Turbo码编码体制的研究及其基于DSPs的实现
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摘要
在各种通信系统中，由于信道中噪声的干扰会使得传输的信号发生畸变，从而在接收端发生相应的错误，因此差错控制作为提高传输可靠性的关键技术，成为通信界的热门的研究课题。1993年提出的turbo码的编码体制在低信噪比的情况下可以获得良好的误码性能。本文在已有的文献的基础上，详细的分析了turbo码的编码的不同环节，推导了解码中的两种迭代算法，从不同的角度解释了良好性能的理论基础。利用工程仿真软件模拟和比较了不同环节和方案的性能，得到了和其他的研究者相同的结果。并改进了原有的方案，简化了译码算法中的一些运算。由于在解码算法中有过多的超越函数的计算，从而在硬件上很难实现。TI公司的专用DSP(数字信号处理)芯片可以用于快速的计算，本文根据TMS320C62系列芯片的硬件特点和集成编译环境CCS软件的优化原则，用标准的C编写了turbo码的编解码程序，并分析了优化后的结果，评估了解码器的性能和DSP芯片的利用效率。结论表明利用该芯片实现适时的编解码是可行的。
The noises in the radio channel will currupt the signal in many kinds of communication systems.The corresponding errors will appear at the receiver.So error-correcting coding technology is an important part in an efficient communication and an interesting field studied by scholars.Turbo coding scheme,
presented in 1993,can perform well at lower SNR.Based on former documents,this paper analyses the coding steps,outline and compare two iterative algorithm,explain the good performance in several aspects. Simul -ation demonstrates the same results .A new scheme can improve old performance and simplify computation in the decoding
process.Because of ultra function this scheme is difficult being realization by hardware.TI's DSP can be used in the fast computation. This paper list the characteristic of the TMS320C62 hardware and option principle of the software IDE CCS,write the program with standard C,get the optional information and evaluate the capability
of the decoder and the use efficiency of the CPU. The DSP can be used in turbo code timingly.
The noises in the radio channel will currupt the signal in many kinds of communication systems.The corresponding errors will appear at the receiver.So error-correcting coding technology is an important part in an efficient communication and an interesting field studied by scholars.Turbo coding scheme,
presented in 1993,can perform well at lower SNR.Based on former documents,this paper analyses the coding steps,outline and compare two iterative algorithm,explain the good performance in several aspects. Simul -ation demonstrates the same results .A new scheme can improve old performance and simplify computation in the decoding
process.Because of ultra function this scheme is difficult being realization by hardware.TI's DSP can be used in the fast computation. This paper list the characteristic of the TMS320C62 hardware and option principle of the software IDE CCS,write the program with standard C,get the optional information and evaluate the capability
of the decoder and the use efficiency of the CPU. The DSP can be used in turbo code timingly.
引文
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[2] E.R. Berlckamp ,Algebraic coding theory .McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968
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[5] E. Prange. Cyclic Error-Correcting Codes in Two Symbols. AFCRC-TN-57,103 Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge .Mass. Sempember 1957
[6] T Kasami. A Decoding Method for Multiple-Error-Correcting Cyclic Codes by Using Threshold Logics. Conv. Rec. Inf. Process. Coc. Jap, Tokyo. November 1961
[7] M.E. Mitchell, Error-TrapDecoding of Cyclic Codes ,G. E. Report No. 62 MCD3, General Electric Military Communications Dep, Oklahoma City. Okla. December 1962.
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[12] D. Gorensein and N, Zierler ,A Class of Cyclic linear Error-Correcting Codes in p~m SymbolsJ Soc. Ind. Appl. Math, 9, pp107-214 June 1961
[13] R.T. Chien,Cyclic Decoding Procedure for the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, IT-10, pp357-363, October 1964
[14] G.D, Forney, On Decoding BCH Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory,IT-11, pp. 549-557,October 1963.
[15] E.R. Berlckamp, On Dedcoding Binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory ,IT-11, pp. 577-580, October 1965.
[16] J.L. Massey,Step-by-Step Decoding of Binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory ,IT-15, pp. 122-127, January 1969..
[17] H.O. Burton,,Inversionless decoding of Binary BCH codes, IEEE .Trans. Inf.Theory IT-17, pp 122-127 July 1971.
