黄土丘陵沟壑区两种立地条件下农田水量平衡及作物反应的比较研究
|
摘要
本文通过野外试验对比研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区山地梯田与川地两种立地条件下玉米、谷子的农田水量平衡过程及其作物反应，结论如下：
1．立地条件对水面蒸发影响明显，4月-10月川地和梯田的水面蒸发量分别为700.3mm和823.0mm，两地均以7月份的水面蒸发量为年内最大，而4-10月间川地和梯田的水面蒸发量分别以10月和9月为最小；
2．作物对立地条件的反应表现不同：川地谷子的LAI在作物生育前期大于梯田谷子，后期则相反，而其株高则在整个生育期中大于梯田谷子；川地谷子的千粒重、地上部生物量高于梯田，而梯田谷子的WUE高于川地，但两种立地条件下三者之间差异不显著；川地玉米的LAI和株高在整个生育期内大于梯田玉米，其籽粒产量、地上部生物量和WUE分别为梯田玉米的1.34、1.54和1.17倍；
3．立地差异对作物的耗水影响较大：川地和梯田谷子生育期总耗水量分别为544.1mm和468.4mm，其与同期水面蒸发量的比值(ET／E_0)分别为0.97和0.69；川地和梯田玉米生育期耗水量分别为564.9mm和491.7mm，其ET／E_0分别为0.99为0.77；
4．试验年份，川地灌溉与非灌溉地作物的千粒重、籽粒产量和地上部干物质重没有显著差异，谷子、玉米的耗水特性系数分别为1.10和1.05；
5．4—10月间，川地和梯田休闲地土壤贮水量的变化可大致分为两个时期：7月之前的恢复上升期和7月之后的缓慢失水期。与4月份相比，10月份川地休闲地2m土体的贮水量减少了10.9mm，而梯田休闲地增加了66.8mm；梯田休闲地各层土壤含水量的变化均比川地休闲地强烈，其变异系数在8.7—21.4％之间，川地休闲地的变异系数在9.3—16.7％之间。
This paper mainly addressed the issue of maize and millet fields' water balance and corps' response between plain and terrace in the hill-gully region of Loess Plateau. The experiments were conducted at the An'sai Soil and Water Conservation Research Station, Chinese Academy of Science, in 2002. The main results showed:
1. There was obvious difference between plain and terrace's water surface evaporation (E0). From April to October the total EO was 700.3 mm in the plain and 823.0 mm at the terrace. Both in the plain and at the terrace the E0 of July was the biggest in the whole year. But the month of the lowest EO was different between plain and terrace. October and September was the lowest month in the crops growing season in the plain and at the terrace respectively.
2. The crops' response to the land condition were different. Terrace millet's LAI was smaller than that of plain millet at the beginning stage, but it was reverse in the later. In the whole growing period, plain millet's height was higher than terrace millet's. There was no evident difference in millet's yield and kernel weight between plain and terrace. But the plain millet's WUE was a little higher than that of terrace millet. The terrace maize's height and LAI were clearly got behind of plain maize in the whole growing period. The plain maize's yield, aerial biomass and WUE were 1.34, 1.54 and 1.17 times than those of terrace maize.
3. The crops' water consumption was quite different between plain and terrace. The total water consumption of millet was 544.1mm in the plain and 461.8mm at the terrace. As to maize, it was 564.9mm in the plain and 491.7mm at the terrace. In the whole growing period, the ET/E0 (Evapotranspiration/water surface evaporation) of millet was 0.97 in the plain and 0.69 at the terrace, which was 0.99 of plain maize and 0.77 of terrace maize.
4. There was no evident difference in crops' yield, kernel weight and aerial biomass between sufficient water supplying condition and rainfed condition in the experiment year. Millet and maize's crop coefficient (Kc) value were 1.10 and 1.05.
5. The soil moisture's dynamic variation of bare lands during crop's growing period could be separate to two stages. April to July is the soil water's accumulation period, and August to October is whose decreasing period. The result showed that in October the soil storage water of plain's bare land was decreased 10.9mm if compared with that of April, but to terrace whrch was increased 66.8mm. Compared with plain, every layer's soil moisture of terrace fluctuated more violently. The cv (coefficient of variation) of soil moisture's variation was 9.3%-6.7% in the plain and 8.7%-21.4% at the terrace.
