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学校环境、教学归因对小学教师教学效能感影响的研究
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摘要
提高教师素质,是全面推进素质教育的关键。教师教学效能感是构成教师素质的一个重要方面,关于教师教学效能感的研究已成为近年来教师心理研究领域的重要课题。
     教学效能感概念在理论上来源于班杜拉的自我效能(self-efficacy)理论。教学效能感是指教师在教学活动中对其能有效地完成教学工作、实现教学目标的一种能力的知觉与信念,它包括个人教学效能感和一般教育效能感。最早对教师效能感的研究,由Armor和Berman发起,他们的研究表明,教师教学效能感是学生学习成绩好坏的重要预测变量。迄今为止,国内外心理学工作者对教师教学效能感的大量研究表明,教师的教学效能感与学生的成绩、学生的动机、教师教改的欲望、校长对教师能力的评价以及教师的课堂管理之间存在显著相关,教学效能感是影响教师教学行为的一个重要因素。
     有关研究表明,教师教学效能感不同是教师在教学效果上出现差异的一个主要原因。国外的研究表明,学校的结构和气氛对教师的自我效能信念,特别是他们的个人教学效能感,有显著的影响,良好的人际关系、强有力的学校管理、高的期望是区分教师效能感的重要预测变量。Tschannen-Moran分析认为,教师效能形和发展,会受到自我效能理论指出的言语劝说、替代经验、情绪唤醒、任务完成的经验、学校环境与氛围等各种效能信息的影响,教师效能的形成与发展是各种自在的与自为的、个人的和环境的因素共同作用的结果。
     归因是指根据行为或事件的结果,通过知觉、思维、推断等内部信息加工过程而确认造成该结果之原因的认知活动。积极的归因,能增强教师教学效能感,改进教师教学行为,有助于提高教学效果;反之消极的归因则不利于提高教师效能感,改进教学行为。因此,研究影响教师教学效能感的重要变量——教师所在的学校环境因素和教师本人的认知方式即归因方式具有非常重要的理论意义和实践意义。
     本研究选取了220名有效被试,以《教学效能感量表》、《教师教学归因量表》和《学校环境问卷》为研究工具研究了教学效能感与归因取向、学校环境因素的关系,所获数据用SPSS10.0进行分析处理,结果发现:
    
    1、小学教师将教学的成功归因于自己的能力、努力,而把教学的失败归因于运气、
    他人帮助。
    2、教龄在2。~25年教龄段的教师对教学失败归因于运气的取向明显地高于教龄在
    1。一15年和教龄在16一20年的教师。
    3、在成功归因中,运气归因取向对个人教学效能感有显著的预测作用;能力、努力
    归因取向对一般教育效能感有显著的预测作用;能力、身心、运气归因取向对总教学
    效能感有显著的预测作用。
    4、在失败归因中,身心、学生教材归因取向对一般教育效能感有显著的预测作用;
    运气归因取向对个人教学效能感、总教学效能感有显著的预测作用;努力归因取向对
    总教学效能感有极显著的预测作用。
    5、在学校环境诸因素中,人际关系、教风两因素对一般教育效能感有显著的预测作
    用。
Enhancing the teachers' quality is the key to overall advance quality-oriented education. Teaching efficacy is one of important aspects to compose the teachers' quality. In recent years, the study about teaching efficacy has been an important topic in teacher psychology.
    The conception of teaching efficacy came from Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Teaching efficacy is one of perceptions or believes about ability that during practical teaching, the teacher efficiently finishes his work and realizes teaching goals. It consists of personal teaching efficacy and general teaching efficacy. The original research about teacher's efficacy had been done by Aromor and Berman.
    Their finding showed that teacher's efficacy was an important predictive variable to the students' good or bad achievements. From then on, a large number of researches from internal and external psychology workers showed that teaching efficacy was remarkably correlated with students' achievements and motivation, teacher's desire to reform their teaching, the principal's evaluation to the teacher's ability and the teacher's classroom management. Teaching efficacy was an important fact to effect teaching behavior.
    Certain researching showed that different teaching efficacy led to different teaching outcome was a mainly reason to teachers. External study showed that structure and morale were significantly correlated with teaching efficacy, especially personal teaching efficacy. Good interpersonal relationships, vigorous school management, high expectation were important predictive variables to tell apart teaching efficacy. Tschannen-Moran thought that teaching efficacy's forming and developing would be effected by many kinds of information coming from oral persuasion, experience gained from observing model teachers and finished task, awaken emotion, school environmental and morale etc. The result to form and develop teaching efficacy was built on many kinds of facts that came from the common function of one's will and object, personal and environmental.
    Attribution is a cognitive practice that according to the result of behavior or affair by processing of internal information, a person find the reason made up the result with his perception, think, inference etc. Active attribution benefit to enhance teaching efficacy, reform his teaching behavior and enhance the teaching result. Otherwise negative attribution does not benefit to enhance teaching efficacy, reform his teaching behavior. So to research the important variables effecting teaching efficacy-school environmental facts and personal cognitive methods has great important theoretical and practical significance.
    This study chose 220 valid testers, researched the relation between their teaching efficacy and attribution orientation, school environmental facts with three scales: Teaching Efficacy Scale, Teaching Attribution of Teachers'Scale, School Environment Scale. SPSS 10.0 analyzed the data and the findings are:
    (1) The primary school teachers think their successful teaching belong to their ability, struggle; while their failure teaching belong to their luck, others' help.
    (2) Luck attribution orientation of those whose ages between 20-25 years are more significant than that of ages between 10-15 years and between 16-20 years.
    (3) Among the successful attributions, luck attribution orientation has remarkable
    
    
    predictive function to personal teaching efficacy ;
    ability, struggle attribution orientation have remarkable redictive function to general
    teaching efficacy; Ability, body and mode, luck attribution orientation have remarkable
    predictive function to total teaching efficacy.
    (4) Among the failure attributions, body and mode, student and teaching material have remarkable predictive function to general teaching efficacy; Luck attribution orientation has remarkable predictive function to personal teaching efficacy, total teaching; struggle has extremely remarkable predictive function to total teaching efficacy. (5) Among the school facts, interpersonal relationshi
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