[18] P. Elias, Coding for Noisy Channels, IRE Conv, Rec.,Part4, pp37-47 ,1955
[19] J.M. Wozencraft and B. Reiffen, Sequential decoding, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1961
[20] J.L. Massey,Threshold Decoding, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1963
[21] A.J. Viterbi, Error-Bounds for Convolutional and Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm" IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory .IT-13, pp260-269, April, 1967.
[22] Matthew C. Valenti,Turbo Codes and Iterative Processing, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group Virginia Polytechnic institute and State University.
[23] 马秀莲 李廷芳编著 数字通信差错控制技术 中国铁道出版社 北京 第一版1991年5月
[24] 陈宗杰 左孝彪编著 纠错编码技术 人民邮电出版社 北京 第一版1987年11月
[25] 沈琪琪 朱德生编著 短波通信 西安电子科技大学出版社 西安 第一版 1989年12月
[26] Berrou, C. et al., Near Optimum Error Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-Codes, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 44, No, 10, October 1996,
[27] Benedetto, Design of Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Codes, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 44, No, 5 May 1996
[28] 林舒 科斯特洛 编著 王育民 王新梅译 差错控制编码基础和应用人民 邮电出版社第一版 1986年12月
[29] O scar Y. Takeshita ,A New Technique for Computing the Weight Spectrum of Turbo Codes, IEEE Communications Letters VOL 3 No 8 August 1999
[30] Sergio Benedetto ,Unveiling Turbo Codes: Some Results on Parallel Concatenated Coding Schemes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory ,Vol. 42 NO. 2 March 1996
[31] Jakob Dahl ANDERSON, Interleaver design for turbo coding,
[32] 樊平毅 张金杰 曹志刚 《一种具有低相关特性的分块交织器的设计》《通信学报》Vol。19 No．4 1999
[33] A. S Barbulescu, Interleaver Design for Turbo Cpdes, Electronics Letters Vol, 30 No. 25 8th December 1994
[34] H.R. Sadjadpour M. Salehi interleaver design for short block length Turbo codes
[35] Jakob Dahl ANDERSON Selection of code and interleaver for turbo codng
[36] J. HOKFELT, Interleaver design for turbo codes based on the performance of iterative decoding, IEEE 1999
[37] P. Jung, Dependence of the error performance of turbo codes on the interleaves structure in short frame transmission systems, Electronics Letters Vol, 30 No. 4 17th February 1994
[38] P Robertson Illuminating the structure of parallel concatenated recursive system (turbo) codes Proc GlobeCom'94 Vol. 3 Nov. 1994 pp. 1298-1303
[39]G.D. Forney, Jr Concatenated Codes MIT Press Cambridge, MA, 1966
[40]Joachim Hagenauer, Iterative Decoding of Binary Block and Convolutional Codes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory Vol. 42 No. 2 March 1996
[41]BaLl, L. R. et al, Optimal Decoding of Linear Codes for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, pp. 284-287, March 1974
[42]Gerhard Bauch A Comparison of Soft-In/Soft-Out Algorithms for Turbo Detection
[43]Joachim Hagenauer A Viterbi Algorithms with Soft-Decision Outpus and its Applications GlobeCom IEEE 1989
[44]G. D. Forney, Jr, The Viterbi algorithm, Proc .IEEE vol 61, pp. 268-278 March 1973
[45]Patrick Robertson, A Comparison Optimal and Sub-Optimal MAP Decoding Algorithms Operating in the log Domain, IEEE 1995
[46]John G Proakis著 齐怀亮等译 数字通信 电子工业出版社 1988年10月 北京第一版
[47]王立宁 乐光新 编著 MATLAB与通信仿真 人民邮电出版社 北京 2000年1月第一版
[48]OKFELT ,A Survey on trellis termination alternative for Turbo Codes IEEE Vehicular Technology conference VTC[99]
[49]古建 杨大成《一种新颖的Turbo码MAP译码器》《通信学报》p96-100 April 2001
[50]TMS320C62XX CPU and Instruction Set reference Guide. Literature Number SPRU189, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1999
[51]任丽香编著TMS320C6000系列DSPs的原理与应用电子工业出版社 北京 2000年7月第一版
[52] TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compile User's Guide, Literature Number SPRU187 Texas Instruments 1999
[53] TMS320C6000 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide,Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1999
[54] 张雄伟编著 DSP芯片的原理与开发应用电子工业出版社 2000年9第一版 北京
[55] Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000-2, prepared by TR45.5, July 1999.