1．立地条件对水面蒸发影响明显，4月-10月川地和梯田的水面蒸发量分别为700.3mm和823.0mm，两地均以7月份的水面蒸发量为年内最大，而4-10月间川地和梯田的水面蒸发量分别以10月和9月为最小；
2．作物对立地条件的反应表现不同：川地谷子的LAI在作物生育前期大于梯田谷子，后期则相反，而其株高则在整个生育期中大于梯田谷子；川地谷子的千粒重、地上部生物量高于梯田，而梯田谷子的WUE高于川地，但两种立地条件下三者之间差异不显著；川地玉米的LAI和株高在整个生育期内大于梯田玉米，其籽粒产量、地上部生物量和WUE分别为梯田玉米的1.34、1.54和1.17倍；
3．立地差异对作物的耗水影响较大：川地和梯田谷子生育期总耗水量分别为544.1mm和468.4mm，其与同期水面蒸发量的比值(ET／E_0)分别为0.97和0.69；川地和梯田玉米生育期耗水量分别为564.9mm和491.7mm，其ET／E_0分别为0.99为0.77；
4．试验年份，川地灌溉与非灌溉地作物的千粒重、籽粒产量和地上部干物质重没有显著差异，谷子、玉米的耗水特性系数分别为1.10和1.05；
5．4—10月间，川地和梯田休闲地土壤贮水量的变化可大致分为两个时期：7月之前的恢复上升期和7月之后的缓慢失水期。与4月份相比，10月份川地休闲地2m土体的贮水量减少了10.9mm，而梯田休闲地增加了66.8mm；梯田休闲地各层土壤含水量的变化均比川地休闲地强烈，其变异系数在8.7—21.4％之间，川地休闲地的变异系数在9.3—16.7％之间。
This paper mainly addressed the issue of maize and millet fields' water balance and corps' response between plain and terrace in the hill-gully region of Loess Plateau. The experiments were conducted at the An'sai Soil and Water Conservation Research Station, Chinese Academy of Science, in 2002. The main results showed:
1. There was obvious difference between plain and terrace's water surface evaporation (E0). From April to October the total EO was 700.3 mm in the plain and 823.0 mm at the terrace. Both in the plain and at the terrace the E0 of July was the biggest in the whole year. But the month of the lowest EO was different between plain and terrace. October and September was the lowest month in the crops growing season in the plain and at the terrace respectively.
2. The crops' response to the land condition were different. Terrace millet's LAI was smaller than that of plain millet at the beginning stage, but it was reverse in the later. In the whole growing period, plain millet's height was higher than terrace millet's. There was no evident difference in millet's yield and kernel weight between plain and terrace. But the plain millet's WUE was a little higher than that of terrace millet. The terrace maize's height and LAI were clearly got behind of plain maize in the whole growing period. The plain maize's yield, aerial biomass and WUE were 1.34, 1.54 and 1.17 times than those of terrace maize.
3. The crops' water consumption was quite different between plain and terrace. The total water consumption of millet was 544.1mm in the plain and 461.8mm at the terrace. As to maize, it was 564.9mm in the plain and 491.7mm at the terrace. In the whole growing period, the ET/E0 (Evapotranspiration/water surface evaporation) of millet was 0.97 in the plain and 0.69 at the terrace, which was 0.99 of plain maize and 0.77 of terrace maize.
4. There was no evident difference in crops' yield, kernel weight and aerial biomass between sufficient water supplying condition and rainfed condition in the experiment year. Millet and maize's crop coefficient (Kc) value were 1.10 and 1.05.
5. The soil moisture's dynamic variation of bare lands during crop's growing period could be separate to two stages. April to July is the soil water's accumulation period, and August to October is whose decreasing period. The result showed that in October the soil storage water of plain's bare land was decreased 10.9mm if compared with that of April, but to terrace whrch was increased 66.8mm. Compared with plain, every layer's soil moisture of terrace fluctuated more violently. The cv (coefficient of variation) of soil moisture's variation was 9.3%-6.7% in the plain and 8.7%-21.4% at the terrace.
