预测家禽粪便肥料成分含量的试验研究
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摘要
本文针对我国集约化养殖带来的严重环境污染的现状，论述了在我国实
现有机农业的必要性和可行性，阐明了粪肥还田是走有机农业之路的重要物
质基础。指出要实现畜禽粪便的资源化、无害化利用就必须预知其中主要肥
料成分的含量。
预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量的方法主要有两种，一种是基于理化指标检
测技术手段的快速测定法，另一种是数学模型法。本文分别就以上两种方法
进行综述，同时探讨今后的研究方向。快速测定法是通过建立畜禽粪便理化
指标与其中氮、磷、钾和铵态氮含量相关关系，借助于对畜禽粪便理化指标，
如：比重、电导率、干物质含量等进行测定，来迅速预测出其中肥料成分的
含量。数学模型法针对特定畜禽品种，根据日粮组成、畜禽活重等因子，通
过数值计算即可迅速、较准确地预测出粪便中主要肥料成分的含量。
以上两种方法有效地避免了传统实验室化学分析方法所无法避免的费
时、费力和成本高等缺点，预计运用于生产实践，将节省大量的人力、物力
资源，对于促进粪肥的科学施用，实现农业的可持续发展具有重要的理论意
义和实用价值。
针对基于家禽及其日粮基础数据的数学模型法进行了研究。通过对畜禽
排粪量和粪中肥料成分含量的影响因素进行理论分析，确定所建模型的自变
量为畜禽种类、品种、年龄、体重、采食量、摄入干物质量、饲料组成、排
出干物质和排粪量。以肉鸡为研究对象进行了试验，取得了大量试验数据。
经过对试验数据的回归分析，得到预测排粪量、粪便中氮、磷和钾含量的最
佳因子，并建立了预测肉鸡日排粪量、粪便中氮、磷和钾含量的若干经验模
型，经检验这些模型可靠性较高。
首次提出以日龄为预测因子，并分别建立了肉鸡日龄与排粪量、粪便中
氮、磷、钾含量的一元回归方程，回归关系显著。进一步用日龄代替体重结
合其它因子进行了拟合，得到可靠性较高的、更为实用的多元预测排粪量和
粪便中氮含量的模型。以可靠、经济、简单、实用为原则，从众多模型中，
论文摘要
选出了预测排粪量、粪便中氮和磷含量的最佳模型，对模型进行的验证表明
预测值和试验值一致性较好。
针对基于理化指标检测技术手段的快速测定法进行了研究。采集了20个
肉鸡粪便样本，对其粪便比重和电导率与其中肥料成分含量的相关关系进行
了研究。结果表明：用比重可以较准确预测出粪便中磷的含量，用电导率可
以较准确预测出粪便中按态氮和钾的含量。此外，还对稀释对溶液电导率的
影响进行了试验验证，结果发现：稀释对溶液电导率影响显著。
最后，本文对畜禽粪便肥料成分含量预测研究今后的改进和研究方向提
出了建议。
Aim at the current situation of serious environmental pollution caused by
intensive husbandry, the author discussed the necessity and possibility of realizing
organic agriculture in China, and elucidated that disposal of livestock manure to
agricultural land is the most economical and environmental sound solution for
organic agriculture. It was required to estimate the nutrient contents in animal
manure for utilizing animal manure as a resource.
There are two methods for estimating the nutrient contents in animal manure. The
first one is rapid tests based on the testing technology of physical-mechanical
characteristics, and the second one is mathematical model. This paper reviewed
the two methods separately and discussed the further study at the same time.
Quick tests could estimate the nutrient contents rapidly by constructing the
relationships between the physical-mechanical characteristics and total nitrogen,
phosphorus~ potassium and ammonium contents in animal manure, and then
testing these physical-mechanical characteristics, such as specific gravity,
conductivity and dry matter, etc. According to some independences, such as
dietary intake, liveweight, etc, the nutrient contents in animal manure could be
estimated rapidly and accurately through the calculation of the mathematical
model.
The two methods, which are more convenient, rapid and low-priced, compared
with the conventional lab analysis, will save a great lot of human and material
resources when put them into practice, and have important theoretical and applied
values for promoting to use animal manure scientifically and fulfilling the
sustainable agriculture.
Studied the mathematical model method, which is based on the data of poultry and
the formulation of their dietary intake. By theoretical analyzing the influential
factors of the volume and nutrient contents of animal manure, the independences
of the model were selected and they were animal type, age, liveweight, feed input,
dry matter intake, N, P and K intake, dry matter output and slurry output. Broiler
-Iv -
experiment was carried out from which a large number of data were obtained. By
regression analysis, the most important factors for estimating the volume and N, P,
K contents of broiler manure were attained. A series of empirical model were
developed. It was tested that these models were reasonably reliable.
Using animal age as a predictive independence was presented for the first time.
Simple equations of using broiler age as an independence were developed
separately, and the regression relationships were highly significant. Combining
age and other factors instead of liveweight attained multiple equations, which are
more reliable and useful. Selected the most reliable, economical, simple and
useful models. The results of the estimation were identical with the experiment
results on the whole.
Studied the rapid tests method, which is based on the testing technology of
physical-mechanical characteristics. 20 broiler slurry samples were collected for
the purpose of studying the relationships between specific gravity, conductivity
and the nutrients in animal manure. According to the results of regression
analysis~ specific gravity can estimate the P contents in animal manure, and
conductivity can estimate the ~ and K contents precisely. Besides, the
influence of dilution to the conductivity of the solutions was tested. The
现有机农业的必要性和可行性，阐明了粪肥还田是走有机农业之路的重要物
质基础。指出要实现畜禽粪便的资源化、无害化利用就必须预知其中主要肥
料成分的含量。
预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量的方法主要有两种，一种是基于理化指标检
测技术手段的快速测定法，另一种是数学模型法。本文分别就以上两种方法
进行综述，同时探讨今后的研究方向。快速测定法是通过建立畜禽粪便理化
指标与其中氮、磷、钾和铵态氮含量相关关系，借助于对畜禽粪便理化指标，
如：比重、电导率、干物质含量等进行测定，来迅速预测出其中肥料成分的
含量。数学模型法针对特定畜禽品种，根据日粮组成、畜禽活重等因子，通
过数值计算即可迅速、较准确地预测出粪便中主要肥料成分的含量。
以上两种方法有效地避免了传统实验室化学分析方法所无法避免的费
时、费力和成本高等缺点，预计运用于生产实践，将节省大量的人力、物力
资源，对于促进粪肥的科学施用，实现农业的可持续发展具有重要的理论意
义和实用价值。
针对基于家禽及其日粮基础数据的数学模型法进行了研究。通过对畜禽
排粪量和粪中肥料成分含量的影响因素进行理论分析，确定所建模型的自变
量为畜禽种类、品种、年龄、体重、采食量、摄入干物质量、饲料组成、排
出干物质和排粪量。以肉鸡为研究对象进行了试验，取得了大量试验数据。
经过对试验数据的回归分析，得到预测排粪量、粪便中氮、磷和钾含量的最
佳因子，并建立了预测肉鸡日排粪量、粪便中氮、磷和钾含量的若干经验模
型，经检验这些模型可靠性较高。
首次提出以日龄为预测因子，并分别建立了肉鸡日龄与排粪量、粪便中
氮、磷、钾含量的一元回归方程，回归关系显著。进一步用日龄代替体重结
合其它因子进行了拟合，得到可靠性较高的、更为实用的多元预测排粪量和
粪便中氮含量的模型。以可靠、经济、简单、实用为原则，从众多模型中，
论文摘要
选出了预测排粪量、粪便中氮和磷含量的最佳模型，对模型进行的验证表明
预测值和试验值一致性较好。
针对基于理化指标检测技术手段的快速测定法进行了研究。采集了20个
肉鸡粪便样本，对其粪便比重和电导率与其中肥料成分含量的相关关系进行
了研究。结果表明：用比重可以较准确预测出粪便中磷的含量，用电导率可
以较准确预测出粪便中按态氮和钾的含量。此外，还对稀释对溶液电导率的
影响进行了试验验证，结果发现：稀释对溶液电导率影响显著。
最后，本文对畜禽粪便肥料成分含量预测研究今后的改进和研究方向提
出了建议。
Aim at the current situation of serious environmental pollution caused by
intensive husbandry, the author discussed the necessity and possibility of realizing
organic agriculture in China, and elucidated that disposal of livestock manure to
agricultural land is the most economical and environmental sound solution for
organic agriculture. It was required to estimate the nutrient contents in animal
manure for utilizing animal manure as a resource.
There are two methods for estimating the nutrient contents in animal manure. The
first one is rapid tests based on the testing technology of physical-mechanical
characteristics, and the second one is mathematical model. This paper reviewed
the two methods separately and discussed the further study at the same time.
Quick tests could estimate the nutrient contents rapidly by constructing the
relationships between the physical-mechanical characteristics and total nitrogen,
phosphorus~ potassium and ammonium contents in animal manure, and then
testing these physical-mechanical characteristics, such as specific gravity,
conductivity and dry matter, etc. According to some independences, such as
dietary intake, liveweight, etc, the nutrient contents in animal manure could be
estimated rapidly and accurately through the calculation of the mathematical
model.
The two methods, which are more convenient, rapid and low-priced, compared
with the conventional lab analysis, will save a great lot of human and material
resources when put them into practice, and have important theoretical and applied
values for promoting to use animal manure scientifically and fulfilling the
sustainable agriculture.
Studied the mathematical model method, which is based on the data of poultry and
the formulation of their dietary intake. By theoretical analyzing the influential
factors of the volume and nutrient contents of animal manure, the independences
of the model were selected and they were animal type, age, liveweight, feed input,
dry matter intake, N, P and K intake, dry matter output and slurry output. Broiler
-Iv -
experiment was carried out from which a large number of data were obtained. By
regression analysis, the most important factors for estimating the volume and N, P,
K contents of broiler manure were attained. A series of empirical model were
developed. It was tested that these models were reasonably reliable.
Using animal age as a predictive independence was presented for the first time.
Simple equations of using broiler age as an independence were developed
separately, and the regression relationships were highly significant. Combining
age and other factors instead of liveweight attained multiple equations, which are
more reliable and useful. Selected the most reliable, economical, simple and
useful models. The results of the estimation were identical with the experiment
results on the whole.
Studied the rapid tests method, which is based on the testing technology of
physical-mechanical characteristics. 20 broiler slurry samples were collected for
the purpose of studying the relationships between specific gravity, conductivity
and the nutrients in animal manure. According to the results of regression
analysis~ specific gravity can estimate the P contents in animal manure, and
conductivity can estimate the ~ and K contents precisely. Besides, the
