螺杆泵采油技术在稠油开采中的评价与研究
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摘要
金马油田所辖海外河油田和小洼油田区块存在油稠、出砂重等问题，部分油井采用螺杆泵生产，生产中经常出现抽油杆断脱、卡泵、泵排量与油井供液能力的匹配等现象，其措施有效率仅为85％左右。因此，开展螺杆泵采油技术的应用研究，对提高螺杆泵应用效果和油田经济效益意义重要。本文从海外河油田和小洼油田的地质结构特征和螺杆泵采油技术两个方面进行综合研究，探讨了油田油藏形成的构造环境，和油田开发中存在的出砂和油稠原因，分析了螺杆泵结构、工作原理和工作特性，通过对螺杆泵采油技术参数研究和现场应用分析评价，取得了重要的成果和创新之处。
主要体现在以下几方面：
1．根据海外河油田和小洼油田的地质构造特征、储层特征、沉积特征、原油物性等几个方面，论述了海外河油田和小洼油田储层具有成岩作用差，泥质含量高，储层结构异常疏松和生产中易出砂。地层原油高密度、高粘度、低含蜡量，造成地层油稠，原油粘度高。
2．根据螺杆泵的结构、工作原理及特性等，阐述了螺杆泵采油技术特点：抗砂卡、耐稠油能力强、产液稳定、利于排砂，适合在出砂、油稠油田的应用。
3．根据加拿大稠油出砂冷采矿场经验数值表与海外河油田和小洼油田的油藏物性对照，海外河油田和小洼油田油层胶结疏松、原油本身有携砂能力、原油密度、油层厚度、孔隙度、渗透率、原油粘度等参数基本相同，非常适应螺杆泵采油技术的应用。
4．通过螺杆泵采油技术理论与现场应用的实际结合，对螺杆泵采油技术的技术参数进行了全面的分析评价，合理地确定了海外河油田和小洼油田螺杆泵应用技术参数：选用天津120-36井下螺杆泵、海外河油田地层供能力10.13m~3／d、小洼油田地层供液能力6.4m~3／d、光杆转速60～120min~(-1)、井下管柱采油3″油管和1 1／8″D级抽油杆、泵深在1000～1300m、小洼油田螺杆泵井掺油比1:0.27，保证了海外河油田和小洼油田螺杆泵采油技术措施应用效果。
5、研究分析了螺杆泵现场应用中存在的杆柱断裂、杆脱扣和杆撸扣等问题，制定并实施了合理选配杆柱规格、加强检测、应用防反转装置、采用专用抽油杆等项措施，有效地防止了油井杆柱断裂、杆脱扣和杆撸扣等现象地发生，保证了油井的正常运转。
6、通过一年来的研究和现场应用，分析评价表明，螺杆泵采油技术及其配套工艺在我油田已经成熟。对2001年应用的60口螺杆泵井进行统计分析，其措施有效率已达到95％，创造经济效益8142.7万元，达到了开题的最终目的。海外河油田和小洼油田的螺杆泵采油技术接近了国外同类技术水平，具备了推广应用的价值。
Haiwaihe and Xiaowa Oilfields that under the superintendence of Jinina Oilfield both have the problems of heavy oil and sand production. Some of the oil wells use screw pumps to produce oil, however, problems like rod breaking, pump stuck and incompatibility of pump discharge rate and fluid supply from oil wells occur often. The efficiency of various measures is only about 85%. Therefore it is important to conduct the application research on screw pump teclinology in order to improve the application effect and thus increase the benefit of the oilfield. The paper discussed the structural environment of the forming of the reservoirs and the reasons of sand production and the causes of heavy oil from the view points of geological features and petrophysical parameters of Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields as well as the recovery technology of screw pump itself. The paper analyzed the structure of screw pump, its mechanism and special working conditions. With the effort of studying the screw pump recovery parameters a
nd evaluating the field application of screw pump, major achievements were obtained. They are shown in the following aspects:
1. Based upon the geological structural characteristics, reservoir and sedimentation characteristics and petrophysical parameters, the paper concludes that the reservoirs of Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields are poor in diagenesis, high in shale content, unusual unconsolidation of reservoir structures and are likely to produce sands. High density, high viscosity and low wax content of in-situ oil are (he causes for heavy oil and intensive sand carrying capacity.
2. Based upon the structure, working mechanism and characteristics of screw pump, the technical features for oil recovery of screw pumps are discussed: anti-sand stuck, suitable for heavy oil recovery, stable fluid production, advantageous for sand discharging and applicable to sand producing, heavy oil fields.
3. Compared with the field empirical data of cold production of heavy oil in Canada, Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields have unconsolidated reservoir, the oil itself has the capability of carrying sands. The oil density, reservoir thickness, porosity, permeability and oil viscosity are basically the same. It is concluded that these fields are fit for using screw pumps.
4. The theory of screw pump recovery technology was put into practice and a thorough assessment was made upon the technical parameters of the screw pump. The technical parameters that suit Haiwaihe and Xiaowa Oilfields are determined. Tianjin made 120-36 screw pumps were chosen. The fluid supply capability of Haiwaihe oilfield was determined to be 10.13 m3/d , that of Xiaowa oilfield was 6.4m3/d with polished rod speed of 60-120 min-1 . Downhole string used 3"
tubing and l'/8" D level sucker rod with the pump depth at 1000~l300m. The added light to heavy oil ratio for Xiaowa oilfield was decided to be 1:0.27. All these measures guaranteed the application result of screw pump at Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields.
5. The paper also discussed the problems of rod break-off, rod unscrewing and screw failure. Measures were undertaken, such as careful selection of rods, examination of the rods, application of anti-unscrewing device and special sucker rod just for the purpose of oil recovery. These measures were very effective for the prevention of rod break-off, rod unscrewing and screw failure and therefore ensured the efficient operation of oil wells.
6. Through research and field application, it shows that screw pump oil recovery technology and its relevant technique have been developed to a mature degree. Statistics of 60 screw pumps used in the year 2001 showed that the success rate was 95%. Marvelous economic benefit was gained and the purpose of this research was achieved. The screw pump oil recovery technology of Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields have reached international level and has the value of application more extensively.
主要体现在以下几方面：
1．根据海外河油田和小洼油田的地质构造特征、储层特征、沉积特征、原油物性等几个方面，论述了海外河油田和小洼油田储层具有成岩作用差，泥质含量高，储层结构异常疏松和生产中易出砂。地层原油高密度、高粘度、低含蜡量，造成地层油稠，原油粘度高。
2．根据螺杆泵的结构、工作原理及特性等，阐述了螺杆泵采油技术特点：抗砂卡、耐稠油能力强、产液稳定、利于排砂，适合在出砂、油稠油田的应用。
3．根据加拿大稠油出砂冷采矿场经验数值表与海外河油田和小洼油田的油藏物性对照，海外河油田和小洼油田油层胶结疏松、原油本身有携砂能力、原油密度、油层厚度、孔隙度、渗透率、原油粘度等参数基本相同，非常适应螺杆泵采油技术的应用。
4．通过螺杆泵采油技术理论与现场应用的实际结合，对螺杆泵采油技术的技术参数进行了全面的分析评价，合理地确定了海外河油田和小洼油田螺杆泵应用技术参数：选用天津120-36井下螺杆泵、海外河油田地层供能力10.13m~3／d、小洼油田地层供液能力6.4m~3／d、光杆转速60～120min~(-1)、井下管柱采油3″油管和1 1／8″D级抽油杆、泵深在1000～1300m、小洼油田螺杆泵井掺油比1:0.27，保证了海外河油田和小洼油田螺杆泵采油技术措施应用效果。
5、研究分析了螺杆泵现场应用中存在的杆柱断裂、杆脱扣和杆撸扣等问题，制定并实施了合理选配杆柱规格、加强检测、应用防反转装置、采用专用抽油杆等项措施，有效地防止了油井杆柱断裂、杆脱扣和杆撸扣等现象地发生，保证了油井的正常运转。
6、通过一年来的研究和现场应用，分析评价表明，螺杆泵采油技术及其配套工艺在我油田已经成熟。对2001年应用的60口螺杆泵井进行统计分析，其措施有效率已达到95％，创造经济效益8142.7万元，达到了开题的最终目的。海外河油田和小洼油田的螺杆泵采油技术接近了国外同类技术水平，具备了推广应用的价值。
Haiwaihe and Xiaowa Oilfields that under the superintendence of Jinina Oilfield both have the problems of heavy oil and sand production. Some of the oil wells use screw pumps to produce oil, however, problems like rod breaking, pump stuck and incompatibility of pump discharge rate and fluid supply from oil wells occur often. The efficiency of various measures is only about 85%. Therefore it is important to conduct the application research on screw pump teclinology in order to improve the application effect and thus increase the benefit of the oilfield. The paper discussed the structural environment of the forming of the reservoirs and the reasons of sand production and the causes of heavy oil from the view points of geological features and petrophysical parameters of Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields as well as the recovery technology of screw pump itself. The paper analyzed the structure of screw pump, its mechanism and special working conditions. With the effort of studying the screw pump recovery parameters a
nd evaluating the field application of screw pump, major achievements were obtained. They are shown in the following aspects:
1. Based upon the geological structural characteristics, reservoir and sedimentation characteristics and petrophysical parameters, the paper concludes that the reservoirs of Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields are poor in diagenesis, high in shale content, unusual unconsolidation of reservoir structures and are likely to produce sands. High density, high viscosity and low wax content of in-situ oil are (he causes for heavy oil and intensive sand carrying capacity.
2. Based upon the structure, working mechanism and characteristics of screw pump, the technical features for oil recovery of screw pumps are discussed: anti-sand stuck, suitable for heavy oil recovery, stable fluid production, advantageous for sand discharging and applicable to sand producing, heavy oil fields.
3. Compared with the field empirical data of cold production of heavy oil in Canada, Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields have unconsolidated reservoir, the oil itself has the capability of carrying sands. The oil density, reservoir thickness, porosity, permeability and oil viscosity are basically the same. It is concluded that these fields are fit for using screw pumps.