引文
[1] 陈明荣．坡地与水平梯田湿润状况的气候学分析．地理学报，1980，35(4)：313-324
[2] D．希勒尔著．华孟，叶和才译．土壤和水．北京：农业出版社，1983，199-247
[3] 程维新，胡朝炳，张兴权．农田蒸发与作物耗水量研究．北京：气象出版社，1994
[4] 程维新．作物耗水特性与农业节水．作物与水分关系研究，北京：中国科学技术出版社，1990：28-35
[5] 崔远来，茆智，李远华．作物水分敏感指标空间变异规律及其等值线图研究．中国农村水利水电，1999，(11)：16-17
[6] 崔远来、尹正杰、严后山．作物产量与全生育期总腾发量之关系的研究．中国农村水利水电，2000，10：24-25
[7] 戴武刚，霍进忱，邹桂霞．辽西低山丘陵区集流聚肥梯田土壤水分动态变化规律研究．水利发展研究，2002，1(1)：31-32
[8] 邓国伦，邓振镛，万信，等．陇东黄土高原土壤贮水量对小麦产量影响的研究．气象科技，1998，(1)：56-60
[9] 邓国伦，万信，邓振镛，等．黄土高原土壤贮水量对小麦产量构成要素的影响．高原气象，1998，17(4)：437-442
[10] 邓西平，等．旱地春小麦对有限灌水高效利用的研究．干旱地区农业研究，1995，13(3)：42-45
[11] 邓振镛，方德彪，仇化民．甘肃东部旱作区土壤水库贮水力的研究．应用气象学报，1996，(2)：169-174
[12] 董庆超．旱地土壤水分盈亏特征研究—以孟津县为列．资源科学，2000，22(6)：51-53
[13] 龚元石，李保国．农田水量平衡模型对作物根系吸水函数及蒸散公式的敏感性．水土保持研究，1996，3(3)：1-7
[14] 龚元石，李保国．应用农田水量平衡模型估算土壤水渗漏量．水科学进展，1995，6(1)：16-21
[15] 郭庆荣，李玉山．黄土高原玉米产量与土壤水分关系数学模型研究．水土保持研究，1996，3(3)：136-140
[16] 侯凉，郝文俊．内蒙古地区玉米农田土壤墒情动态预测模式．干旱地区农业研究，2000，18(4)：50-56
[17] 黄亚平．仿真技术在漳浦县朝阳灌区水量平衡计算中的应用．中国农村水利水电，2002，9：9-11
[18] 晋凡生，李素玲，萧复兴．旱源地玉米耗水特点及提高水分利用率途径．华北农学报，2000，15(1)：76-80
[19] 康绍忠，蔡焕杰主编．农业水管理学．北京：中国农业出版社，1996
[20] 柯晓新，张旭东，彭素琴，等．旱作春小麦农田蒸散与能量平衡．气象学报，1996，54(3)：348-356
[21] 李风英，黄占斌，山仑．夏玉米水分利用效率的时空变化规律研究．西北植物学报，2000，
20(6)：1010-1050
[22] 李峰瑞，高崇岳．陇东黄土旱塬区几种作物田间耗水量及土壤水分亏缺分异特征．应用与环境生物学报，1996，2(3)：296-267
[23] 李开元，李玉山．黄土高原农田水量平衡研究．水土保持学报，1995，9(2)：39-44
[24] 李小刚，张仁陟．甘肃陇东粘黑垆土区冬小麦土壤水分利用特征．土壤通报，2000，31(1)：17-20
[25] 李新，周宏飞．干旱区农田蒸散量的日间变化分析．干旱区资源与环境，2002，14(3)：82-88
[26] 李玉霖，张铜会，崔建垣．科尔沁沙地农田玉米耗水规律研究．中国沙漠，2002，22(4)：354-358
[27] 李玉山，张孝中，郭民航．黄土高原南部作物水肥产量效应的田间研究．土壤学报，1990，27(1)：1-7
[28] 梁宗锁，康绍忠，李新有．有限供水对夏玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响．西北植物学报，1995，15(1)：16-31
[29] 刘昌明，王会肖，等著．土壤—作物—大气界面水分过程与节水调控．北京：科学出版社，1999
[30] 刘长民，赵凡衍．旱地农田土壤水分含量变化特征研究．西北林学院学报，1995，10(增刊)：148-152
[31] 刘庚山，安顺清，吕厚荃，等．华北地区不同底墒对冬小麦主长发育及产量影响的研究．应用气象学报，2000，11(增刊)：164-169
[32] 刘金铜等，冬小麦阶段耗水量与产量积累关系动态模型及应用：河南职技师范学报，1995，23(1)，6～10
[33] 刘静，李凤霞，王连喜，等．灌溉对春小麦蒸腾速率的影响及其生理原因．麦类作物学报，2003，23(1)：58-62
[34] 刘珏，R．M．Fernando L．S．Pereira．微型蒸发器田间实测麦田与休闲地土面蒸发强度的试验研究．水利学报，1996，6：45-50
[35] 刘孟雨等．1997．作物(13)~C的辨别与水分利用的关系．见：刘昌明等主编．土壤—作物—大气系统水分运动试验研究，北京：气象出版社，167-180
[36] 刘绍民，李银芳．箭杆杨林地蒸散的研究．干旱区研究，1996，13(2)：74-76
[37] 刘苏峡，莫兴国，李俊．土壤水分及土壤—大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用．地理研究，1999，18(1)：24-30
[38] 刘文兆，苏敏，徐宣斌．水肥双因素下玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率间的关系．地理科学进展，1998，17(增刊)：11-17
[39] 刘文兆．渭北旱塬西部春玉米产量与耗水量关系研究．中国农业气象，1990，11(4)：14-18
[40] 刘文兆．作物生产、水分消耗与水分利用效率间的动态联系．自然资源学报，1998，13(1)：23-27
[41] 罗良国，许健民，罗启仕，等．北方稻田生态系统水量平衡及水分效率研究．应用生态学报，
1996，7(4)：371-376
[42] 马天恩、王林安主编．旱地农业工程农业学．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1994
[43] 毛学森，赵聚宝，梅旭荣．晋东南地区旱地麦田水分供需状况分析．中国农业气象，1994，15(3)：17-20
[44] 牛文臣，韩振中，徐建新．用区域水量平衡法估算农业用水量．水利学报，1992，(1)：31-36
[45] 山仑．植物水分利用效率和半干旱地区农业用水．植物生理学通讯，1994，30(1)：61-66
[46] 尚松浩，毛晓敏，雷志栋，等．冬小麦田间墒情预报的BP神经网络模型．水利学报，2002，4：60-68
[47] 申双和，高维英，李秉柏．西峰市冬小麦耗水规律及其对产量的影响．南京气象学院学报，1999，22(1)：88-94
