论考试作弊的刑法规制
摘要
考试作弊作为贯穿考试始终的附生物,随着社会和科技的发展,越来越呈现复杂和多发趋势。考试作弊特别是在重要的国家考试中作弊,不仅扰乱了国家考试的正常秩序,破坏了国家选拔人才和储备人才的机制,还严重的侵害了他人的平等考试权利,具有严重的社会危害性。针对此现象,虽然国家已经规定了相关的禁止性条文,但并不足以遏制这类行为的发生。本文站在刑法的角度,通过对考试作弊方式、原因以及危害的分析,揭示其行为的违法性,从而探讨对具有严重社会危害性的考试作弊行为进行刑法规制的必要性,并对考试作弊行为的犯罪论进行研究。以刑法规制考试作弊行为,有利于维护社会的公平竞争,保障其他考生的合法权益,促进国家对优秀人才的选拔。
With the extensive application of examinations in the community and the state management,cheating in examination has become an urgent social problem that we need to address and solve. While this issue has caused by social and personal to various reasons, but the most fundamental reason is that: the proceeds exceed the costs. Cheating particularly in the important national examination, not only disrupt the normal order of the national examination、damage the state personnel and reserve personnel selection mechanism,also infringe the rights of others’equal examinations, has a serious social harm. China's existing departmental regulations and policy measures in the punishment of cheating in examination is too light, the indirect application of the criminal law also often lack legal basis, these laws and regulations can not be effectively curbed the behaviors of cheating in examination. Nowadays, all spheres of society are regulated by law. The criminal law carries on the regulations to the majority harm society's behavior, the exam cheating behavior also similarly has the necessity to carry on the rules and regulations with the penalty. Therefore, cheating in national examinations should be provided for the crime, pursue the criminal liability of cheating.
This paper is divided into four parts:
Part one mainly analyzes the phenomenon of cheating in exam comprehensively,briefly summarizes the meaning of cheating in exam. Cheating way from the start, focusing on the analysis of the causes for cheating, further reveals social harm and analyzes the nature of cheating. Cheating different from the normal examination of its existence in the "cheating". Cheating in examination is in the process of exam, people using deceptive acts, violate examination rules, resulting in the various injustice in the examination. Examination system is commonly used by the modern state as an important way of personnel selection and social inspection, it involves the community in all areas of life. As the biological of exam, cheating in exams has increasingly complex and multiple trends, methods and scale have undergone tremendous changes with the development of society and technology. Cheating becomes rampant because of the trend in the interests、the community environmental impact、legal deficiencies、personal psychological and other aspects reasons, but the most fundamental reason is that: the proceeds exceed the costs. The greatest value of the examination system is its procedure, it guarantees the outcome of the fair and just. However, cheating in exams just damages the due procedure.
Part two unifies our country ancient imperial examination to punish the shortcoming measures, the discussion of imperial examination system and uses for reference to the modern state examination system perfect enlightenment. Although the ancient imperial examination system was smeared, but it can not cover the fair competition test spirit which the exam contains, also can not cover the rich inheritance that the imperial examination has precipitated in 1 , 000 years. In some sense, from the imperial examination to the modern test system,it is not the new legal regime substitutes for the old legal regime, they have certain intrinsic logic and the inheritance. Cheating in exam, all previous dynasties rulers strengthened the attack dynamics unceasingly, to harms the test system's cheating behavior, specially multiple cheating with serious cheats the case, carries on the key government. The official and examinee cheats who engaged in the exam cheating, as soon as often passes through the investigation, then be relentless severely punishes. The legal sanction which cheats to the imperial examination examinee mainly has the cangue number to expose to the public, to remove from office, the stick responsibility, to be sent to frontier service. But sanction on official, the flogging, confiscates family's property, heavy piece of exile, even number of people landing. From Ming and Qing Dynasties, two generations of exam cheating crime may in the lethal stipulation, indicate all previous dynasties feudalism dynasty to cheat the punishment to the imperial examination in severe and the ruler to the test system's value. In profited from ancient imperial examination, we should standardrize exam system, consummate the exam legal liability system as far as possible. We should take a examination through the legislation cheat decide as the illegal activity, the cheating behavior are investigated legally the legal liability, even the legal responsibility, this will certainly to have the deterrent function to each kind of exam cheating behavior.
The third part is concern with the feasible analysis that cheating should be regulated with the criminal law. First, clears the scopes the criminal law regulate the exam cheating. Because the national examination is related with the society, it has very important influence, in addition this kind of exam has very strong social competitiveness. To a certain extent, whether through this kind of examination immediately influences person's future and destiny. Regarding this kind of exam cheating behavior, we must carry on the regulations using the criminal law method. In the national examination, regarding the general exam cheating holds responsible only need be suitable the administration laws and regulations, only then has the serious social hazardous exam cheating behavior, has the necessity to carry on the regulations with the criminal law. Second, further analyzes the necessity which cheating be regulated with the criminal law. When the exam cheating behavior already caused the entire society's universal attention even opposed, its social hazardous nature already comes out. If we govern it not severely, does not enlarge to the cheating behavior punishment dynamics, the exam cheating behavior can not fundamentally be able to have a new look. When other methods can not regulate effectively the exam cheating, using the criminal law to the related rights and interests carries on the protection is become the necessity. Third, analyzes the present situation and existence question that our country current law system to regulate the exam cheating. In our country law does not have the direct stipulation exam cheating behavior is the criminality, although has several crime charges in "Criminal law" to involve indirectly to the exam cheating, but punishes the serious exam cheating behavior the function to be short. Finally, unifies "Test Law" (draft) involves the legal liability which the exam cheating, proposed that regulates the exam cheating behavior with the criminal law.
The fourth part is on the first three content research foundation, further discusses the crime theory of the exam cheating behavior, how to carry on the regulations to the criminal law to the exam cheating behavior in detail. First, elaborates the exam cheating indictment and crime constitution. The exam cheating crime may be defined for cheats in the state examination, and circumstance serious behavior. The exam cheating behavior has violated the state examination system, the social management order as well as other citizens’exam right. We should understand comprehensively the body scope of the exam cheating: including executes personnel who the cheating behavior and assists to cheat in the exam registration refers and the exam process. In the exam cheating, the author's subjective mistake performance for intentionally. Next, discusses the exam cheating crime's judicature to recognize and the special crime shape. In the national examination practice, some behaviors which violate the exam disciplines、the examination place rule appears frequently, Regarding some cheating behaviors circumstance not serious、consequence quite slight test, because they do not have the serious social hazardous nature, can not be recognized for the exam cheating crime. We recognize the exam cheating behaviors the action commit, so including the preparation in the crime process、attempted、to stop、the accomplished offense intentional offense stop shape. In this union realistic situation, enumerates some stop shape concrete manifestation. The ways of exam cheating behavior way already develop towards organization、formalization direction. The research exam cheating crime's joint offense shape, is advantageous to the correct understanding exam cheating author's in joint offense status and the function, thus correct applicable legislation stipulation. Finally, elaborated the exam cheating crime's legal responsibility. In the legal liability the legal responsibility is the severest sanction measure and the severest legal liability. The exam cheating crime's penalty, should adopt eliminates the method which the personal freedom punishment and the fine punishment unify. Establishes the set term of imprisonment to plant for the highest punishment, regarding take seeks to make a profit as the goal or has the illegal gains, should suppose the property punishment.
Through the above four partial research, hoped that can cause the educational world to the exam cheating behavior value, consummates as soon as possible legislates. For the better maintenance exam examination system, the social management order, protects citizen's test right, promotion exam system's benign development.
With the extensive application of examinations in the community and the state management,cheating in examination has become an urgent social problem that we need to address and solve. While this issue has caused by social and personal to various reasons, but the most fundamental reason is that: the proceeds exceed the costs. Cheating particularly in the important national examination, not only disrupt the normal order of the national examination、damage the state personnel and reserve personnel selection mechanism,also infringe the rights of others’equal examinations, has a serious social harm. China's existing departmental regulations and policy measures in the punishment of cheating in examination is too light, the indirect application of the criminal law also often lack legal basis, these laws and regulations can not be effectively curbed the behaviors of cheating in examination. Nowadays, all spheres of society are regulated by law. The criminal law carries on the regulations to the majority harm society's behavior, the exam cheating behavior also similarly has the necessity to carry on the rules and regulations with the penalty. Therefore, cheating in national examinations should be provided for the crime, pursue the criminal liability of cheating.
This paper is divided into four parts:
Part one mainly analyzes the phenomenon of cheating in exam comprehensively,briefly summarizes the meaning of cheating in exam. Cheating way from the start, focusing on the analysis of the causes for cheating, further reveals social harm and analyzes the nature of cheating. Cheating different from the normal examination of its existence in the "cheating". Cheating in examination is in the process of exam, people using deceptive acts, violate examination rules, resulting in the various injustice in the examination. Examination system is commonly used by the modern state as an important way of personnel selection and social inspection, it involves the community in all areas of life. As the biological of exam, cheating in exams has increasingly complex and multiple trends, methods and scale have undergone tremendous changes with the development of society and technology. Cheating becomes rampant because of the trend in the interests、the community environmental impact、legal deficiencies、personal psychological and other aspects reasons, but the most fundamental reason is that: the proceeds exceed the costs. The greatest value of the examination system is its procedure, it guarantees the outcome of the fair and just. However, cheating in exams just damages the due procedure.
Part two unifies our country ancient imperial examination to punish the shortcoming measures, the discussion of imperial examination system and uses for reference to the modern state examination system perfect enlightenment. Although the ancient imperial examination system was smeared, but it can not cover the fair competition test spirit which the exam contains, also can not cover the rich inheritance that the imperial examination has precipitated in 1 , 000 years. In some sense, from the imperial examination to the modern test system,it is not the new legal regime substitutes for the old legal regime, they have certain intrinsic logic and the inheritance. Cheating in exam, all previous dynasties rulers strengthened the attack dynamics unceasingly, to harms the test system's cheating behavior, specially multiple cheating with serious cheats the case, carries on the key government. The official and examinee cheats who engaged in the exam cheating, as soon as often passes through the investigation, then be relentless severely punishes. The legal sanction which cheats to the imperial examination examinee mainly has the cangue number to expose to the public, to remove from office, the stick responsibility, to be sent to frontier service. But sanction on official, the flogging, confiscates family's property, heavy piece of exile, even number of people landing. From Ming and Qing Dynasties, two generations of exam cheating crime may in the lethal stipulation, indicate all previous dynasties feudalism dynasty to cheat the punishment to the imperial examination in severe and the ruler to the test system's value. In profited from ancient imperial examination, we should standardrize exam system, consummate the exam legal liability system as far as possible. We should take a examination through the legislation cheat decide as the illegal activity, the cheating behavior are investigated legally the legal liability, even the legal responsibility, this will certainly to have the deterrent function to each kind of exam cheating behavior.
The third part is concern with the feasible analysis that cheating should be regulated with the criminal law. First, clears the scopes the criminal law regulate the exam cheating. Because the national examination is related with the society, it has very important influence, in addition this kind of exam has very strong social competitiveness. To a certain extent, whether through this kind of examination immediately influences person's future and destiny. Regarding this kind of exam cheating behavior, we must carry on the regulations using the criminal law method. In the national examination, regarding the general exam cheating holds responsible only need be suitable the administration laws and regulations, only then has the serious social hazardous exam cheating behavior, has the necessity to carry on the regulations with the criminal law. Second, further analyzes the necessity which cheating be regulated with the criminal law. When the exam cheating behavior already caused the entire society's universal attention even opposed, its social hazardous nature already comes out. If we govern it not severely, does not enlarge to the cheating behavior punishment dynamics, the exam cheating behavior can not fundamentally be able to have a new look. When other methods can not regulate effectively the exam cheating, using the criminal law to the related rights and interests carries on the protection is become the necessity. Third, analyzes the present situation and existence question that our country current law system to regulate the exam cheating. In our country law does not have the direct stipulation exam cheating behavior is the criminality, although has several crime charges in "Criminal law" to involve indirectly to the exam cheating, but punishes the serious exam cheating behavior the function to be short. Finally, unifies "Test Law" (draft) involves the legal liability which the exam cheating, proposed that regulates the exam cheating behavior with the criminal law.
The fourth part is on the first three content research foundation, further discusses the crime theory of the exam cheating behavior, how to carry on the regulations to the criminal law to the exam cheating behavior in detail. First, elaborates the exam cheating indictment and crime constitution. The exam cheating crime may be defined for cheats in the state examination, and circumstance serious behavior. The exam cheating behavior has violated the state examination system, the social management order as well as other citizens’exam right. We should understand comprehensively the body scope of the exam cheating: including executes personnel who the cheating behavior and assists to cheat in the exam registration refers and the exam process. In the exam cheating, the author's subjective mistake performance for intentionally. Next, discusses the exam cheating crime's judicature to recognize and the special crime shape. In the national examination practice, some behaviors which violate the exam disciplines、the examination place rule appears frequently, Regarding some cheating behaviors circumstance not serious、consequence quite slight test, because they do not have the serious social hazardous nature, can not be recognized for the exam cheating crime. We recognize the exam cheating behaviors the action commit, so including the preparation in the crime process、attempted、to stop、the accomplished offense intentional offense stop shape. In this union realistic situation, enumerates some stop shape concrete manifestation. The ways of exam cheating behavior way already develop towards organization、formalization direction. The research exam cheating crime's joint offense shape, is advantageous to the correct understanding exam cheating author's in joint offense status and the function, thus correct applicable legislation stipulation. Finally, elaborated the exam cheating crime's legal responsibility. In the legal liability the legal responsibility is the severest sanction measure and the severest legal liability. The exam cheating crime's penalty, should adopt eliminates the method which the personal freedom punishment and the fine punishment unify. Establishes the set term of imprisonment to plant for the highest punishment, regarding take seeks to make a profit as the goal or has the illegal gains, should suppose the property punishment.
