用户名: 密码: 验证码:
论《诗经》中叠字的英译
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
《诗经》是我国第一部诗歌总集,其英译一直受到翻译界的重视,《诗经》中大量使用叠字,用来拟声绘色,表情达意,大大增强了诗文的艺术感染力。但是,《诗经》的英译中出现了对叠字的遮蔽现象,因而造成了许多美学意境的流失。有鉴于此,本文就《诗经》中叠字的翻译分别从理论和实践两方面进行了系统的探索与研究。
     本文分别从叠词的定义、形式、语义及修辞效果四个角度,对英汉两种语言中的叠词进行了详细的对比与研究,并得出以下结论:从形式的角度看,其构成方式繁多,并各具特点;从语义的角度看,汉语叠词中,尤其是叠字具有语义模糊性,而英语叠词的语义则相对较确定;从修辞效果的角度看,虽英、汉语中的叠词都具有摹声拟情的作用,但英语叠词多半属于非正式文体,而汉语叠字则大量运用于古典诗词中,素有传统,并极具强大的审美效果,即“音美”、“形美”和“意美”。
     针对叠词翻译中缺乏相应的理论支持的问题,结合前人的工作,作者把交际学中的关联理论引入到《诗经》叠字的翻译中,关联理论的核心是交际与认知。作者首先研究了关联理论中两个重要的概念:交际语境与最佳关联。之后,将以上概念引入到中国古典诗词的翻译中,论述了诗歌的可译性,及《诗经》中叠字的可译性。并对关联理论中的语境对译文评价的标准对等原则进行了批判和更新。指出在关联理论的框架下,翻译也是一种言语交际活动,在此过程中,语码只是传递信息的工具,不同的语码可表示相同的信息。同时分析了译者在翻译中所处的地位。首先,译者作为受体与原文交际,再作为交际者通过译文与译文读者进行交际,并在两次交际中,译者都认为在每次交际中己达到了最佳关联。为此,作者又从关联理论中语境概念的角度,采纳了Chesterman的翻译标准,即翻译效度。随后,作者就《诗经》中叠字所包含的信息,并结合关联理论中对话语内容的分类,提出了英译叠字的理论模式。
     根据翻译效度的评判标准,作者从《关睢》和《采薇》中节选了两节具有代
    
    表性的诗行。首先就其叠字的运用进行语言的评述,然后分别对其十种译文进行
    了评价,指明了各自的优缺点。
     鉴于叠字的翻译模式,作者挖掘英语语言中,具有相同或近似效果的艺术手
    段,探讨了汉语叠字的英译的几种方法。将叠字分为摹声和其它叠字两类,分别
    进行了研究。指出了摹声叠字常用的五种方法和其它叠字翻译的三种方法。通过
    采用合理的翻译方法,叠字是可以达到相当高的翻译效度。
     最后,根据关联理论对译者本身及译文读者的局限性进行了描述,从而客观
    地指出了《诗经》中翻译叠字的局限性。在文章的结论部分,作者对今后的研究
    方向提出了新的要求和展望。
The English translation of the earliest repository of Chinese verse, Shijing (The Book of Songs) is always a heated topic in the field of translation. But as for the English translation of Chinese reduplicated words in Shijing, it has long been obscured, the result of which is the great loss of the aesthetic effects, for the reduplicated words account for quite a proportion in Shijing. Based on the relevance theory of communication developed by Sperber and Wilson (1986 and 1995), the author constructs after expounding the process of translation, a norm for the English translation of Chinese reduplicated words, which can be applied to the translation practice, and an evaluation criterion of translational validity rather than translation equivalence.
    The thesis consists of six chapters in addition to the introduction, which constructs a frame for the rest. First, a brief introduction to Shijing and its English versions as well as the existing problems in translating reduplicated words in Shijing are provided. Then, a comparative study is undertaken from four angles, that is, definition, forms, senses and rhetorical effects, between reduplicatives in Chinese and English languages, which enable us to anticipate the difficulties involved probably in the English translation of Chinese reduplicated words and provide a basis for finding some efficient methods of translation. The third chapter focuses on two important aspects of translation: the notion of translation itself and that of translatability. Both are expounded from the point of view of relevance theory.
    According to relevance theory, communication requires two models of communication: coded communication and ostensive-inferential communication. The main factor that makes communication succeed is the pursuit of optimal relevance on the part of both the communicator and addressee. In the frame of relevance theory, translator naturally is a kind of mediator between ST and TT. Hence, based on the
    