[56] Robertson, P. et al., Optimal and Sub-Optimal Maximum a Posteriori Algorithms Suitablefor Turbo Decoding European Trans. on Telecommunications, Vol. 8, pp. 119-125, March-April. 1997.
[57] Implementing a MAP Decoder for cdma2000 Turbo Codes on a TMS320C62x DSP Device, Application Report, Literature Number SPRU629 Texas Instruments Incorporated, May 2000
[58] TMS320C62x/C67x Programmer's Guide, Literature Number SPRU198, Texas Instruments, 1999.
[2] E.R. Berlckamp ,Algebraic coding theory .McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968
[3] F.J. MacWilliams and J.J.A. Sloane, The Theory of Error Correcting codes. NorthHolland Amsterdam 1977
[4] S.K. Leung yan-Cheong and M.E. Hellman, concerning a Bound on Undetected Error Probability, IEEE Trans. Inf Theory, IT-22 P 235-237 March 1976.
[5] E. Prange. Cyclic Error-Correcting Codes in Two Symbols. AFCRC-TN-57,103 Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge .Mass. Sempember 1957
[6] T Kasami. A Decoding Method for Multiple-Error-Correcting Cyclic Codes by Using Threshold Logics. Conv. Rec. Inf. Process. Coc. Jap, Tokyo. November 1961
[7] M.E. Mitchell, Error-TrapDecoding of Cyclic Codes ,G. E. Report No. 62 MCD3, General Electric Military Communications Dep, Oklahoma City. Okla. December 1962.
[8] L. Rudolph, Easily Implemented Error-Correction Encoding-Decoding, G.E.Report No. 62MCD2, General Electric Military Corporation, Oklahoma City. Okla. December 1962.
[9] R.C. Bose and D.K. Ray-chaudhuri, On a Class of Error Correcting Binary group codes, Inf. Control, 3, pp. 68-79, March 1960.
[10] A. Hocquenghem, codes corecteurs d' erreurs, Chiffres, 2. pp 147-156,1959.
[11] W.W. Peterson, Encoding and Error-Correction Procedure for the Bose-Chaudhuri codes, IRE Trans. Inf. Theory, It-6, pp. 459-470, semtember 1960.
[12] D. Gorensein and N, Zierler ,A Class of Cyclic linear Error-Correcting Codes in p~m SymbolsJ Soc. Ind. Appl. Math, 9, pp107-214 June 1961
[13] R.T. Chien,Cyclic Decoding Procedure for the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, IT-10, pp357-363, October 1964
[14] G.D, Forney, On Decoding BCH Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory,IT-11, pp. 549-557,October 1963.
[15] E.R. Berlckamp, On Dedcoding Binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory ,IT-11, pp. 577-580, October 1965.
[16] J.L. Massey,Step-by-Step Decoding of Binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory ,IT-15, pp. 122-127, January 1969..
[17] H.O. Burton,,Inversionless decoding of Binary BCH codes, IEEE .Trans. Inf.Theory IT-17, pp 122-127 July 1971.
[18] P. Elias, Coding for Noisy Channels, IRE Conv, Rec.,Part4, pp37-47 ,1955
[19] J.M. Wozencraft and B. Reiffen, Sequential decoding, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1961
[20] J.L. Massey,Threshold Decoding, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass, 1963
[21] A.J. Viterbi, Error-Bounds for Convolutional and Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm" IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory .IT-13, pp260-269, April, 1967.
[22] Matthew C. Valenti,Turbo Codes and Iterative Processing, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group Virginia Polytechnic institute and State University.
[23] 马秀莲 李廷芳编著 数字通信差错控制技术 中国铁道出版社 北京 第一版1991年5月
[24] 陈宗杰 左孝彪编著 纠错编码技术 人民邮电出版社 北京 第一版1987年11月
[25] 沈琪琪 朱德生编著 短波通信 西安电子科技大学出版社 西安 第一版 1989年12月
[26] Berrou, C. et al., Near Optimum Error Correcting Coding and Decoding: Turbo-Codes, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 44, No, 10, October 1996,
[27] Benedetto, Design of Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Codes, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 44, No, 5 May 1996
[28] 林舒 科斯特洛 编著 王育民 王新梅译 差错控制编码基础和应用人民 邮电出版社第一版 1986年12月
[29] O scar Y. Takeshita ,A New Technique for Computing the Weight Spectrum of Turbo Codes, IEEE Communications Letters VOL 3 No 8 August 1999
[30] Sergio Benedetto ,Unveiling Turbo Codes: Some Results on Parallel Concatenated Coding Schemes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory ,Vol. 42 NO. 2 March 1996
[31] Jakob Dahl ANDERSON, Interleaver design for turbo coding,
[32] 樊平毅 张金杰 曹志刚 《一种具有低相关特性的分块交织器的设计》《通信学报》Vol。19 No．4 1999
[33] A. S Barbulescu, Interleaver Design for Turbo Cpdes, Electronics Letters Vol, 30 No. 25 8th December 1994
[34] H.R. Sadjadpour M. Salehi interleaver design for short block length Turbo codes
[35] Jakob Dahl ANDERSON Selection of code and interleaver for turbo codng
[36] J. HOKFELT, Interleaver design for turbo codes based on the performance of iterative decoding, IEEE 1999
[37] P. Jung, Dependence of the error performance of turbo codes on the interleaves structure in short frame transmission systems, Electronics Letters Vol, 30 No. 4 17th February 1994
[38] P Robertson Illuminating the structure of parallel concatenated recursive system (turbo) codes Proc GlobeCom'94 Vol. 3 Nov. 1994 pp. 1298-1303
[39]G.D. Forney, Jr Concatenated Codes MIT Press Cambridge, MA, 1966
[40]Joachim Hagenauer, Iterative Decoding of Binary Block and Convolutional Codes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory Vol. 42 No. 2 March 1996
[41]BaLl, L. R. et al, Optimal Decoding of Linear Codes for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, pp. 284-287, March 1974
[42]Gerhard Bauch A Comparison of Soft-In/Soft-Out Algorithms for Turbo Detection
[43]Joachim Hagenauer A Viterbi Algorithms with Soft-Decision Outpus and its Applications GlobeCom IEEE 1989
[44]G. D. Forney, Jr, The Viterbi algorithm, Proc .IEEE vol 61, pp. 268-278 March 1973
[45]Patrick Robertson, A Comparison Optimal and Sub-Optimal MAP Decoding Algorithms Operating in the log Domain, IEEE 1995
[46]John G Proakis著 齐怀亮等译 数字通信 电子工业出版社 1988年10月 北京第一版
[47]王立宁 乐光新 编著 MATLAB与通信仿真 人民邮电出版社 北京 2000年1月第一版
[48]OKFELT ,A Survey on trellis termination alternative for Turbo Codes IEEE Vehicular Technology conference VTC[99]
[49]古建 杨大成《一种新颖的Turbo码MAP译码器》《通信学报》p96-100 April 2001
[50]TMS320C62XX CPU and Instruction Set reference Guide. Literature Number SPRU189, Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1999
[51]任丽香编著TMS320C6000系列DSPs的原理与应用电子工业出版社 北京 2000年7月第一版
[52] TMS320C6000 Optimizing C Compile User's Guide, Literature Number SPRU187 Texas Instruments 1999
[53] TMS320C6000 Assembly Language Tools User's Guide,Texas Instruments Incorporated, 1999
[54] 张雄伟编著 DSP芯片的原理与开发应用电子工业出版社 2000年9第一版 北京
[55] Physical Layer Standard for cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems TIA/EIA/IS-2000-2, prepared by TR45.5, July 1999.
[56] Robertson, P. et al., Optimal and Sub-Optimal Maximum a Posteriori Algorithms Suitablefor Turbo Decoding European Trans. on Telecommunications, Vol. 8, pp. 119-125, March-April. 1997.
[57] Implementing a MAP Decoder for cdma2000 Turbo Codes on a TMS320C62x DSP Device, Application Report, Literature Number SPRU629 Texas Instruments Incorporated, May 2000
[58] TMS320C62x/C67x Programmer's Guide, Literature Number SPRU198, Texas Instruments, 1999.
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