[48] 申双和，李胜利．一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式．气象，24(6)：17-21
[49] 申双和，周英．旱地农田土壤水分动态平衡的模拟．南京气象学院学报，1994，17(4)：462-469
[50] 王桂玲，高亮之．冬小麦田间土壤水分平衡动态模拟模型的研究．江苏农业学报，1998，14(1)：36-41
[51] 王会肖，刘昌明．农田蒸散、土壤蒸发和水分有效利用．地理学报，1997，52(5)：447-454
[52] 王万里．植物对水分胁迫的反应．植物生理学专题讲座．北京：科学出版社，1987，357-370
[53] 王修贵，张祖莲，赵长友，等．作物产量对水分亏缺敏感性指标的初步研究．灌溉排水，1998，17(2)：25-30
[54] 萧复兴，晋凡生，张彦芹．旱地玉米农田棵间蒸发研究．激光生物学，1996，5(4)：938-941
[55] 谢森传．农田水分循环中的蒸发蒸腾计算．清华大学学报：自科版，1998，38(1)：107-110。
[56] 谢贤群，农田生态系统水分循环与作物水分关系研究；中国生态农业学报，2001，9(1)：9-12
[57] 徐建新，温随群，谷红梅，等．黄淮海平原区农业用水量估算方法探讨．华北水利水电学院学报，2000，21(1)：5-8
[58] 许迪，蔡林根．冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式下的农田水分平衡模拟及入渗补给规律分析．水利学报，1997，(12)：64-71；78
[59] 许迪．测定和估算田间作物腾发量方法研究综述．灌溉排水，1997，16(4)：54-59
[60] 杨文治，邵明安主编．黄土高原土壤水分研究．北京：科学出版社，2000
[61] 杨文治，余存祖主编．黄土高原区域治理与评价．北京：科学出版社，213-222
[62] 张立帧，张万美，朱巧玲．利用农田水量平衡模型评价棉田不同的灌溉制度．棉花学报，1997，9(3)：142-149
[63] 张孝中，韩仕峰，李玉山．黄土高原南部农田水量平衡分析研究．水土保持通报，1990，10(6)：7-12
[64] 周军，杨荣泉，陆海军等．冬小麦水肥增产效应耦合模型研究．水利学报，1994，(6)：57-65
[65] Aggarwal, P.K. et al, Performance of wheat and trticale cultivars in a variable soil-water soil-water environment: Evapotranspiration, WUE, harvest index and grain yield, Field Crop Research, 1986, (13):301-315
[66] Barraclough P B. 1984． The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: root growth of high-yielding crops in relation to shoot growth. J. Agric. Sci., 103:439-442
[67] Barrett J W, Skogerboe V. Crop production function and the allocation and use of irrigation water. Agric Water Manag. 3: 53
[68] Ben-Asher, J, J., D. W. Meek, R. B. Huttmacher and C. J. Phene. Computational approach to assess actual transpiration from aerodynamic and canopy resistance. Agron. J. , 1989:81:776-782
[69] Carneiro Do silva, C. Comparison of two computer models for predicing soil water in a tropical monsoon climate. Agri. And Forest Meteorol, 1986(36) :249-262
[70] Chesness, Jerry L; Coerhran, David L;Hook, James E. , 1986:Prediction seasonal irrigation water requirement on coarse-textured soils. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers(General Edition)v29, n4 Jul-Aug 1986 p 1054-1057
[71] Condon AG, Farquhar GD et al. 1990． Genotypic variation in Carbon Isotopt discrimination and transpiration efficiency in wheat. Leaf gas exchange and whole plant studies, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17, 9-22
[72] De Wit C T. 1958． Transpiration and crop yields. Versl. Landouwk. Onderz. 64． 6 Inst. Of Biol. And Chem. Res. On Field Crops and Herbage, Wageningen, The Netherlands
[73] Doorenbos,J. and A.H.Kassau, 1979, Yield Response to Water. Irrigation and Drainage Paper. No. 33． Rome
[74] Dyer, J. A and A. R. Mack, The versatile soil moisture budget, Tech, Bull, 87, Agromeorology section, Research Branch, 1984
[75] EhlersW, Hamblin AP, Tennant D. 1991． Root system parameters determining water uptake of field crops. Irrig. Sci. , 12:115-124