    
    
    research by other people, the author concludes that everything is translatable. The author divides reduplicated words in Shijing into two types: onomatopoeia and all the other kinds. The former can be translated through five methods, that is, transliteration, onomatopoeia, iteration, alliteration or assonance, and form emulation. The latter can be done mainly through three methods, that is, iteration, alliteration or rhythm, and combination of methods. There, of course, must be other methods except for those offered by the author. The author tries to prove that one not only can translate these reduplicated words in Shijing, but also can translate them well, as long as one has a good grasp of the basic skills in translation, and goes all out to achieve optimal relevance. Then on these assumptions of translation, the author puts forward a translation norm of Chinese reduplicated words. Evaluations of the different English versions of two stanzas in Shijing from the perspective of translational validity are given and some effective translation methods based on the translation norm of reduplicated words are recommended with some typical examples. The conclusion provides suggestions for future research.
引文
Bassnett, Susan & Lefervere, Andre, Constructing Cultures: Essays on literary Translation:Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.4.
    Blackmore, D., Semantic Constraints on Relevance. Oxford: Blackwell, 1987:53.
    Charles, Tomlison, The Oxford Book of Verse in English Translation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.
    Chesterman. A, Means of Translation, Amesterdan: Benjamins, 1997.
    Corbett, E.P.J., & Robert J. Connors, New Classical Rhetoric for Modern Student, New York:OPU, 1991.
    Deeney, J.I., Chinese-Western Comparative Literature Theory and Strategy, HongKong: the Chinese Univ. Pr. 1980:52-77.
    Eugene Ching, "Reduplication in Chinese," Papers of the CIC Far Eastern Language Institute. Indiana University, 1964,Ann Arbor, Minchigan, 1965.
    Guo Shangxing & Sheng Xingqing, A History of Chinese Culture. Henan University Press, 2000,268.
    Gutt,E-A., Translation and Relevance: Cognitive and Context, Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
    Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian, Discourse and The Translator, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.4.
    Hatim Basil, Communication Across Cultures, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.4.
    Hichey, Leo, The Pragmatics of Translation, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign language Education Press, 2001,4.
    Hsu Tiao-fu, Jen-chien tzu-hua, Hongkong: Chung-hua, 1974.
    James Legge, The Shi King, SMC publishing, Inc. 1997.
    J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, and 1980,93.
    Levinson,S.C., Review of Relevance. Journal of Linguistics25, 455-72.1989:459.
    Leech Geoffrey, A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry, London: Longman, 1969.
    
    
    Lu Zhiwei & C. W. Luh, On Chinese Poetry, Beijing: The Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1935.
    Nida, E. A. and Taber C. R., The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden, the Netherlands:E. J. Brill,1982.
    Nida E. A., Language, Culture and Translating, Shanghai; Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
    Nord, Christiane, Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.4.
    Newmark, Peter, A Textbook of Translation, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001,4.
    Newmark,Peter. Approaches to Translation, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981.
    Neubert, Albrecht & M. Shreve, Gregory, Translation as Text, Kent: The Kent state University Press, 1978.
    Perrine, Lawrence, Sound and Sense, 3rd New York: Harcourt Brace& World Inc. 1969.
    Snell-Hornby, Mary, Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001,9.
    Sperb,Dan. & Wilson,D., Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
    Wilss, Wolfram, The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.4.
    Wong Kai-chee, & others, A Research Guide to English Translation of Chinese Verse(Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty), Hongkong: The Chinese University Press, 1977.
    程镇球,《翻译问题探索》,北京:商务印书馆,1980。
    陈宏薇,《英汉翻译基础》,上海外语教育出版社,1998。
    陈福康,《译学理论史稿》,上海外语教育出版社,1992。
    陈望道,《修辞学发凡》,新文艺出版社,1957。
    陈亚解,“浅议英语叠词的汉译”[J],中国翻译,1994,(3):26—27。
    丁祖馨,《中国诗歌集》。辽宁大学出版社,2001。
    戴锦华,“简论汉语叠音词的英译”,四川外语学院学报,1997,01。
    顾炎武,《日知录》二十一。
    
