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小型冲压模具报价方法研究
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摘要
模具是生产各种工业产品的重要工艺装备。模具成型以其优质、高效、低成本、低能耗等特点,在工业产品零部件加工中得到广泛的应用。随着现代工业发展和产品更新换代周期的急剧缩短,模具的需求量日益增长,其设计、制造水平也不断提高,模具工业在整个国民经济发展中的作用愈来愈显著。模具的定价是否合理不仅关系到用户的切身利益,而且还关系到制造商的盈利水平、市场竞争策略的制订以及预定的经营目标是否能够顺利实现等。因此,模具价格的制定是模具制造企业经营决策的重要内容之一。模具行业传统的估价办法,如经验估价法、分解汇总估价法等,由于数据采集不足、对人的经验依赖太大、难以规范化和标准化等缺点,已不能满足新形势下模具工业的发展需要。因此,怎样科学地、合理地计算模具成本,确切地对模具进行估价,以便真实地反映模具价值,已变得非常重要。
     模糊理论、预测技术、计算机技术、网络技术、信息技术、数据库技术等现代科学的发展,为这一问题的解决提供了新的思路和方法。本文提出的模糊相似比较法和工时法相结合的模具报价方法,就是模拟传统的经验报价中人的报价行为过程,利用模糊理论中的模糊隶属度来量化新工件与原有的在以往生产实际中积累的一系列相关模具样本的有用信息,计算它们之间的模糊贴近度,进行相似度比较,找出与新工件最相似的三个模具样本,在此基础上利用预测技术中的指数平滑法估算出新工件的生产成本。工时法是丰富样本实例库的一条有效途径,当可供比较的样本数目不多或为一个新工件建立其样本实例时,就可以采用工时法进行估价。
     围绕上述思想,本文主要进行了以下几个方面的研究:
     1.工时法报价方法的原理、公式构成、各参数的含义和取值情况等。通过对传统工时法报价方法的进一步研究、信息化和计算机化,把人从繁琐的手工计算和资料搜集工作中解放出来,使报价更准确、快速、简单易行。
     2.模糊相似比较法的原理、公式推导过程,及工件特征集合中各元素的构成和权值的选取、数据规格化和相似样本的选取等关键技术。以冲裁模为研究对象,建立其初步的特征工件集合、模糊相似关系和权值,提供了解决这一实际问题的基本原则和方法,从理论上解决了模糊相似比较法的报价方法问题。
     3.工时法中数据库的组织和建立、模糊相似比较法中样本库的组织和建立等。通过对模糊相似比较法中样本库的组织、样本选择和增加等内容详细考虑和架构,使得系统更具通用性和可扩展性,为以后对专家经验的进一步提取提供厂很好的工具和平台;通过对工时法报价数据库的精心组织,使得丰富数据库的途径更多,数据维护更加简单、高效,与其他系统的信息共享更加方便。
     根据以上报价方法,本文以SYBASE公司的POWERBUILD+SQLANYWHERE为开发工具,在WINDOWS NT平台上开发实现了一个原型系统。
Moulds and dies are vital technical equipments in the field of manufacturing industry. The forming method using moulds and dies is applied to industry parts producing widely because of its characteristics of high quality, high efficiency, low cost, low energy consumption, etc. With the development of the modern industry and the sharp shortening of the period of products updating, the demand of moulds and dies expands increasingly, which makes the roles more and more important in the development of all the national economy. The rationality of moulds and dies quotation is related to not only users' benefits but also the payoff levels, formulating the market competitive strategies, realizing preconcerted aims, and so on. So determining the prices of moulds and dies is one of the important contents of managerial decision-making for moulds and dies manufactural enterprises. The conventional quotation methods of moulds and dies, such as quotation by experience, decomposing and collecting, already can't meet the requirement of moulds and dies industry in the new environment because of the shortage of data collecting, difficulty in standardization and normalization. Therefore, it becomes more important that how to compute moulds and dies price scientifically and rationally and evaluate moulds and dies accurately to reflect their actual price.
    The development of the modern science and technology provides new methods and ideas to resolve these problems, such as fuzzy theory, forecasting technique, computer science, network technique, information technique, database technique, etc. This dissertation puts forward a fuzzy-similarity-comparison method complemented by man-hour method. It simulates human's behavior in the process of conventional experiential quotation, and quantifies the useful information of a new die part and a series of correlative die samples accumulated in the foregone quotation experience by fuzzy membership, and then compares the similarity between the new part and the samples after computing their fuzzy level of approximation to find three of the most similar samples, based on which the producing cost of the new part is estimated by exponential-smoothing-method. Man-hour method is an effectual approach to extend the sample database, and is applied when the number of the correlative samples is insufficient or a new sample is to be added.
    Based on above, the following main problems are discussed in the dissertation:
    1. Analysis of the theory, formula composing, the meanings and values of parameters of man-hour quotation. To implement the man-hour quotation method by means of computer and information technologies to release people from long and tedious works of manually computing and collecting material, and to make the quotation more accurate and fast.
    2. Study the principle and formula derivation of fuzzy-similarity-comparison quotation method, some critical technique such as elemental composition and elemental weights in the parts feature set, normalizing data, selecting similar samples, and so on. The dissertation builds the original feature set, fuzzy memberships and weights of small stamping die, which provides basic principle and method to resolve the practical problem.
    3. Organizing and establishing the databases of man-hour quotation method and the sample databases of fuzzy-similarity-comparison quotation method. The dissertation
    
    
    
    considers and designs in detail the structure of the sample databases, the selection and addition of the samples, which not only makes the quotation system good in versatility and expandability but also provides a good tool and platform for abstracting the experts' experience later. Well-constructed quotation databases provides ways to extend the sample databases, makes it simpler to maintain the data system and easier to share the information with other systems.
    According to the quotation method above, a prototype system is developed on the WINDOWS NT platform by POWERBUILD & SQLANYWHERE of SYBASE corporation.
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