[76] Feddes R. A. Simulation of field rater use and crop yield production Waganingen. The Netherlands, 1987
[77] Fischer, Douglas T;et al;1996: Simulation of a century of runoff across the Tomales Watershed, Marin County, Califonia, Journal of Hydrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, vol. 186, no. 1-4:255-275
[78] Gajri,P. R., Rooting, water use and yield relation in wheat on loamy sand and sand loam soil, Field Crop Research, 1985,12:15-132
[79] Guitjens. J. C, 1982,Models of alfalfa yield and evapotranspiration, J. Irrig. Ddrain. Div., Proc.Am. Soc. Civil Eng. , 108(IR3) , 212-222
[80] Hanks R J, H.R. Gardner, R. L. Florian. 1969． Plant growth-evapotranspiration relations for several crops in the central Grant Plains. Agronomy Journal, 61:30-34
[81] Hanks R J. Model for predicting yield as influenced by water use. Agron J. 1974, (66) :
660-665
[82] Hiler E A, R N Clark. Stress day index to characterize effects of water stress on crop yields. Transactions of the ASAE. 1971, 14(4) : 757-761
[83] Howell T A, et al. Optimization of water use efficiency under high frequency irrigation. Evaportranspiration and yield relationship. Trans. ASAE. 1975, (18) : 873
[84] Hsiao T C. Plant response to water stress. Ann. Rev. of Plant Physiol, 1973, 24: 519-570
[85] Jeevananda Reedy, s. A simple methord of estimating the soil water balance. A Meteorol, 1983 (28) : 1-7
[86] Levitt J. Response of plants to environment stress. New York: Acaclemic Press, 1980: 131-134
[87] Morthon, F. I. 1990, Studies in evaporation and their lessons for the environmental sciences, Can. Wat. Res. , J. , 15 (3) , 261-285
[88] Najjar, R. G; 1999: The water balance of the Susquehanna River Basin and its response to climate change. Journal of Hydrology .Volume 219, and Issues 1-2:7-9
[89] Plaut Z." Sensitivity of crop plants to water stress at specific developmental stages: Reevaluation of experimental findings. Israel J. of Plant Sci. , 1995, 43: 99-111
[90] Rajput G S, Singh J. Water production function for wheat under different environmental condition. Agricultural Water Management, 1986, (11) : 316-332
[91] Salisu Abdulmumin and Steven M. Misari, 1990: Crop coefficients of some major crops of the Nigerian semi-arid tropics, Agricultural Water Management. 18: 159-171
[92] Singh. V. P. 1982, HydrologicSystems, Vol. 2, Watershed Modelling. Prentice-Hall, Ins. , New York
[93] Stegman E C. Corn grain yield as influenced by timing of evapotranspiration deficits. Irrigation Science. 1982, (3) : 75-87
[94] Steward, B. A. et al. Yield and water use efficiency of grain sorghum in a limited irrigation. Agronomy Journal, 1986, 78(1) :28-32
[95] Thornthwaite c w, Mather J R. Estimating soil extraction. Drexel Inst Technol, N J, 1954, 7 (3) : 397-402
[96] Turner N C. Plant water relation and irrigation management. Agric. Water manage. , 1990, 17: 59-73
[97] Van der lee, J. Q Gehrels, J. C, Modelling Aquifer Recharge, Introduction to the lumped parameter Model EARTH, Inst, Earth Sci, 1990
[2] D．希勒尔著．华孟，叶和才译．土壤和水．北京：农业出版社，1983，199-247
[3] 程维新，胡朝炳，张兴权．农田蒸发与作物耗水量研究．北京：气象出版社，1994
[4] 程维新．作物耗水特性与农业节水．作物与水分关系研究，北京：中国科学技术出版社，1990：28-35
[5] 崔远来，茆智，李远华．作物水分敏感指标空间变异规律及其等值线图研究．中国农村水利水电，1999，(11)：16-17
[6] 崔远来、尹正杰、严后山．作物产量与全生育期总腾发量之关系的研究．中国农村水利水电，2000，10：24-25
[7] 戴武刚，霍进忱，邹桂霞．辽西低山丘陵区集流聚肥梯田土壤水分动态变化规律研究．水利发展研究，2002，1(1)：31-32
[8] 邓国伦，邓振镛，万信，等．陇东黄土高原土壤贮水量对小麦产量影响的研究．气象科技，1998，(1)：56-60
[9] 邓国伦，万信，邓振镛，等．黄土高原土壤贮水量对小麦产量构成要素的影响．高原气象，1998，17(4)：437-442
[10] 邓西平，等．旱地春小麦对有限灌水高效利用的研究．干旱地区农业研究，1995，13(3)：42-45
[11] 邓振镛，方德彪，仇化民．甘肃东部旱作区土壤水库贮水力的研究．应用气象学报，1996，(2)：169-174
[12] 董庆超．旱地土壤水分盈亏特征研究—以孟津县为列．资源科学，2000，22(6)：51-53
[13] 龚元石，李保国．农田水量平衡模型对作物根系吸水函数及蒸散公式的敏感性．水土保持研究，1996，3(3)：1-7
[14] 龚元石，李保国．应用农田水量平衡模型估算土壤水渗漏量．水科学进展，1995，6(1)：16-21
[15] 郭庆荣，李玉山．黄土高原玉米产量与土壤水分关系数学模型研究．水土保持研究，1996，3(3)：136-140
[16] 侯凉，郝文俊．内蒙古地区玉米农田土壤墒情动态预测模式．干旱地区农业研究，2000，18(4)：50-56
[17] 黄亚平．仿真技术在漳浦县朝阳灌区水量平衡计算中的应用．中国农村水利水电，2002，9：9-11
[18] 晋凡生，李素玲，萧复兴．旱源地玉米耗水特点及提高水分利用率途径．华北农学报，2000，15(1)：76-80
[19] 康绍忠，蔡焕杰主编．农业水管理学．北京：中国农业出版社，1996
[20] 柯晓新，张旭东，彭素琴，等．旱作春小麦农田蒸散与能量平衡．气象学报，1996，54(3)：348-356
[21] 李风英，黄占斌，山仑．夏玉米水分利用效率的时空变化规律研究．西北植物学报，2000，
20(6)：1010-1050
[22] 李峰瑞，高崇岳．陇东黄土旱塬区几种作物田间耗水量及土壤水分亏缺分异特征．应用与环境生物学报，1996，2(3)：296-267
[23] 李开元，李玉山．黄土高原农田水量平衡研究．水土保持学报，1995，9(2)：39-44
[24] 李小刚，张仁陟．甘肃陇东粘黑垆土区冬小麦土壤水分利用特征．土壤通报，2000，31(1)：17-20
[25] 李新，周宏飞．干旱区农田蒸散量的日间变化分析．干旱区资源与环境，2002，14(3)：82-88
[26] 李玉霖，张铜会，崔建垣．科尔沁沙地农田玉米耗水规律研究．中国沙漠，2002，22(4)：354-358
[27] 李玉山，张孝中，郭民航．黄土高原南部作物水肥产量效应的田间研究．土壤学报，1990，27(1)：1-7
[28] 梁宗锁，康绍忠，李新有．有限供水对夏玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响．西北植物学报，1995，15(1)：16-31
[29] 刘昌明，王会肖，等著．土壤—作物—大气界面水分过程与节水调控．北京：科学出版社，1999
[30] 刘长民，赵凡衍．旱地农田土壤水分含量变化特征研究．西北林学院学报，1995，10(增刊)：148-152
[31] 刘庚山，安顺清，吕厚荃，等．华北地区不同底墒对冬小麦主长发育及产量影响的研究．应用气象学报，2000，11(增刊)：164-169
[32] 刘金铜等，冬小麦阶段耗水量与产量积累关系动态模型及应用：河南职技师范学报，1995，23(1)，6～10
[33] 刘静，李凤霞，王连喜，等．灌溉对春小麦蒸腾速率的影响及其生理原因．麦类作物学报，2003，23(1)：58-62
[34] 刘珏，R．M．Fernando L．S．Pereira．微型蒸发器田间实测麦田与休闲地土面蒸发强度的试验研究．水利学报，1996，6：45-50
[35] 刘孟雨等．1997．作物(13)~C的辨别与水分利用的关系．见：刘昌明等主编．土壤—作物—大气系统水分运动试验研究，北京：气象出版社，167-180
[36] 刘绍民，李银芳．箭杆杨林地蒸散的研究．干旱区研究，1996，13(2)：74-76
[37] 刘苏峡，莫兴国，李俊．土壤水分及土壤—大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用．地理研究，1999，18(1)：24-30
[38] 刘文兆，苏敏，徐宣斌．水肥双因素下玉米产量、耗水量与水分利用效率间的关系．地理科学进展，1998，17(增刊)：11-17
[39] 刘文兆．渭北旱塬西部春玉米产量与耗水量关系研究．中国农业气象，1990，11(4)：14-18
[40] 刘文兆．作物生产、水分消耗与水分利用效率间的动态联系．自然资源学报，1998，13(1)：23-27
[41] 罗良国，许健民，罗启仕，等．北方稻田生态系统水量平衡及水分效率研究．应用生态学报，
1996，7(4)：371-376
[42] 马天恩、王林安主编．旱地农业工程农业学．北京：中国农业科技出版社，1994
[43] 毛学森，赵聚宝，梅旭荣．晋东南地区旱地麦田水分供需状况分析．中国农业气象，1994，15(3)：17-20
[44] 牛文臣，韩振中，徐建新．用区域水量平衡法估算农业用水量．水利学报，1992，(1)：31-36
[45] 山仑．植物水分利用效率和半干旱地区农业用水．植物生理学通讯，1994，30(1)：61-66
[46] 尚松浩，毛晓敏，雷志栋，等．冬小麦田间墒情预报的BP神经网络模型．水利学报，2002，4：60-68
[47] 申双和，高维英，李秉柏．西峰市冬小麦耗水规律及其对产量的影响．南京气象学院学报，1999，22(1)：88-94
[48] 申双和，李胜利．一种改进的土壤水分平衡模式．气象，24(6)：17-21
[49] 申双和，周英．旱地农田土壤水分动态平衡的模拟．南京气象学院学报，1994，17(4)：462-469
