke L. Rev, 1969.
29、E. Allan Fransworth, Fransworth on Contracts, vol: Ⅲ, Little, Brown and company, 1990.
30、F. H. Lawson, Remedies of English Law, Butterworths, 1980.
31、Edward. Yorio, Contract Enforcement: Specific Performance and Injunction, Little, Brown and company, 1989.
32、William L. Prosser, Law of Torts, West Publishing Co., 1971.
33、Swinton, "Foreseeability:Where Should the Award of Contract Damages Cease?", Reiter and Swan: Studies in Contract, 1980.
2、王利明、崔建远：《合同法新论·总则》(修订版)，北京：中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
3、付静坤：《二十世纪契约法》，北京：法律出版社1997年版。
4、梁慧星：《民法》，成都：四川人民出版社1988年版。
5、曾世雄：《损害赔偿法原理》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
6、李巍：《联合国国际货物销售合同公约评释》，北京：法律出版社2002年版。
7、韩世远：《违约损害赔偿研究》，北京：法律出版社1999年版。
8、谢怀栻等：《合同法原理》，北京：法律出版社2001年版。
9、郑玉波：《民商法问题研究》(二)，台北自版。
10、王利明：《违约责任论》(修订版)，北京：中国政法大学出版社2002年版。
11、史尚宽：《债法总论》，北京：中国政法大学出版社2000年版。
12、梁慧星：《民法解释学》，北京：中国政法大学出版社1995年版。
13、王利明、方流芳、郭明瑞：《民法新论》(上)，北京：中国政法大学出版社1988年版。
14、阿蒂亚：《合同法概述》(中译本)，北京：法律出版社1982年版。
15、黑格尔：《法哲学原理》，上海：商务印书馆1961年版。
16、韩世远：“非财产上损害与合同责任”，《法学》1998年第6期。
17、梁慧星：“从近代民法到现代民法”，梁慧星：《民法学说判例与立法研究》，北京：国家行政学院出版社1999年版。
18、朱卫国：“过失阳抵论”，梁慧星主编：《民商法论丛》第4卷，北京：法律出版社1996年版。
19、韩豫宛、何志：“论赔偿损失”，《法律适用》2000年第11期。
20、(美)富勒、帕迪尤：“合同损害赔偿中的信赖利益”，韩世远译，梁慧星主编：《民商法论丛》第7卷，北京：法律出版社1998年版。
21、最高人民法院中国应用法学研究所编：《人民法院案例选》1995年第1辑(总第11辑)，北京：人民法院出版社1995年版。
22、《最高人民法院关于确定民事侵权精神损害赔偿若干问题的解释》，2001
年最高人民法院审判委员会第1161次会议通过，法释[2001]7号。
23、对外贸易经济合作部条约和法律司编译：《国际商事合同通则》，北京：法律出版社1996年版。
24、《法国民法典》，李浩培、吴传颐、孙鸣岗译，上海：商务印书馆1979年版。
25、Treitel, Treitel On Contract, Sweet & Maxwell, 1995.
26、G. H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, Steven & sons, 1983.
27、Harvin D. Pitch, Damages for Breach of Contract, The Carswell company Limited, 1985.
28、R. Birmingham, Damage Measures and Economic Rationality-The Security of Contract Law, Duke L. Rev, 1969.
29、E. Allan Fransworth, Fransworth on Contracts, vol: Ⅲ, Little, Brown and company, 1990.
30、F. H. Lawson, Remedies of English Law, Butterworths, 1980.
31、Edward. Yorio, Contract Enforcement: Specific Performance and Injunction, Little, Brown and company, 1989.
32、William L. Prosser, Law of Torts, West Publishing Co., 1971.
33、Swinton, "Foreseeability:Where Should the Award of Contract Damages Cease?", Reiter and Swan: Studies in Contract, 1980.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |