基于ICT数据的三维实体表面重构
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摘要
本文研究了基于CT切片数据的三维实体表面重构技术。论述了由断层图像重构物体表面的方法：1)对切片图像进行轮廓提取；2)利用Freeman链码对于图像轮廓进行表示，根据数字图像的特点提出了一种数字图像轮廓的离散化方法，并进一步对图像轮廓进行了逼近；3)对逼近后的相邻轮廓进行三角面片拼接，得到物体的三角面片拼接表面。全文共分为六章。
第一章阐述了反求工程的基本概念及其主要应用场合；综述快速反求工程的研究概况，评述了与反求工程相关的断层测量技术、基于断层数据的三维CAD建模技术的研究进展；最后给出了本学位论文的主要内容。
第二章主要研究对切片数据的预处理。首先对图像处理的基本方法进行了简要的介绍；然后对于轮廓清晰图像进行二值化，本文采用全局门限技术，用一个门限值来分割整个图像；最后采用八邻域算法实现了截面轮廓的提取。
第三章研究了对截面轮廓进行描述的方法。主要研究内容包括：1)轮廓线的Freeman链码表示方法，截面轮廓的性质；2)轮廓生成与边界跟踪算法；3)边界轮廓的逼近方法。
第四章研究了单轮廓物体表面的三角面片拼接算法。本文采用局部优化方法，以局部连接中对角线最短为优化目标，进行三角面片的拼接。
第五章研究了重构表面的显示问题。主要包括视口变换、视点选择、光照处理及三角面片法向量的计算问题。
第六章简单介绍了利用VC++开发的一个软件。
In this dissertation, the reconstruction of 3-D entity surface based on slicing data is studied. A surface of 3-D entity reconstructing scheme is presented. Firstly, the contour of slicing image is picked up. Then the image contour is recognized by Freeman code and according to the character of data image a discretion method of contour is advanced, and the contour is closed. Finally get the surface of entity by putting triangular patch together. Six chapters are included in this dissertation.
In chapter one, some concepts on reverse engineering are briefly introduced firstly. Then some considerable studies on rapid reverse engineering are discussed in detail. Slicing measurement about reverse engineering and 3-D CAD model reconstruction method based on slicing data are discussed. Finally, the meanings of the project are pointed out and the research contents are summarized.
The arithmetic of picking up contour from slicing data is presented in chapter two. At first I introduce the elementary methods of image process in brief. Then image with clear-cut contour is converted into binary image. In this dissertation we use whole limen method to divide up the whole image. Finally the 8-neighbour point arithmetic is used to pick up the contour of the slicing data.
The describing method of slicing data contour is studied in chapter 3.The research contents in this chapter include the description of contour by Freeman code, the property of slicing data contour, the creation of contour and arithmetic of verge track and the approach of contour.
In chapter 4 the arithmetic of putting triangular patch together to reconstruct the surface of single contour body is studied In this dissertation, we use local optimizing method and take the shortest diagonal in local as the aim of optimization.
The display of reconstruction surface is described in chapter 5. In this part, the transformation of view port, the selection of viewpoint, the process of illumination and the normalized vector of triangle patch are included.
A software developed by VC++ is briefly introduced in chapter 6
第一章阐述了反求工程的基本概念及其主要应用场合；综述快速反求工程的研究概况，评述了与反求工程相关的断层测量技术、基于断层数据的三维CAD建模技术的研究进展；最后给出了本学位论文的主要内容。
第二章主要研究对切片数据的预处理。首先对图像处理的基本方法进行了简要的介绍；然后对于轮廓清晰图像进行二值化，本文采用全局门限技术，用一个门限值来分割整个图像；最后采用八邻域算法实现了截面轮廓的提取。
第三章研究了对截面轮廓进行描述的方法。主要研究内容包括：1)轮廓线的Freeman链码表示方法，截面轮廓的性质；2)轮廓生成与边界跟踪算法；3)边界轮廓的逼近方法。
第四章研究了单轮廓物体表面的三角面片拼接算法。本文采用局部优化方法，以局部连接中对角线最短为优化目标，进行三角面片的拼接。
第五章研究了重构表面的显示问题。主要包括视口变换、视点选择、光照处理及三角面片法向量的计算问题。
第六章简单介绍了利用VC++开发的一个软件。
In this dissertation, the reconstruction of 3-D entity surface based on slicing data is studied. A surface of 3-D entity reconstructing scheme is presented. Firstly, the contour of slicing image is picked up. Then the image contour is recognized by Freeman code and according to the character of data image a discretion method of contour is advanced, and the contour is closed. Finally get the surface of entity by putting triangular patch together. Six chapters are included in this dissertation.
