英西、连南旅游扶贫可持续发展研究
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摘要
贫困问题在世界各地尤其是在发展中国家和地区广泛存在，扶贫(反贫困)是各国政府都面临的主要难题之一。本文首先分析了贫困的概念以及区域性与个人贫困产生的内外原因。旅游业本身所具有的特点和优势使其对扶贫具有良好地适宜性。上世纪六七十以来，国内外旅游学界较系统地研究了旅游的经济影响，这为旅游扶贫(反贫困)提供了理论依据，并且为评估旅游扶贫的效果奠定了基础。1980年代以来，旅游业作为扶贫(反贫困)的一种方式，受到国内外旅游学界和业界的密切关注。人们在研究旅游扶贫的目标、对象、功能、模式以及效益评估等内容之后，认为旅游业作为扶贫的途径具有很大的潜力。但是目前关于旅游扶贫的研究还存在以下问题：研究的深度不够，缺乏理论建树，旅游扶贫的对象、目标不够明确，对扶贫的负面影响认识不足，对扶贫的艰巨性和长期性未给予足够的重视等。
在对前人研究的归纳和梳理的基础上，作者认为旅游扶贫涉及到社会经济的各个方面，它的理论也应当是高度综合的。它的理论基础包括：循环累积因果理论、旅游地生命周期理论、收入分配理论、乘数理论、信息不对称理论和可持续发展理论等。按照这些理论在旅游扶贫中的功能与作用，可将其分成两类：一类是研究扶贫目的地和贫困人口的发展能力的理论，包括循环累积因果理论等；另一类是研究保障贫困人口权益的理论，包括收入分配理论等。
在对旅游扶贫理论进行归纳和演绎的基础上，作者对贫困山区英西、连南两地的旅游扶贫进行了实证分析。认为，旅游业作为一种扶贫的方式，在上述两地具有良好的适宜性。旅游扶贫在两地都有近十年的历史，然而存在不少问题：旅游业本身发展不够成熟，未能对地方经济产生较大的促进作用；旅游收入分配不公，贫困人口从中没有获益或者获益甚微等。为了改善这一状况，作者有针对性地提出了两地旅游扶贫优化对策，从政策和制度的层面上，提出了培育目的地旅游产业和贫困人口的可持续发展能力的一些建议。在此基础上，探讨了扶贫目的地旅游收入分配制度与监督机制的改革和创新。
The problem of poverty exists all over the world, especially in the developing countries and areas. Governments of all countries are facing with the conundrum of antipoverty. The concept of poverty was explained and the reasons why area and personal are caused poverty are analyzed firstly in this paper. The characteristic and predominance of tourism make itself feasible to antipoverty. The economic effects of tourism were studied systematically and widely since the 1960s and 1970s, and this offered theoretic gist for tourism antipoverty and pave the way for evaluating the impacts of tourism antipoverty. As a method of antipoverty, tourism was keen concerned by the according circle and the tourism industry since the 1980s. After the target, object, function, mode and benefit evaluating of tourism antipoverty were researched, it was argued that tourism has great potential for antipoverty. But there still has some problems in current study of it. That is: it is not study deeply, the fruits of theory are not enough, the object and goal of tourism antipoverty are blurry, the negative influence of antipoverty was ignored and the difficulty and the run long of antipoverty were neglected by people.
On the result of pre-research, the author argued that antipoverty comes down to many fields of economic, and its theory is synthetic. Its basic theories are these: theory of circle cumulate cause and effect, theory of tourist destination lifecycle, theory of income and distribution, theory of multiplier, theory of information asymmetry and theory of sustainable development etc. These theories can be classified into two groups according to their functions. One is about the developing ability of destination and object people, it includes theory of circle cumulate cause and effect, etc; the other one is about how to protect the rights of poor people, etc.