Through the above four partial research, hoped that can cause the educational world to the exam cheating behavior value, consummates as soon as possible legislates. For the better maintenance exam examination system, the social management order, protects citizen's test right, promotion exam system's benign development.
引文
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18. 苏波:《应增设考试舞弊罪》,《律师世界》2000 年第 10 期。
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4. (清)杜受田等:《钦定客场条例》,上海古籍出版社 1995 年第 1 版。
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11. 马克昌:《犯罪通论》,武汉大学出版社 2006 年第 3 版。
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2. 张国豪、张晓明:《大学生考试作弊新动向及其治理》,《中国青年研究》2006 年第 6 期。
3. 李化德:《国家考试立法的几点思考》,《考试研究》2006 年第 4 期。
4. 张立奇:《大学生考试作弊的特点危害及预防》,《安徽职业技术学院学报》2006 年第 3 期。
5. 杨科正:《不容忽视的大学生考试作弊现象》,《教书育人》2003 年第12 期。
6. 傅丁根:《一次罕见的考试舞弊——对江西德兴市工商所公务员考试的调查》,《人民日报》2000 年 8 月 15 日。
7. 丁伟:《四起考试舞弊案被曝光》,《人民日报》2004 年 5 月 26 日。
8. 陈秀华、娄红伟:《考试舞弊的社会诱因探析》,《高等农业教育》2006年第5期。
9. 肖海、曹立中:《考试舞弊行为分析及对策》,《喀什师范学院学报》2002年第7期。
10. 张洁:《考试舞弊查处不力的原因及对策》,《高等函授学报》(哲学社会科学版)2003年第10期。
11. 孙茹:《我国古代考试制度初探》,《江苏广播电视大学学报》2001年第8期。
12. 白应东:《科举考试惩戒舞弊的法规措施及其借鉴意义》,《汉中师范学院学报》1997年第2期。
13. 陈雪芬:《论科举考试中防弊措施及其启示》,《中国考试》2007 年第 11 期。
14. 王兴亚:《明代考试舞弊的防范及其查处》,《黄河科技大学学报》2002年第 9 期。
15. 王兴亚:《清代考官责任追究制》,《考试研究》2006 年第 7 期。
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17. 申欣旺:《考试舞弊要不要以犯罪论处》,《法制日报》2005 年 9 月12 日。
18. 苏波:《应增设考试舞弊罪》,《律师世界》2000 年第 10 期。
19. 吉敏丽:《考试作弊行为的法律规制》,《社科纵横》2004 年第 12 期。
20. 韩锦鹏:《我国公民考试权利初探》,《考试研究》2006 年第 4 期。
21. 宗志翔、李国红:《考试舞弊的法律分析》,《政法学刊》2005 年第 8 期。
22. 李健:《作弊与刑事研究》,《黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报》2005年第 3 期。
23. 李化德、李亦成:《国家级考试法律责任追究刍议》,《中国考试》2007年第 11 期。
24. 李化德:《为国家考试筑一道法律城墙》,《中国教育报》2007 年第 9期。
25. 陈辉:《现代教育考试作弊成因及对策研究》,华中师范大学 2006 年硕士学位论文。
26. 陈红元:《考试法立法基本问题研究》,西南政法大学 2004 年硕士学位论文。
27. 廖亚菱:《科举考试舞弊、防弊及对现代考试的启示》,西南大学2006 年硕士学位论文。
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4. (清)杜受田等:《钦定客场条例》,上海古籍出版社 1995 年第 1 版。
5.《高宗纯皇帝圣训》卷三九《文教》,清石印本。
6. 翁天信:《丁酉北闱大狱记略》,《中国野史集成》第 39 册,巴蜀书社1985 年第 1 版。
7. 《清文宗实录》卷二七六,中华书局 1986 年第 1 版。
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10. 高铭暄、马克昌主编:《刑法学》,北京大学出版社 2005 年第 2 版。
11. 马克昌:《犯罪通论》,武汉大学出版社 2006 年第 3 版。
12. 马克昌:《刑罚通论》,武汉大学出版社 2006 年版第 2 版。
13.赵秉志主编:《犯罪总论问题探索》,法律出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
14.陈兴良等:《刑法纵横谈》,法律出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
15. 周光权:《刑法各论讲义》,清华大学出版社 2003 年第 1 版。
16. 宣炳昭主编:《刑法各罪的法理与实用》,中国政法大学出版社 2002年第 1 版。
17. 张穹:《刑法各罪司法精要》,中国检察出版社 2002 年第 1 版。
18. 高格:《定罪量刑的理论与实践》,吉林人民出版社 1994 年第 1 版。
19. 邱志人:《犯罪预备研究》,中国检察出版社 2001 年第 1 版。
20. 李洁:《犯罪既遂形态研究》,吉林大学出版社 1999 年第 1 版。
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