4. The theory of screw pump recovery technology was put into practice and a thorough assessment was made upon the technical parameters of the screw pump. The technical parameters that suit Haiwaihe and Xiaowa Oilfields are determined. Tianjin made 120-36 screw pumps were chosen. The fluid supply capability of Haiwaihe oilfield was determined to be 10.13 m3/d , that of Xiaowa oilfield was 6.4m3/d with polished rod speed of 60-120 min-1 . Downhole string used 3"
tubing and l'/8" D level sucker rod with the pump depth at 1000~l300m. The added light to heavy oil ratio for Xiaowa oilfield was decided to be 1:0.27. All these measures guaranteed the application result of screw pump at Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields.
5. The paper also discussed the problems of rod break-off, rod unscrewing and screw failure. Measures were undertaken, such as careful selection of rods, examination of the rods, application of anti-unscrewing device and special sucker rod just for the purpose of oil recovery. These measures were very effective for the prevention of rod break-off, rod unscrewing and screw failure and therefore ensured the efficient operation of oil wells.
6. Through research and field application, it shows that screw pump oil recovery technology and its relevant technique have been developed to a mature degree. Statistics of 60 screw pumps used in the year 2001 showed that the success rate was 95%. Marvelous economic benefit was gained and the purpose of this research was achieved. The screw pump oil recovery technology of Haiwaihe and Xiaowa oilfields have reached international level and has the value of application more extensively.
引文
[1]王鸿勋：采油工艺原理，石油工业出版社，1989。
[2]杨晓翔：工程力学，哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1998。
[3]陈家琅：水力学，石油工业出版社，1980。
[4]万仁溥：采油技术手册，石油工业出版社，2000。
[5]万帮烈：采油机械的设计计算，石油工业出版社，1988。
[6]程绍志：稠油出砂冷采技术，石油工业出版社，1998。
[7]王碧省：海外河油田石油地质研究，辽河石油勘探开发研究院科学技术报告，1991。
[8]张学汝：小洼油田洼38块注蒸汽开发方案，辽河油田勘探开发研究院，1994。
[9]张金亮；海外河油田精细油藏描述及剩余油分布研究，西安石油学院，1999。
[10]蔡展鹏：井下作业技术数据手册，石油工业出版社，1997。
[11]K．E 布朗著，孙学龙译：升举法采油工艺，石油工业出版社，1990。
[12]达克LP著，刘翔鄂译：油藏工程原理，石油工业出版社，1984。
[13]李茂林：油田开发地质基础，石油工业出版社，1991。
[14](苏)T．M．阿里也夫；抽油井自动控制和诊断，石油工业出版社。
[15]陈家琅：水力学原理，石油工业出版社，1988。
[16]谷同：电机工程手册，机械工业出版社，1982。
[17]华东石油学院矿机教研室：石油钻采机械，石油工业出版社，1980。
[18]彭仕宓；油藏开发地质学，石油工业出版社，1998。
[19]万仁溥：现代完井工程，石油工业出版社，1996。
[20]Thomas C. Frick: Petroleum Production Handbook, vol. 1, Mathematics-Production Equipment, 1964.
[21]Frederic J, et al: New correlations to predict non-darcy flow coefficients at immobile and mobile water saturation, SPE 28541, 1994.
[22]Joseph zaba: Modern oil-well pumping, 1962.
[2]杨晓翔：工程力学，哈尔滨工程大学出版社，1998。
[3]陈家琅：水力学，石油工业出版社，1980。
[4]万仁溥：采油技术手册，石油工业出版社，2000。
[5]万帮烈：采油机械的设计计算，石油工业出版社，1988。
[6]程绍志：稠油出砂冷采技术，石油工业出版社，1998。
[7]王碧省：海外河油田石油地质研究，辽河石油勘探开发研究院科学技术报告，1991。
[8]张学汝：小洼油田洼38块注蒸汽开发方案，辽河油田勘探开发研究院，1994。
[9]张金亮；海外河油田精细油藏描述及剩余油分布研究，西安石油学院，1999。
[10]蔡展鹏：井下作业技术数据手册，石油工业出版社，1997。
[11]K．E 布朗著，孙学龙译：升举法采油工艺，石油工业出版社，1990。
[12]达克LP著，刘翔鄂译：油藏工程原理，石油工业出版社，1984。
[13]李茂林：油田开发地质基础，石油工业出版社，1991。
[14](苏)T．M．阿里也夫；抽油井自动控制和诊断，石油工业出版社。
[15]陈家琅：水力学原理，石油工业出版社，1988。
[16]谷同：电机工程手册，机械工业出版社，1982。
[17]华东石油学院矿机教研室：石油钻采机械，石油工业出版社，1980。
[18]彭仕宓；油藏开发地质学，石油工业出版社，1998。
[19]万仁溥：现代完井工程，石油工业出版社，1996。
[20]Thomas C. Frick: Petroleum Production Handbook, vol. 1, Mathematics-Production Equipment, 1964.
[21]Frederic J, et al: New correlations to predict non-darcy flow coefficients at immobile and mobile water saturation, SPE 28541, 1994.
[22]Joseph zaba: Modern oil-well pumping, 1962.
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