富水地层隧道开挖地表沉降控制的离心模型试验
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摘要
离心模型试验技术是目前在土木工程领域内进行科学研究竞相采用的一项新的试验技术，其优点是能在原型应力状态下研究和观察岩土工程的变形状态和破坏过程。
本文首先全面总结了离心模型试验技术的发展历史及应用现状，系统阐述了离心模型试验技术的基本原理。为了探讨离心模型试验技术这一研究手段在地下工程中应用的可行性，结合地质、水文、结构较为复杂的深圳地铁大～科区间暗挖施工SK3+355断面的具体实例，应用我校新近建成的100gt土工离心试验机，采用离心模型试验技术对在富水地层应用水平旋喷桩工艺进行控制降水施工对地表沉降变形及地下管线的影响进行了研究。得到了以深圳地铁富水地层控制降水隧道开挖施工地表沉降槽曲线变化规律，并经过基于ANSYS有限元计算平台进行的数值模拟计算和现场实际监测结果的验证，结果令人满意。离心模型试验技术较好的解决了在地下工程研究中模型土体的自重损失和地层位移分析中地下水渗流场和地层应力场相互耦合作用问题，对于在相似条件下富水地层隧道开挖施工如何控制地表沉降变形的研究方面具有指导意义。并针对动态模拟隧道开挖这一难题利用离心模型对深圳地铁SK3+395断面进行了尝试性的研究，取得了一定的进展。论文最后指出了离心模型试验技术目前存在的一些问题和今后的发展趋势和研究方向。
Centrifuge model test is a technique that is widely used in the research field of Civil Engineering. One of its most distinct advantages is that the process of deforming and being destroyed of the soil can be observed with prototype. At first, this thesis summarizes the developing history and the state-of-the-art in centrifuge model test and discusses the principle of the technique of the centrifuge model test. To discuss the feasibility of applying this technique into the practice of engineering, this paper references the real project of the running tunnel from Great Showplace to Scientific House in Shenzhen Metro, uses the geotechnical centrifuge of Southwest Jiaotong University, then researches the settlement of the ground and the influence on the pipeline underground in stratum with abundant water by the technique of undraining spin-spay pile, at last draws a conclusion about the principle of the ground settlement with the construction method of excavating soil rich in water without dewatering at Shenzhen Metro. The result is satisfying comparing to the simulation of ANSYS5.6 and the data from the field. Centrifuge model test technique preferably solves two problems: one is the gravity loss of the model soil, the other is the coupling problem between the seepage field of the ground water and the stress field of the stratum, which is a guidance for other deformation controls under the similar condition. On the puzzle of dynamic simulation of tunnel excavation with centrifuge model, this thesis makes a trial research on the section of SK3+395 of Shenzhen Metro and has made some progress. At last, this thesis points out some problems existing in the centrifuge model test technique and estimates the developing trend of this technique.
本文首先全面总结了离心模型试验技术的发展历史及应用现状，系统阐述了离心模型试验技术的基本原理。为了探讨离心模型试验技术这一研究手段在地下工程中应用的可行性，结合地质、水文、结构较为复杂的深圳地铁大～科区间暗挖施工SK3+355断面的具体实例，应用我校新近建成的100gt土工离心试验机，采用离心模型试验技术对在富水地层应用水平旋喷桩工艺进行控制降水施工对地表沉降变形及地下管线的影响进行了研究。得到了以深圳地铁富水地层控制降水隧道开挖施工地表沉降槽曲线变化规律，并经过基于ANSYS有限元计算平台进行的数值模拟计算和现场实际监测结果的验证，结果令人满意。离心模型试验技术较好的解决了在地下工程研究中模型土体的自重损失和地层位移分析中地下水渗流场和地层应力场相互耦合作用问题，对于在相似条件下富水地层隧道开挖施工如何控制地表沉降变形的研究方面具有指导意义。并针对动态模拟隧道开挖这一难题利用离心模型对深圳地铁SK3+395断面进行了尝试性的研究，取得了一定的进展。论文最后指出了离心模型试验技术目前存在的一些问题和今后的发展趋势和研究方向。
Centrifuge model test is a technique that is widely used in the research field of Civil Engineering. One of its most distinct advantages is that the process of deforming and being destroyed of the soil can be observed with prototype. At first, this thesis summarizes the developing history and the state-of-the-art in centrifuge model test and discusses the principle of the technique of the centrifuge model test. To discuss the feasibility of applying this technique into the practice of engineering, this paper references the real project of the running tunnel from Great Showplace to Scientific House in Shenzhen Metro, uses the geotechnical centrifuge of Southwest Jiaotong University, then researches the settlement of the ground and the influence on the pipeline underground in stratum with abundant water by the technique of undraining spin-spay pile, at last draws a conclusion about the principle of the ground settlement with the construction method of excavating soil rich in water without dewatering at Shenzhen Metro. The result is satisfying comparing to the simulation of ANSYS5.6 and the data from the field. Centrifuge model test technique preferably solves two problems: one is the gravity loss of the model soil, the other is the coupling problem between the seepage field of the ground water and the stress field of the stratum, which is a guidance for other deformation controls under the similar condition. On the puzzle of dynamic simulation of tunnel excavation with centrifuge model, this thesis makes a trial research on the section of SK3+395 of Shenzhen Metro and has made some progress. At last, this thesis points out some problems existing in the centrifuge model test technique and estimates the developing trend of this technique.
引文
1 章为民，窦宜．土工离心模拟技术的发展．南京水利科学研究院水利水运科学研究．1995，3
2 Craig. W.H. Edouard Phillips and the idea of Centrifuge Modeling. Geotechnique. 1989, 39:679-700
3 Becky. Use of models for the study of mining problems [J]. 1931
4 R.N. Taylor. Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology [MI. London: SE Edmunds burg Press. 1994
5 周健，刘宁．离心模型试验技术应用的新进展．上海地质．2002，(31)
6 Giovanni Plizzari, Fletcher Waggoner and Victor E. Saouma. Centrifuge Modeling and Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 10,1995, pp. 1471-1479
7 F. Barpi and S. Valente. Numerical Simulation of Prenticed Gravity Dams Models. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 10, 1995, pp. 1471-1479
8 章为民，徐光明．土石坝施工填筑过程离心模拟方法研究．南京：南京水利科学研究院，1995
9 章为民，唐剑虹，蔡正银．瀑布沟坝基防渗墙离心模型试验．岩土工程学报．1997，19(2)：95—101
10 徐光明，张金凯．土工膜防渗层稳定性的离心模型试验研究和极限分析．水利水运科学研究．1999，(1)：32—40
11 杨龙才．基坑边坡变形和稳定性的离心模型试验研究．上海铁道大学学报．2000，21(10)：100—105
12 陈全福，马时冬．土钉加固边坡的离心模型试验与分析．工业建筑．1999，29(9)：12—15
13 James A. Cheney and Ali Mohammad Oskoorouchi. Physical modeling of Clay Slopes in the drum Centrifuge [J]. Tran. Res. Rec. 872 1-7
14 章为民，赖忠中．加筋挡土墙离心试验研究．土木工程学报．2000，33(3)：84—91
15 杜建成，杜瑞成．连拱支墩挡墙土压力的分布．工程力学．2000，3(00)：474—478
16 C. F. Leung, Y. K. Chow, and R.F. Shen. Bahavior of Pile Subject to Excavation-Induced
Soil Movement. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 126, No. 11, 2000, pp. 947-954
17 Sand Ali Aiban, Dobroalav Znidarcic. Centrifugal Modeling of bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations On Sands. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol.121, No. 10, 1995, pp. 704-712
18 周小文，包承纲，南水北调穿黄隧洞衬砌土压力离心模型试验研究．水利水电技术．1999，30(5)：58—60
19 周小文，包承纲，隧洞拱冠的砂土位移与破坏的离心模型试验研究．岩土力学．1999，20(2)：32—36
20 A. Bal Krishnan, B. L. Kutter. Settlement Sliding and Liquefaction Remediation of Layered Soil. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 10,1995, pp. 704-712
21 Silan C. Nichols and Deborah J. Goodings. Physical Model Testing of Compaction Grouting in Cohesionless Soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 126, No. 9, 1999, pp. 848-852
22 J. W. Griffioenand, D. A. Barry. Centrifuge Modeling of Unstable Infiltration and Solute Transport. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 7, 1999, pp. 556-565
23 G. Esposito, H.G.B. Allersma and A. P. S. Selvadurai. Centrifuge Modeling of LNAPL Transport in Partially Saturated Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 12, 1999, pp. 1066-1071
24 束善治．有机污染物包气带迁徙的离心模型研究．岩土工程学报．2000，22(5)：594—598
25 Kandiah Arulansndan, Kanthassamy K. Muraleatharan and Chelvarajah Yogachandran. Seismic Response of Soil Deposited in San Francisco Marina District. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 123,No. lO, 1997, pp. 557-567
26 Lee Liu and Ricardo Dobry. Seismic Response of Shallow Foundation on Liquefiable Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vo1.123, No. 6, 1997, pp. 557-567
27 Mark R. Tufenkjian and Malden Vucetic.Dynamic Failure Mechanism of Soil-Nailed Excavation Model in Centrifuge. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 126, No. 3, 2000, pp. 227-235
28 X. zeng, Assoil and K. Arulanandan. Modeling lateral Sliding of Slope due to Liquefaction of Sand Layer. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 11, 1995, pp. 814-816
29 刘守华．发生断裂对上覆土层的影响．南京：南京水利水电科学研究院．1994
30 章为民，日下部冶．砂性地层地震反应离心模型试验研究．岩土工程学报．2001，23(1)：28—32
31 Tosbi Nomoto, Shinichiro Imarnura. Shield Tunnel Construction in Centrifuge. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 4, 1999, pp. 289-300
32 陈兴华，刘金元．软土基坑开挖周围土体变形的离心模型研究．地下工程与隧道．2000(1)：8—12
33 周小文，濮家骝，包承纲．砂土中隧洞开挖稳定机理及松动土压力研究．长江科学院院报．1999，16(4)：9—13
34 刘守华，蔡正银．土工离心模型填料装置的研究．岩土工程学报．1996，18(3)：74—79
35 胡定，张立民．土工抗震试验与分析．成都科技大学出版社．1991，58—60
36 周美立．相似工程学．北京：机械工业出版社．1998，85—98
37 Fuglsang L D., Ovesen N K. The Application of the Theory of Modeling to Centrifuge Studies. Centrifuge in Soil Mechanics . 1988
38 饶锡保．土石坝的离心模型试验研究．长江科学院研究生论文．1989
39 Randolph M F. Establishing a new Centrifuge Facility. Centrifuge 91, Ko(ed), Balkema Rotterdam, 1991, 3-9