Based on the induce and deduce work for the theories of antipoverty, the
author made a demonstrated research of tourism antipoverty and take the depressed areas, The western part of Yingde city (Yingxi) and Lianan county ,as the cases. For this, the author argued that tourism is feasible to the areas mentioned as a way of antipoverty. Tourism antipoverty has last about ten years in the two areas. But there still has many problems in there. The problems are these; the tourism industry itself was not much developed and can't accelerate the local economic considerably. The income of tourism was distributed unjustly and the needy people were not benefited or benefited trivially. In order to improve this situation, the author gave some countermeasures for the tourism antipoverty in the two destinations accordingly. On the policy and system lays, the author gave some suggests on how to evaluate the sustainable ability of the antipoverty destination and the object people. On these conditions, the reformation and innovation for destination's distribution system and supervising mechanism was discussed.
在对前人研究的归纳和梳理的基础上，作者认为旅游扶贫涉及到社会经济的各个方面，它的理论也应当是高度综合的。它的理论基础包括：循环累积因果理论、旅游地生命周期理论、收入分配理论、乘数理论、信息不对称理论和可持续发展理论等。按照这些理论在旅游扶贫中的功能与作用，可将其分成两类：一类是研究扶贫目的地和贫困人口的发展能力的理论，包括循环累积因果理论等；另一类是研究保障贫困人口权益的理论，包括收入分配理论等。
在对旅游扶贫理论进行归纳和演绎的基础上，作者对贫困山区英西、连南两地的旅游扶贫进行了实证分析。认为，旅游业作为一种扶贫的方式，在上述两地具有良好的适宜性。旅游扶贫在两地都有近十年的历史，然而存在不少问题：旅游业本身发展不够成熟，未能对地方经济产生较大的促进作用；旅游收入分配不公，贫困人口从中没有获益或者获益甚微等。为了改善这一状况，作者有针对性地提出了两地旅游扶贫优化对策，从政策和制度的层面上，提出了培育目的地旅游产业和贫困人口的可持续发展能力的一些建议。在此基础上，探讨了扶贫目的地旅游收入分配制度与监督机制的改革和创新。
The problem of poverty exists all over the world, especially in the developing countries and areas. Governments of all countries are facing with the conundrum of antipoverty. The concept of poverty was explained and the reasons why area and personal are caused poverty are analyzed firstly in this paper. The characteristic and predominance of tourism make itself feasible to antipoverty. The economic effects of tourism were studied systematically and widely since the 1960s and 1970s, and this offered theoretic gist for tourism antipoverty and pave the way for evaluating the impacts of tourism antipoverty. As a method of antipoverty, tourism was keen concerned by the according circle and the tourism industry since the 1980s. After the target, object, function, mode and benefit evaluating of tourism antipoverty were researched, it was argued that tourism has great potential for antipoverty. But there still has some problems in current study of it. That is: it is not study deeply, the fruits of theory are not enough, the object and goal of tourism antipoverty are blurry, the negative influence of antipoverty was ignored and the difficulty and the run long of antipoverty were neglected by people.
On the result of pre-research, the author argued that antipoverty comes down to many fields of economic, and its theory is synthetic. Its basic theories are these: theory of circle cumulate cause and effect, theory of tourist destination lifecycle, theory of income and distribution, theory of multiplier, theory of information asymmetry and theory of sustainable development etc. These theories can be classified into two groups according to their functions. One is about the developing ability of destination and object people, it includes theory of circle cumulate cause and effect, etc; the other one is about how to protect the rights of poor people, etc.
Based on the induce and deduce work for the theories of antipoverty, the
author made a demonstrated research of tourism antipoverty and take the depressed areas, The western part of Yingde city (Yingxi) and Lianan county ,as the cases. For this, the author argued that tourism is feasible to the areas mentioned as a way of antipoverty. Tourism antipoverty has last about ten years in the two areas. But there still has many problems in there. The problems are these; the tourism industry itself was not much developed and can't accelerate the local economic considerably. The income of tourism was distributed unjustly and the needy people were not benefited or benefited trivially. In order to improve this situation, the author gave some countermeasures for the tourism antipoverty in the two destinations accordingly. On the policy and system lays, the author gave some suggests on how to evaluate the sustainable ability of the antipoverty destination and the object people. On these conditions, the reformation and innovation for destination's distribution system and supervising mechanism was discussed.
引文
[1]A．P瑟尔瓦尔(著)，金碚、李杨(译)．增长与发展[M]．中国人民大学出版社，1992
[2]陈宗胜．发展经济学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000
[3]Dearden, P. and Harron, S., 1994, Alternative tourist and adaptive change. Annals of Tourist research, 21(1): 81-102.
[4]Poirier, R.A. Political risk analysis and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3): 675-686.
[5]Mathieson. A. and Wall.G.., Tourism: Economic, physical, and Social Impacts. London: Longman.
[6]Knetsch, J.L., Outdoor recreation demands and benefits, Land Economics, (39): 386-391.
[7]Stephen L. Smith., Tourism Analysis. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989
[8]Johnson R H and More., Marketing planning and strategy. 2~nd ed. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Company.
[9]申保嘉．旅游学亟待建立学科体系[J]．旅游学刊，1990，(3)：27-31．
[10]楚义芳．旅游的空间经济分析[M]．西安：陕西人民出版社，1992
[11]阎敏．旅游与区域经济发展水平关系分析[J]．经济学家，2001，(3)：26-31．
[12]李江帆、李美云．旅游产业与旅游增加值的测算[J]．旅游学刊，1999，(5)：6-19．
[13]左冰．旅游竞争优势战略：旅游业发展的新战略观[J]．经济问题探索．2001，(7)：106-108
[14]罗明义．旅游业税收的分类测算方法[J]．旅游学刊，2001，(2)：16-19
[15]李江帆、江波、李冠霖．广东旅游产业发展状况比较研究[J]．南方经济，2001，(4)：34-37
[16]罗明义．旅游经济学[M]，北京：高等教育出版社，1998
[17]周歆红．关注旅游扶贫的核心问题[J]．旅游学刊，2002，(1)：17-21．
[18]朱明芳．旅游扶贫的可行性研究工作[J]．桂林旅游高等专科学校学报，1999，(3)：66-68．
[19]许光洪．重庆市黔江地区的旅游扶贫[J]．国土与自然资源研究，1998，(4)：39-41
[20]冉斌．以旅游扶贫促进县域经济发展[J]．经济纵横，1998，(2)：63．
[21]邓祝仁、程道品．旅游扶贫亟待解决的若干问题[J]，社会科学家，1998，(2)：46-54
[22]对“旅游扶贫论”的思考—兼议西部旅游开发[J]北京第二外国语学院学报，2000，(5)：49-53．
[23]肖星．中西部贫困地区旅游扶贫开发探索[J]．开发研究，1999，(2)：50-51
[24]田喜洲．三峡库区旅游扶贫研究[J]．重庆商学院学报，1999，(2)：12-15
[25]吴忠军．论旅游扶贫[J]．广西大学学报，1996，(4)：18-21．
[26]谭芳、黄林华．广西百色的旅游扶贫[J]．2000，(6)：68-69．
[27]阳国亮．旅游投资的乘数效应与旅游扶贫．学术论坛，2000，(6)：83-85．
[28]陈宗胜．发展经济学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000
[29]李小建等．经济地理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[30]阎小培等．地理·区域·城市——永无止境的探索[M]，广州：广东高教出版社，1994
[31]保继刚、楚义芳．旅游地理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[32]陈广汉．增长与分配[M]．武汉：武汉大学出版社，1995
[33]曾国利．信息不对称：政府规制经济的理由[J]．经济改革与发展，1998，(6)：15-21．
[34]朱汉民．信息不对称与腐败的经济学分析[J]．武汉理工大学学报，2001，(4)：108-111．
[35]Stephen W. Linttlejohn. Theories of Human Communication. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[36]李森．资源的总体配置效率与“帕累托标准”[J]．贵州财经学院学报，1997，(4)：47-49．
[37]王缉慈等．创新等空间——企业机群与区域发展[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001
[38]中国旅游统计年鉴[M]．北京：统计出版社，2002
[2]陈宗胜．发展经济学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000
[3]Dearden, P. and Harron, S., 1994, Alternative tourist and adaptive change. Annals of Tourist research, 21(1): 81-102.
[4]Poirier, R.A. Political risk analysis and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3): 675-686.
[5]Mathieson. A. and Wall.G.., Tourism: Economic, physical, and Social Impacts. London: Longman.
[6]Knetsch, J.L., Outdoor recreation demands and benefits, Land Economics, (39): 386-391.
[7]Stephen L. Smith., Tourism Analysis. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989
[8]Johnson R H and More., Marketing planning and strategy. 2~nd ed. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Company.
[9]申保嘉．旅游学亟待建立学科体系[J]．旅游学刊，1990，(3)：27-31．
[10]楚义芳．旅游的空间经济分析[M]．西安：陕西人民出版社，1992
[11]阎敏．旅游与区域经济发展水平关系分析[J]．经济学家，2001，(3)：26-31．
[12]李江帆、李美云．旅游产业与旅游增加值的测算[J]．旅游学刊，1999，(5)：6-19．
[13]左冰．旅游竞争优势战略：旅游业发展的新战略观[J]．经济问题探索．2001，(7)：106-108
[14]罗明义．旅游业税收的分类测算方法[J]．旅游学刊，2001，(2)：16-19
[15]李江帆、江波、李冠霖．广东旅游产业发展状况比较研究[J]．南方经济，2001，(4)：34-37
[16]罗明义．旅游经济学[M]，北京：高等教育出版社，1998
[17]周歆红．关注旅游扶贫的核心问题[J]．旅游学刊，2002，(1)：17-21．
[18]朱明芳．旅游扶贫的可行性研究工作[J]．桂林旅游高等专科学校学报，1999，(3)：66-68．
[19]许光洪．重庆市黔江地区的旅游扶贫[J]．国土与自然资源研究，1998，(4)：39-41
[20]冉斌．以旅游扶贫促进县域经济发展[J]．经济纵横，1998，(2)：63．
[21]邓祝仁、程道品．旅游扶贫亟待解决的若干问题[J]，社会科学家，1998，(2)：46-54
[22]对“旅游扶贫论”的思考—兼议西部旅游开发[J]北京第二外国语学院学报，2000，(5)：49-53．
[23]肖星．中西部贫困地区旅游扶贫开发探索[J]．开发研究，1999，(2)：50-51
[24]田喜洲．三峡库区旅游扶贫研究[J]．重庆商学院学报，1999，(2)：12-15
[25]吴忠军．论旅游扶贫[J]．广西大学学报，1996，(4)：18-21．
[26]谭芳、黄林华．广西百色的旅游扶贫[J]．2000，(6)：68-69．
[27]阳国亮．旅游投资的乘数效应与旅游扶贫．学术论坛，2000，(6)：83-85．
[28]陈宗胜．发展经济学[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2000
[29]李小建等．经济地理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[30]阎小培等．地理·区域·城市——永无止境的探索[M]，广州：广东高教出版社，1994
[31]保继刚、楚义芳．旅游地理学[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1999
[32]陈广汉．增长与分配[M]．武汉：武汉大学出版社，1995
[33]曾国利．信息不对称：政府规制经济的理由[J]．经济改革与发展，1998，(6)：15-21．
[34]朱汉民．信息不对称与腐败的经济学分析[J]．武汉理工大学学报，2001，(4)：108-111．
[35]Stephen W. Linttlejohn. Theories of Human Communication. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[36]李森．资源的总体配置效率与“帕累托标准”[J]．贵州财经学院学报，1997，(4)：47-49．
[37]王缉慈等．创新等空间——企业机群与区域发展[M]．北京：北京大学出版社，2001
[38]中国旅游统计年鉴[M]．北京：统计出版社，2002
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