influence of dilution to the conductivity of the solutions was tested. The
引文
1 李庆康等．我国集约化畜禽养殖场粪便处理利用现状及展望．农业环境保 护，2000，19(4) ：251～254
2 尹兆正，袁飞．我国畜牧业跨世纪持续发展问题思考．农业技术经济，2000， 2：49～51
3 井艳文，李军，潘安君．畜禽养殖业污水控制与粪污资源化利用．北京水 利，1998，6：37～41
4 王宏丽，李良晨．沼气法处理畜禽舍废弃物及其环境效益．畜牧兽医杂志， 1999，18：42～44
5 王新谋等．家畜粪便学．上海交通大学出版社，1997
6 邓学法，朱立良，常杰．畜禽养殖生产中环境污染问题及治理措施．河南省 畜牧兽医学，1999，20(9) ：4～7
7 刘芳．畜牧产业发展对环境的影响．农业环境与开发，2000，17(1)
8 刘红．养猪场对环境的污染改善对策及处理利用技术．农业环境保护 2000，19(2) ：101～103
9 刘永菊．北京市畜禽废弃物对环境影响的评价及对策．中国农业大学硕士 学位论文，1999
10 董克虞．畜禽粪便对环境的污染及资源化途径．农业环境保护，1998， 17(4) ：281～283
11 李宝珍．北京市农业生态工程现状剖析．1992北京市农业生态工程学术论文
12 赵华海，李明如，魏宇青．鸡粪资源再利用的途径及技术发展．农业工程学 报，1991，7(1) ：169～171
13 宋秀杰．我国有机肥利用现状及合理利用的技术措施．农村生态环境． 1997，13(2) ：56～59
14 牟善积等．重谈有机肥与化肥并重．天津农学院学报，2000，7(3) ：30～34
15 丁仲凡．发展有机农业势在必行．天津农学院学报，1999，6(4)
16 席运官．有机农业与中国传统农业的比较．农村生态环境，1997，13(1) ： 55-58
17 纪胜．论化肥质量与农业可持续发展的关系．化工标准化与质量监督， 2000，4
18 郭慧光，闫自中．改变用肥战略，控制“面源”污染．云南环境科学，2000， 2：25~27
19 毛知耘．肥料学．中国农业出版社，1997
20 牟善积等．重谈有机肥与化肥并重．天津农学院学报．2000，(7) 3：29～35
21 侯宗贤 增施有机肥 开创农业生产新局面．新疆农业科技，1995，1
22 H.Tunney, M.Bertrand. Rapid field tests for estimating dry matter and fertilizer value of animal slurries, In V.A.Dodd and P.M.Grace(ed.) Proc.llth Int.Cong.on Agricultural Engineering, Dublin. 4-8 Sept.A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam , 1989, P.363-370．
23 J.S.Van Kessel, R.B.Thompson, J.B Reeves III. Rapid on-farm analysis of manure nutrients using quick tests, J.Prod.Agric., 1999, Vol.12, no.2, p.215-224
24 R.J.Stevens, C.J.O'Bric, and O.T.Carton. Estimating nutrient content of animal slurries using electrical conductivity, J.Agric.Sci,(Cambridge), 1995, 125:233-238
25 K.A.Smith, R.J.Nicholson, and J.R.Williams. A review of rapid methods for assessing the nutrient content of organic manures. ADAS Report to MAFF Environmental Protection Division, Project Number WA 0605, 1993
26 路纯明，牛安妮，叶维明．实用仪器分析，1997
27 邓勃，宁永成，刘密新．仪器分析．清华大学出版社，1991
28 S.Piccinin, G.Borton. The fertilizer value of agricultural manure: Simple rapid methods of assessment, J.Agric.Engin.Res, 1991,49:197-208
29 L.J.Han, etc. Development of a prototype nutrient sensing system for livestock slurries, J.Agric.Engin.Res, 1998 (69) : 217-228
30 L.J.Han, T.R.Cumby, and I.M.Scotford. In-situ measurement techniques for determining the nutrient value of slurry, In: Advances in Agricultural and Bio-logical Environment Engineering. Proceedings of ICABE , 1996, Beijing,
China Agricultural University Press, pⅣ 16-20
31 L.J.Han. Estimating nutrient content of animal slurries. Transactions of the CSAE, 1996, Vol.12,No3,p139-143
32 R．S．思德普尔．现代分析仪器手册．机械工业出版社，1986
33 J.S.Van Kessel, J.B.Reeves Ⅲ. On-farm quick tests for estimation nitrogen in dairy manure. J Dairy Sci, 2000, 83:1837-1844
34 I.M.Scotford, etc. Estimation of the nutrient value of agricultural slurries by measurement of physical and chemical properties. J.Agric.Engin.Res, 1998, 71:291-305
35 K.A. Smith, J.P. Frost. Nitrogen excretion by farm livestock with respect to land spreading requirements and controlling nitrogen losses to ground and surface waters. Part 1: cattle and sheep. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 71: 173-181
36 A.J.A. Aarnink, E.N.J. wan Ouwerkerk and M.W.A. Verstegen. A mathematical model for estimating the amount and composition of slurry from fattening pigs. Livestock Production Science, 1992, 31: 133-147
37 T.C.Bridges, etc. Modeling the Effects of Diet formulation on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Excretion in Swine Waste. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 1995, Vol.11 (5) : 731-739
38 T.C.Bridges, ect. Modeling the physiological growth of swine Part 1: Model logic and growth concepts. Transactions of the ASAE, 1992, 35(3) :1019-1028
39 K.A. Smith, etc. Nitrogen excretion by farm livestock with respect to land spreading requirements and controlling nitrogen losses to ground and surface waters. Part 1: pigs and poultry. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 71:183-194
40 C.J.Clanton, etc. Model for predicting the effect of nitrogen intake, body mass, and dietary calcium and phosphorus on manure nitrogen content. Transactions of the ASAE, 1988, Vol. 31(1) : 208-214
41 A.P.Tomlinson, etc. Dietary protein effects on nitrogen excretion and manure characteristics of lactating cows. Transactions of the ASAE, 1996, Vol. 39(4) : 1441-1448
42 刘北平，高孔荣，陈启铎．食品与发酵工业中的计算机应用技术．华南理 工大学出版社，1999
43 西北农业大学主编．饲料与营养基础．中国农业出版社，1998
2 尹兆正，袁飞．我国畜牧业跨世纪持续发展问题思考．农业技术经济，2000， 2：49～51
3 井艳文，李军，潘安君．畜禽养殖业污水控制与粪污资源化利用．北京水 利，1998，6：37～41
4 王宏丽，李良晨．沼气法处理畜禽舍废弃物及其环境效益．畜牧兽医杂志， 1999，18：42～44
5 王新谋等．家畜粪便学．上海交通大学出版社，1997
6 邓学法，朱立良，常杰．畜禽养殖生产中环境污染问题及治理措施．河南省 畜牧兽医学，1999，20(9) ：4～7
7 刘芳．畜牧产业发展对环境的影响．农业环境与开发，2000，17(1)
8 刘红．养猪场对环境的污染改善对策及处理利用技术．农业环境保护 2000，19(2) ：101～103
9 刘永菊．北京市畜禽废弃物对环境影响的评价及对策．中国农业大学硕士 学位论文，1999
10 董克虞．畜禽粪便对环境的污染及资源化途径．农业环境保护，1998， 17(4) ：281～283
11 李宝珍．北京市农业生态工程现状剖析．1992北京市农业生态工程学术论文
12 赵华海，李明如，魏宇青．鸡粪资源再利用的途径及技术发展．农业工程学 报，1991，7(1) ：169～171
13 宋秀杰．我国有机肥利用现状及合理利用的技术措施．农村生态环境． 1997，13(2) ：56～59
14 牟善积等．重谈有机肥与化肥并重．天津农学院学报，2000，7(3) ：30～34
15 丁仲凡．发展有机农业势在必行．天津农学院学报，1999，6(4)
16 席运官．有机农业与中国传统农业的比较．农村生态环境，1997，13(1) ： 55-58
17 纪胜．论化肥质量与农业可持续发展的关系．化工标准化与质量监督， 2000，4
18 郭慧光，闫自中．改变用肥战略，控制“面源”污染．云南环境科学，2000， 2：25~27
19 毛知耘．肥料学．中国农业出版社，1997
20 牟善积等．重谈有机肥与化肥并重．天津农学院学报．2000，(7) 3：29～35
21 侯宗贤 增施有机肥 开创农业生产新局面．新疆农业科技，1995，1
22 H.Tunney, M.Bertrand. Rapid field tests for estimating dry matter and fertilizer value of animal slurries, In V.A.Dodd and P.M.Grace(ed.) Proc.llth Int.Cong.on Agricultural Engineering, Dublin. 4-8 Sept.A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam , 1989, P.363-370．
23 J.S.Van Kessel, R.B.Thompson, J.B Reeves III. Rapid on-farm analysis of manure nutrients using quick tests, J.Prod.Agric., 1999, Vol.12, no.2, p.215-224
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