    
    冯庆华,《实用翻译教程》,上海外语教育出版社,1997。
    黄成洲,“文学叠词结构汉译”,西安外国语学院学报,2001,1。
    黄新渠,“中英诗格律的比较与翻译” 上海外国语学院学报,1992,04。
    韩启毅,“论英语叠词及其翻译”,襄樊学院学报(社会科学版),2001,04。
    胡经之,张守映,《西元二十世纪文论选》[C],北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989,2001.14:452。
    胡曙中,《英语修辞学》,上海,上海外语教育出版社,2002。
    胡国强,胡连生,《诗经注译》,广西民族出版社,1995。
    胡文仲,《文化与交际》,外语教学与研究出版社,1994。
    贾文昭,徐召勋,《中国古典诗歌艺术欣赏》合肥:安徽人民出版社,1979。
    金隄,《等效翻译探索》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1989。
    吕叔湘,《中诗英译比录》[M],上海外语教育出版社,19。
    林以亮,《文学与翻译》,台北:皇冠出版社,1984师范大学出版社,1994。
    刘宓庆,《文体与翻译》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1993。
    刘宓庆《当代翻译理论》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.8。
    林玲帼,“试论古诗词之英译”[A],四川外语学院学报,1995,02。
    刘勰,《文心雕龙》,北京:人民文学出版社,2000。
    刘重德,《文学翻译十讲》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1991。
    刘衍文,刘永翔,《古典文学鉴赏论》,上海教育出版社,1992。
    李定坤,《汉英辞格对比与翻译》,武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1994。
    毛华奋,“古诗汉译英中国俗语义的亏损与补偿”,四川语言学院学报(重庆1995年第2期。
    濮侃,《辞格比较》,合肥:安徽教育出版社,1982:114。
    沈谦,《语言修辞艺术》,中国友谊出版公司,1998。
    谭载喜,《西方翻译简史》,商务印书馆,2000.4。
    《外国语》上海外国语学院学报,1986-1991各期。
    汪榕培,任秀桦,《诗经英译本》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社。
    汪榕培,《比较与翻译》,上海,上海外语教育出版社,1997
    王斌,“关联理论对翻译解释的局限性”[J],中国翻译,2000,4
    王凌,“古典诗词中叠词的英译”,南京理工大学学报,2001,05。
    
    
    翁显良,《古诗英译》,北京出版社,1985
    王力,《王力文集》,济南:山东教育出版社,第一卷,1984:362
    王宏印,《世界名作汉译选析》An Anthology of World Masterpieces Chinese Translation with Editor's Commentary,上海:上海交通大学出版社,2000.5
    王宏印,《英汉翻译综合教程》(修订版),陕西师范大学出版社,1998。
    王克非,《翻译文化史论》,上海外语教育出版社,2001.1。
    王宝童,《金域荣-英诗运化》,开封:河南大学出版社,2000,5。
    徐鹏,《英语修辞格》[M],北京,商务印书馆,1996。
    许渊冲,《汉英对照唐诗一百五十首》,陕西人民出版社,1984。
    许渊冲,Book of poetry,长沙:湖南出版社,1993。
    许渊冲,《翻译的艺术》,北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1984。
    许钧,《文字·文学·文化——<红与黑>汉译研究》,南京:南京大学出版社,1996。
    许钧,袁筱一,《当代法国翻译理论》:湖北教育出版社,2001.3。
    萧立明,《英汉比较研究与翻译》,(English-Chinese Comparative Studies & Translation.)上海外语教育出版社,2002.1。
    许建平,《英汉互译实践与技巧》,清华大学出版社,2000.9,A Practical Course of English——Chinese and Chinese——English Translation。
    邢福义,《汉语法特点面面观》,北京语言文化出版社,1999:384。
    杨宪益,戴乃迭,The Selections from The Book of Songs. Chinese Literature,1983。
    尹衍桐,徐广英,“汉语叠词英译”,石油大学学报(社会科学版),2000,06。
    俞真,“中国古典诗词中的叠词及其英译”,外语研究,2000,(3)。
    应国丽,“汉语叠词的英译及在英文汉译中的应用”,温州大学学报,2000,01。
    杨铭,《英汉辞格比较》,陕西师范大学出版社,1998。
    杨自俭,《英汉语比较与翻译》,上海外语教育出版社,2000.6。
    叶舒宪,《诗经的文化阐释》,武汉:湖北人民出版社,1997,08。
    野莽,《古诗苑汉英译从<诗经>》,北京,外文出版社,2001。
    卓振英,《华夏情怀——历代名诗英译及探微》,中山大学,1996:92—161。
    周笃宝,“汉语叠词与翻译”,中国翻译,1999,(3)。
    周益锋,靳勇,《诗经》,甘肃民族出版社,1999,9。
    朱光潜,《诗论》,北京:生活·读书·新知,三联书店,1984.7,
    
    
    朱光潜,《诗经鉴赏集》,人民文学出版社,1986.1
    赵彦春,“论中国古典诗词英译”[J],现代外语,1996,(2)。
    赵彦春,“铺陈乎?简约乎?——论中诗英译的风格传达”[J],现代外语,1997,(2)。
    赵彦春,“关联理论对翻译的解释力”,现代外语,1999(3)。
    赵航,“《诗经》经文中迭词探源”,南京师范专科学院学报,2000(2,3);2001(1)。
    赵璞,“英语重叠词的构成与语体色彩”,外国语,1997,01。
    朱广祁,《诗经-双音词论稿》,郑州:河南出版社,1985。

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700