[50] 王桂玲，高亮之．冬小麦田间土壤水分平衡动态模拟模型的研究．江苏农业学报，1998，14(1)：36-41
[51] 王会肖，刘昌明．农田蒸散、土壤蒸发和水分有效利用．地理学报，1997，52(5)：447-454
[52] 王万里．植物对水分胁迫的反应．植物生理学专题讲座．北京：科学出版社，1987，357-370
[53] 王修贵，张祖莲，赵长友，等．作物产量对水分亏缺敏感性指标的初步研究．灌溉排水，1998，17(2)：25-30
[54] 萧复兴，晋凡生，张彦芹．旱地玉米农田棵间蒸发研究．激光生物学，1996，5(4)：938-941
[55] 谢森传．农田水分循环中的蒸发蒸腾计算．清华大学学报：自科版，1998，38(1)：107-110。
[56] 谢贤群，农田生态系统水分循环与作物水分关系研究；中国生态农业学报，2001，9(1)：9-12
[57] 徐建新，温随群，谷红梅，等．黄淮海平原区农业用水量估算方法探讨．华北水利水电学院学报，2000，21(1)：5-8
[58] 许迪，蔡林根．冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式下的农田水分平衡模拟及入渗补给规律分析．水利学报，1997，(12)：64-71；78
[59] 许迪．测定和估算田间作物腾发量方法研究综述．灌溉排水，1997，16(4)：54-59
[60] 杨文治，邵明安主编．黄土高原土壤水分研究．北京：科学出版社，2000
[61] 杨文治，余存祖主编．黄土高原区域治理与评价．北京：科学出版社，213-222
[62] 张立帧，张万美，朱巧玲．利用农田水量平衡模型评价棉田不同的灌溉制度．棉花学报，1997，9(3)：142-149
[63] 张孝中，韩仕峰，李玉山．黄土高原南部农田水量平衡分析研究．水土保持通报，1990，10(6)：7-12
[64] 周军，杨荣泉，陆海军等．冬小麦水肥增产效应耦合模型研究．水利学报，1994，(6)：57-65
[65] Aggarwal, P.K. et al, Performance of wheat and trticale cultivars in a variable soil-water soil-water environment: Evapotranspiration, WUE, harvest index and grain yield, Field Crop Research, 1986, (13):301-315
[66] Barraclough P B. 1984． The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: root growth of high-yielding crops in relation to shoot growth. J. Agric. Sci., 103:439-442
[67] Barrett J W, Skogerboe V. Crop production function and the allocation and use of irrigation water. Agric Water Manag. 3: 53
[68] Ben-Asher, J, J., D. W. Meek, R. B. Huttmacher and C. J. Phene. Computational approach to assess actual transpiration from aerodynamic and canopy resistance. Agron. J. , 1989:81:776-782
[69] Carneiro Do silva, C. Comparison of two computer models for predicing soil water in a tropical monsoon climate. Agri. And Forest Meteorol, 1986(36) :249-262
[70] Chesness, Jerry L; Coerhran, David L;Hook, James E. , 1986:Prediction seasonal irrigation water requirement on coarse-textured soils. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers(General Edition)v29, n4 Jul-Aug 1986 p 1054-1057
[71] Condon AG, Farquhar GD et al. 1990． Genotypic variation in Carbon Isotopt discrimination and transpiration efficiency in wheat. Leaf gas exchange and whole plant studies, Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 17, 9-22
[72] De Wit C T. 1958． Transpiration and crop yields. Versl. Landouwk. Onderz. 64． 6 Inst. Of Biol. And Chem. Res. On Field Crops and Herbage, Wageningen, The Netherlands
[73] Doorenbos,J. and A.H.Kassau, 1979, Yield Response to Water. Irrigation and Drainage Paper. No. 33． Rome
[74] Dyer, J. A and A. R. Mack, The versatile soil moisture budget, Tech, Bull, 87, Agromeorology section, Research Branch, 1984
[75] EhlersW, Hamblin AP, Tennant D. 1991． Root system parameters determining water uptake of field crops. Irrig. Sci. , 12:115-124
[76] Feddes R. A. Simulation of field rater use and crop yield production Waganingen. The Netherlands, 1987