40 Ovesen N K. The Use of Physical Models in Design; The Scaling Law Relationships. Procesdings of 7~(th) European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Brighton, 1979, 4:318-323
41 Craig W H. Simulation of Foundations for Offshore Structures Using Centrifuge Modeling. Developments in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering-Model Studies. London: Applied Science Publishers LTD, 1983, 1-27
42 徐光明，章为民．离心模型中的粒径效应和边界效应研究．岩土工程学报．1996，18(3)：80—86
43 Malushitsky Y N . The Centrifugal Model Testing of Waste-Heap Embankments. London: Cambridge University Press, 1975, 5-11
44 Santamarina J C, Goodings D J. Centrifuge Modeling A Study of Similarity. Geotechnical Testing Journal. 1989, 12(2): 163-166
45 中铁四局．深圳地铁大～科区间暗挖施工组织设计．2002
46 钱家欢，殷宗泽．土工原理与计算．第二版．中国水利水电出版社．1996
47 阳军生，刘宝琛．城市隧道施工引起的地表移动及变形．中国铁道出版社．2002
48 冯光愈，包承纲．土工离心模拟试验技术的开发．长江科学院院报．1992，9(1)：77—80
49 黄志全，王思敬．离心模拟试验技术在我国的应用概况，岩石力学与工程学报．1998，17(2)：199—203
50 雷胜友．离心模型试验技术及其在中国的应用．西安公路交通大学学报．1998，18(4)：222—226
51 油新华，李晓．国外离心模型试验技术在边坡工程中的应用展望．工程地质学报．2000，8(4)：442—445
52 杜延龄．土工离心模型试验基本原理及若干基本模拟技术研究．水利学报．1993，8
2 Craig. W.H. Edouard Phillips and the idea of Centrifuge Modeling. Geotechnique. 1989, 39:679-700
3 Becky. Use of models for the study of mining problems [J]. 1931
4 R.N. Taylor. Geotechnical Centrifuge Technology [MI. London: SE Edmunds burg Press. 1994
5 周健，刘宁．离心模型试验技术应用的新进展．上海地质．2002，(31)
6 Giovanni Plizzari, Fletcher Waggoner and Victor E. Saouma. Centrifuge Modeling and Analysis of Concrete Gravity Dams. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 10,1995, pp. 1471-1479
7 F. Barpi and S. Valente. Numerical Simulation of Prenticed Gravity Dams Models. Journal of Structural Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 10, 1995, pp. 1471-1479
8 章为民，徐光明．土石坝施工填筑过程离心模拟方法研究．南京：南京水利科学研究院，1995
9 章为民，唐剑虹，蔡正银．瀑布沟坝基防渗墙离心模型试验．岩土工程学报．1997，19(2)：95—101
10 徐光明，张金凯．土工膜防渗层稳定性的离心模型试验研究和极限分析．水利水运科学研究．1999，(1)：32—40
11 杨龙才．基坑边坡变形和稳定性的离心模型试验研究．上海铁道大学学报．2000，21(10)：100—105
12 陈全福，马时冬．土钉加固边坡的离心模型试验与分析．工业建筑．1999，29(9)：12—15
13 James A. Cheney and Ali Mohammad Oskoorouchi. Physical modeling of Clay Slopes in the drum Centrifuge [J]. Tran. Res. Rec. 872 1-7
14 章为民，赖忠中．加筋挡土墙离心试验研究．土木工程学报．2000，33(3)：84—91
15 杜建成，杜瑞成．连拱支墩挡墙土压力的分布．工程力学．2000，3(00)：474—478
16 C. F. Leung, Y. K. Chow, and R.F. Shen. Bahavior of Pile Subject to Excavation-Induced
Soil Movement. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Vol. 126, No. 11, 2000, pp. 947-954
17 Sand Ali Aiban, Dobroalav Znidarcic. Centrifugal Modeling of bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations On Sands. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol.121, No. 10, 1995, pp. 704-712
18 周小文，包承纲，南水北调穿黄隧洞衬砌土压力离心模型试验研究．水利水电技术．1999，30(5)：58—60
19 周小文，包承纲，隧洞拱冠的砂土位移与破坏的离心模型试验研究．岩土力学．1999，20(2)：32—36
20 A. Bal Krishnan, B. L. Kutter. Settlement Sliding and Liquefaction Remediation of Layered Soil. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 10,1995, pp. 704-712
21 Silan C. Nichols and Deborah J. Goodings. Physical Model Testing of Compaction Grouting in Cohesionless Soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 126, No. 9, 1999, pp. 848-852
22 J. W. Griffioenand, D. A. Barry. Centrifuge Modeling of Unstable Infiltration and Solute Transport. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 7, 1999, pp. 556-565
23 G. Esposito, H.G.B. Allersma and A. P. S. Selvadurai. Centrifuge Modeling of LNAPL Transport in Partially Saturated Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 12, 1999, pp. 1066-1071
24 束善治．有机污染物包气带迁徙的离心模型研究．岩土工程学报．2000，22(5)：594—598
25 Kandiah Arulansndan, Kanthassamy K. Muraleatharan and Chelvarajah Yogachandran. Seismic Response of Soil Deposited in San Francisco Marina District. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 123,No. lO, 1997, pp. 557-567
26 Lee Liu and Ricardo Dobry. Seismic Response of Shallow Foundation on Liquefiable Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vo1.123, No. 6, 1997, pp. 557-567
27 Mark R. Tufenkjian and Malden Vucetic.Dynamic Failure Mechanism of Soil-Nailed Excavation Model in Centrifuge. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 126, No. 3, 2000, pp. 227-235
28 X. zeng, Assoil and K. Arulanandan. Modeling lateral Sliding of Slope due to Liquefaction of Sand Layer. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Vol. 121, No. 11, 1995, pp. 814-816
29 刘守华．发生断裂对上覆土层的影响．南京：南京水利水电科学研究院．1994
30 章为民，日下部冶．砂性地层地震反应离心模型试验研究．岩土工程学报．2001，23(1)：28—32
31 Tosbi Nomoto, Shinichiro Imarnura. Shield Tunnel Construction in Centrifuge. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenviromental Engineering. Vol. 125, No. 4, 1999, pp. 289-300
32 陈兴华，刘金元．软土基坑开挖周围土体变形的离心模型研究．地下工程与隧道．2000(1)：8—12
33 周小文，濮家骝，包承纲．砂土中隧洞开挖稳定机理及松动土压力研究．长江科学院院报．1999，16(4)：9—13
34 刘守华，蔡正银．土工离心模型填料装置的研究．岩土工程学报．1996，18(3)：74—79
35 胡定，张立民．土工抗震试验与分析．成都科技大学出版社．1991，58—60
36 周美立．相似工程学．北京：机械工业出版社．1998，85—98
37 Fuglsang L D., Ovesen N K. The Application of the Theory of Modeling to Centrifuge Studies. Centrifuge in Soil Mechanics . 1988
38 饶锡保．土石坝的离心模型试验研究．长江科学院研究生论文．1989
39 Randolph M F. Establishing a new Centrifuge Facility. Centrifuge 91, Ko(ed), Balkema Rotterdam, 1991, 3-9
40 Ovesen N K. The Use of Physical Models in Design; The Scaling Law Relationships. Procesdings of 7~(th) European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Brighton, 1979, 4:318-323
41 Craig W H. Simulation of Foundations for Offshore Structures Using Centrifuge Modeling. Developments in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering-Model Studies. London: Applied Science Publishers LTD, 1983, 1-27
42 徐光明，章为民．离心模型中的粒径效应和边界效应研究．岩土工程学报．1996，18(3)：80—86
43 Malushitsky Y N . The Centrifugal Model Testing of Waste-Heap Embankments. London: Cambridge University Press, 1975, 5-11
44 Santamarina J C, Goodings D J. Centrifuge Modeling A Study of Similarity. Geotechnical Testing Journal. 1989, 12(2): 163-166
45 中铁四局．深圳地铁大～科区间暗挖施工组织设计．2002
46 钱家欢，殷宗泽．土工原理与计算．第二版．中国水利水电出版社．1996
47 阳军生，刘宝琛．城市隧道施工引起的地表移动及变形．中国铁道出版社．2002
48 冯光愈，包承纲．土工离心模拟试验技术的开发．长江科学院院报．1992，9(1)：77—80
49 黄志全，王思敬．离心模拟试验技术在我国的应用概况，岩石力学与工程学报．1998，17(2)：199—203
50 雷胜友．离心模型试验技术及其在中国的应用．西安公路交通大学学报．1998，18(4)：222—226
51 油新华，李晓．国外离心模型试验技术在边坡工程中的应用展望．工程地质学报．2000，8(4)：442—445
52 杜延龄．土工离心模型试验基本原理及若干基本模拟技术研究．水利学报．1993，8
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