In chapter one, some concepts on reverse engineering are briefly introduced firstly. Then some considerable studies on rapid reverse engineering are discussed in detail. Slicing measurement about reverse engineering and 3-D CAD model reconstruction method based on slicing data are discussed. Finally, the meanings of the project are pointed out and the research contents are summarized.
The arithmetic of picking up contour from slicing data is presented in chapter two. At first I introduce the elementary methods of image process in brief. Then image with clear-cut contour is converted into binary image. In this dissertation we use whole limen method to divide up the whole image. Finally the 8-neighbour point arithmetic is used to pick up the contour of the slicing data.
The describing method of slicing data contour is studied in chapter 3.The research contents in this chapter include the description of contour by Freeman code, the property of slicing data contour, the creation of contour and arithmetic of verge track and the approach of contour.
In chapter 4 the arithmetic of putting triangular patch together to reconstruct the surface of single contour body is studied In this dissertation, we use local optimizing method and take the shortest diagonal in local as the aim of optimization.
The display of reconstruction surface is described in chapter 5. In this part, the transformation of view port, the selection of viewpoint, the process of illumination and the normalized vector of triangle patch are included.
A software developed by VC++ is briefly introduced in chapter 6
引文
[1]刘之生：反求工程技术，机械工业出版社，1996
[2]R.B.Aronson: Forward thinkers take to reverse engineering, Manufacturing Engineering. November, 1996, pp34～44
[3]Strim软件曲面重建技术与逆向工程．计算机辅助设计与制造，1996．7，p30
[4]张畅，张祥林，黄树槐：快速造型技术中的反求工程，中国机械工程．Vol．8，No．5，pp60～62
[5]石教英，蔡文立：科学计算可视化算法与系统，科学出版社，1996
[6]唐鹫华：X—CT技术进展，中国医疗器械杂志，Vol．19，No．5，284～285，293，1995
[7]RE1000Reverse Engineering System产品说明书，1995
[8]AFS新型快速制造系统方法，技术报告，北京隆源自动成型系统有限公司，1～16，1996
[9]石明国：实用CT影像技术学，陕西科学技术出版社，4～43，1995
[10]庄天戈：CT原理与算法，上海交通大学出版社，1～20，1992
[11]苏显素，杨学恒，赵炬：我国首台层析γ射线机的性能及其应用，重庆大学学报，Vol．17，No．6，245～247，1995
[12]Jkappelman: Laser system nondestructively replicates fossils, Laser Focus World, 123～124, July1994
[13]施法中：计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条(CAGD&NURBS)，北京航空航天大学出版社，1994
[14]BK Choi:Surface modeling for CAD／CAM.Elsevier,1991
[15]唐容锡：CAD／CAM技术，北京航空航天大学出版社，1994
[16]马利庄，王荣良：计算机辅助几何造型技术及其应用，科学出版社，1996
[17]孙家广，陈玉键，辜凯宁：计算机辅助几何造型技术，清华大学出版社，1990
[18]Peter Albrecht, Tilolienblum, Gerd Sommerkorn et al: 3-D Measurement for Rapid Protyping. SPIE, Vol.278, pp62～73
[19]A.L, Liewelyn: Asurvey of CAD/CAM.CAD, Vol.21, No.5, 1989, pp297～302
[20]Piegl L. Key developments in computer-aided geometric design. 1993
[21]任仲贵：CAD／CAM原理，清华大学出版社，1991
[22]李建锋：CAD／CAM的发展趋势，航空制造工程，1993．8
[23]王宗彦：基于ICT和RP&M技术的产品快速反求系统研究，华北工学院学报，1999，20(4)，p294～297
[24]Bamhil R.E, Boehm W: Surface in computer aided geometric design, 1993
[25]Barnhil R.E: Surface in computer aided geometric design:a survey with new results CAGD, 1985.2, pp1～17
[26]Boehm W, Farin G.Kahmann J: A survey of curves and surface methods in CAGD.CAGD, 1984.1, pp1～60
[27]Duncan J.P, Mair S.G: Sculptured surfaces in engineering and medicine, CambfidgeUniversity Press, 1983
[28]Farin G: Curve and surfaces for computer aided geometric design: A practical guide, Academic press, 1988
[29]Farin G: Trends in curve and surface design. CAD, 1989, 21 (5) pp293～296
[30]柯映林：离散数据几何造型技术及其应用研究，[学位论文]，南京：南京航空航天大学博士学位论文，1992
[31]赵东福：复杂曲面测量造型和数控加工技术的研究，[学位论文]，杭州：浙江大学博士学位论文，1997
[32]叶林：离散数据曲面造型的基本理论和方法，[学位论文]：上海复旦大学博士学位论文，1987
[33]姜寿山：三角域上的一种插值曲面，西北工业大学学报，1987．2
[34]姜寿山：散乱空间数据的G1和G2插值，数值计算与计算机应用，1988．2
[35]史维锋：任意拓扑体上离散数据曲面造型的理论、方法及研究．[学位论文]：西安：西北工业大学，1990
[36]张朝，黄文美：医学三维成像，国外医学生物医学工程分册，Vol．14，No．5，255～258，1993
[37]黎弘，蔡元龙，姜航毅：基于微机的医学三维图像重建，中国生物医学工程报，Vol．14，No．3，226～234，1995
[38]罗立民，谢莜华：三维医学图象数据的分析与显示，中国生物医学工程学报，Vol．14，No．2，113～115，1995
[39]D.Geist: PC-based 3-D reconstruction of the 3D medical imagings, Comput.&Graphics, Vol. 13, No.2, 135～143, 1989
[40]许斌，张森，历万庆：从序列切片重构三维对象的新方法，计算机学报，Vol．17，No．1，64～72，1994
[41]张双腾，张太怡：连续断层图像计算机三维重建轮廓点匹配插补算法的研究，重庆大学学报，Vol．17，No．2，1～5，1994
[42]E.Keppeh Approximating complex surfaces by triangulation of contour lines, IBM J.Res.Develop, 2～11, Jan. 1975
[43]胡于进，王坚，周济：平面散乱点集Delaunay三角化新算法，计算机工程图学的探索与实践，谭建荣主编，电子工业出版社，374～379， 1994
[44]H.Fucks, Z.M.Kedem, S.P. Uselton: Optimal surface reconstmctionfrom planar contours , Communication of the ACM, Vol.20, No.10, 693～702, 1977
[45]L.T. Cook, S.J.Dwyer, S.Batnizky, K.P. Lee: A three dimensional systemfor diagnostic imaging applications, IEEE Comput. Graphics. Applic., Vol.3, No.5, 13～20, 1983
[46]周长发：精通Visual C++图像编程，电子工业出版，2000年
[47]何斌，马天予，王运坚，朱红莲．Visual C++数字图像处理，人民邮电出版社，2001
[48]阮秋琦．数字图像处理学，电子工业出版社，2001
[49]惠延波：基于断层测量的CAD几何模型反求技术研究，[学位论文]，西安交通大学博士论文，1999
[50]H.Freeman: Picture processing and psychopictories, ed. By B.S.Lipkin and A.Rosenfeld, Acdemic Press, New York, 241～266, 1970
[51]U.Ramer: An iterative procedure the polygonal approximation of plannar closed curve, CGIP. Vol. 1, 244～256, 1972
[52]T. Pavlids, S.L.Horowitz: Segmentation of plannar curve, IEEE Tran. On Comput. C-23, 860～870, 1974
[53]N.Ansari, J.Delp: On detecting dominant points, Pattern Recognition,Vol.24, 441～451, 1991
[54]S.Pei, C.N.Lin: The detection of dominant points curves by scalespace filtering, Pattern Recognition, Vol.25, 1307～1314, 1992
[55]李江雄：复杂曲面反求工程CAD建模技术研究，[学位论文]，浙江大学博士论文，1999
[56]向世明：OpenGL编程与实例，电子工业出版社，2000
[57]白建军，朱亚平，梁辉，姚东：Open GL三维图形设计与制作，人民邮电出版社，1999
[2]R.B.Aronson: Forward thinkers take to reverse engineering, Manufacturing Engineering. November, 1996, pp34～44
[3]Strim软件曲面重建技术与逆向工程．计算机辅助设计与制造，1996．7，p30
[4]张畅，张祥林，黄树槐：快速造型技术中的反求工程，中国机械工程．Vol．8，No．5，pp60～62
[5]石教英，蔡文立：科学计算可视化算法与系统，科学出版社，1996
[6]唐鹫华：X—CT技术进展，中国医疗器械杂志，Vol．19，No．5，284～285，293，1995
[7]RE1000Reverse Engineering System产品说明书，1995
[8]AFS新型快速制造系统方法，技术报告，北京隆源自动成型系统有限公司，1～16，1996
[9]石明国：实用CT影像技术学，陕西科学技术出版社，4～43，1995
[10]庄天戈：CT原理与算法，上海交通大学出版社，1～20，1992
[11]苏显素，杨学恒，赵炬：我国首台层析γ射线机的性能及其应用，重庆大学学报，Vol．17，No．6，245～247，1995
[12]Jkappelman: Laser system nondestructively replicates fossils, Laser Focus World, 123～124, July1994
[13]施法中：计算机辅助几何设计与非均匀有理B样条(CAGD&NURBS)，北京航空航天大学出版社，1994
[14]BK Choi:Surface modeling for CAD／CAM.Elsevier,1991
[15]唐容锡：CAD／CAM技术，北京航空航天大学出版社，1994
[16]马利庄，王荣良：计算机辅助几何造型技术及其应用，科学出版社，1996
[17]孙家广，陈玉键，辜凯宁：计算机辅助几何造型技术，清华大学出版社，1990
[18]Peter Albrecht, Tilolienblum, Gerd Sommerkorn et al: 3-D Measurement for Rapid Protyping. SPIE, Vol.278, pp62～73
[19]A.L, Liewelyn: Asurvey of CAD/CAM.CAD, Vol.21, No.5, 1989, pp297～302
[20]Piegl L. Key developments in computer-aided geometric design. 1993
[21]任仲贵：CAD／CAM原理，清华大学出版社，1991
[22]李建锋：CAD／CAM的发展趋势，航空制造工程，1993．8
[23]王宗彦：基于ICT和RP&M技术的产品快速反求系统研究，华北工学院学报，1999，20(4)，p294～297
[24]Bamhil R.E, Boehm W: Surface in computer aided geometric design, 1993
[25]Barnhil R.E: Surface in computer aided geometric design:a survey with new results CAGD, 1985.2, pp1～17
[26]Boehm W, Farin G.Kahmann J: A survey of curves and surface methods in CAGD.CAGD, 1984.1, pp1～60
[27]Duncan J.P, Mair S.G: Sculptured surfaces in engineering and medicine, CambfidgeUniversity Press, 1983
[28]Farin G: Curve and surfaces for computer aided geometric design: A practical guide, Academic press, 1988
[29]Farin G: Trends in curve and surface design. CAD, 1989, 21 (5) pp293～296
[30]柯映林：离散数据几何造型技术及其应用研究，[学位论文]，南京：南京航空航天大学博士学位论文，1992
[31]赵东福：复杂曲面测量造型和数控加工技术的研究，[学位论文]，杭州：浙江大学博士学位论文，1997
[32]叶林：离散数据曲面造型的基本理论和方法，[学位论文]：上海复旦大学博士学位论文，1987
[33]姜寿山：三角域上的一种插值曲面，西北工业大学学报，1987．2
[34]姜寿山：散乱空间数据的G1和G2插值，数值计算与计算机应用，1988．2
[35]史维锋：任意拓扑体上离散数据曲面造型的理论、方法及研究．[学位论文]：西安：西北工业大学，1990
[36]张朝，黄文美：医学三维成像，国外医学生物医学工程分册，Vol．14，No．5，255～258，1993
[37]黎弘，蔡元龙，姜航毅：基于微机的医学三维图像重建，中国生物医学工程报，Vol．14，No．3，226～234，1995
[38]罗立民，谢莜华：三维医学图象数据的分析与显示，中国生物医学工程学报，Vol．14，No．2，113～115，1995
[39]D.Geist: PC-based 3-D reconstruction of the 3D medical imagings, Comput.&Graphics, Vol. 13, No.2, 135～143, 1989
[40]许斌，张森，历万庆：从序列切片重构三维对象的新方法，计算机学报，Vol．17，No．1，64～72，1994
[41]张双腾，张太怡：连续断层图像计算机三维重建轮廓点匹配插补算法的研究，重庆大学学报，Vol．17，No．2，1～5，1994
[42]E.Keppeh Approximating complex surfaces by triangulation of contour lines, IBM J.Res.Develop, 2～11, Jan. 1975
[43]胡于进，王坚，周济：平面散乱点集Delaunay三角化新算法，计算机工程图学的探索与实践，谭建荣主编，电子工业出版社，374～379， 1994
[44]H.Fucks, Z.M.Kedem, S.P. Uselton: Optimal surface reconstmctionfrom planar contours , Communication of the ACM, Vol.20, No.10, 693～702, 1977
[45]L.T. Cook, S.J.Dwyer, S.Batnizky, K.P. Lee: A three dimensional systemfor diagnostic imaging applications, IEEE Comput. Graphics. Applic., Vol.3, No.5, 13～20, 1983
[46]周长发：精通Visual C++图像编程，电子工业出版，2000年
[47]何斌，马天予，王运坚，朱红莲．Visual C++数字图像处理，人民邮电出版社，2001
[48]阮秋琦．数字图像处理学，电子工业出版社，2001
[49]惠延波：基于断层测量的CAD几何模型反求技术研究，[学位论文]，西安交通大学博士论文，1999
[50]H.Freeman: Picture processing and psychopictories, ed. By B.S.Lipkin and A.Rosenfeld, Acdemic Press, New York, 241～266, 1970
[51]U.Ramer: An iterative procedure the polygonal approximation of plannar closed curve, CGIP. Vol. 1, 244～256, 1972
[52]T. Pavlids, S.L.Horowitz: Segmentation of plannar curve, IEEE Tran. On Comput. C-23, 860～870, 1974
[53]N.Ansari, J.Delp: On detecting dominant points, Pattern Recognition,Vol.24, 441～451, 1991
[54]S.Pei, C.N.Lin: The detection of dominant points curves by scalespace filtering, Pattern Recognition, Vol.25, 1307～1314, 1992
[55]李江雄：复杂曲面反求工程CAD建模技术研究，[学位论文]，浙江大学博士论文，1999
[56]向世明：OpenGL编程与实例，电子工业出版社，2000
[57]白建军，朱亚平，梁辉，姚东：Open GL三维图形设计与制作，人民邮电出版社，1999
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