[77] Fischer, Douglas T;et al;1996: Simulation of a century of runoff across the Tomales Watershed, Marin County, Califonia, Journal of Hydrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, vol. 186, no. 1-4:255-275
[78] Gajri,P. R., Rooting, water use and yield relation in wheat on loamy sand and sand loam soil, Field Crop Research, 1985,12:15-132
[79] Guitjens. J. C, 1982,Models of alfalfa yield and evapotranspiration, J. Irrig. Ddrain. Div., Proc.Am. Soc. Civil Eng. , 108(IR3) , 212-222
[80] Hanks R J, H.R. Gardner, R. L. Florian. 1969． Plant growth-evapotranspiration relations for several crops in the central Grant Plains. Agronomy Journal, 61:30-34
[81] Hanks R J. Model for predicting yield as influenced by water use. Agron J. 1974, (66) :
660-665
[82] Hiler E A, R N Clark. Stress day index to characterize effects of water stress on crop yields. Transactions of the ASAE. 1971, 14(4) : 757-761
[83] Howell T A, et al. Optimization of water use efficiency under high frequency irrigation. Evaportranspiration and yield relationship. Trans. ASAE. 1975, (18) : 873
[84] Hsiao T C. Plant response to water stress. Ann. Rev. of Plant Physiol, 1973, 24: 519-570
[85] Jeevananda Reedy, s. A simple methord of estimating the soil water balance. A Meteorol, 1983 (28) : 1-7
[86] Levitt J. Response of plants to environment stress. New York: Acaclemic Press, 1980: 131-134
[87] Morthon, F. I. 1990, Studies in evaporation and their lessons for the environmental sciences, Can. Wat. Res. , J. , 15 (3) , 261-285
[88] Najjar, R. G; 1999: The water balance of the Susquehanna River Basin and its response to climate change. Journal of Hydrology .Volume 219, and Issues 1-2:7-9
[89] Plaut Z." Sensitivity of crop plants to water stress at specific developmental stages: Reevaluation of experimental findings. Israel J. of Plant Sci. , 1995, 43: 99-111
[90] Rajput G S, Singh J. Water production function for wheat under different environmental condition. Agricultural Water Management, 1986, (11) : 316-332
[91] Salisu Abdulmumin and Steven M. Misari, 1990: Crop coefficients of some major crops of the Nigerian semi-arid tropics, Agricultural Water Management. 18: 159-171
[92] Singh. V. P. 1982, HydrologicSystems, Vol. 2, Watershed Modelling. Prentice-Hall, Ins. , New York
[93] Stegman E C. Corn grain yield as influenced by timing of evapotranspiration deficits. Irrigation Science. 1982, (3) : 75-87
[94] Steward, B. A. et al. Yield and water use efficiency of grain sorghum in a limited irrigation. Agronomy Journal, 1986, 78(1) :28-32
[95] Thornthwaite c w, Mather J R. Estimating soil extraction. Drexel Inst Technol, N J, 1954, 7 (3) : 397-402
[96] Turner N C. Plant water relation and irrigation management. Agric. Water manage. , 1990, 17: 59-73
[97] Van der lee, J. Q Gehrels, J. C, Modelling Aquifer Recharge, Introduction to the lumped parameter Model EARTH, Inst, Earth Sci, 1990
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |