乳胶体系的稳定性及破乳方法研究
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摘要
本文研究了复合乳化剂对乳胶体系稳定性的影响,并针对工业生产中存在的不合格乳化炸药,对化学破乳剂、破乳温度、破乳时间等进行了分析、试验和研究。
利用乳化剂的复配技术,通过添加不同添加剂制备了不同配方的乳化炸药基质;在此基础上用阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、高分子添加剂分别与Span80复配作为乳胶基质的乳化剂,增强界面膜的机械强度,从而提高乳胶基质的稳定性。通过高低温循环试验与电导率、硝酸铵析出量测试相结合的方法,对不同类型复合乳化剂的乳胶基质进行了稳定性的研究。制备模型乳状液,讨论了乳状液破乳后体系电导率、粘度的变化情况,进一步佐证了复合乳化剂的作用。结果说明:用硬脂酸锌、聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺来提高乳胶基质的稳定性是可行的。实验还制备了聚乙二醇油酸酯类乳化剂,并应用到油包水乳状液中,提高了乳状液的稳定性。
利用非离子表面活性剂作为不合格乳化炸药的破乳剂,对其用量、硝酸铵回收率、破乳温度、破乳时间进行了试验、研究,最后确定OP-10、Tween-80为破乳剂;最佳用量为不合格乳化炸药总重量的3%;最佳破乳时间为10min;最佳破乳温度为80℃。并设计破乳装置,具有一定的创新性及可工业化应用的前景。
Due to the existence of disqualified or waste emulsion explosive in production, so it is very important to research on demulsification of waste or disqualified emulsion explosive. Chemical demulsifier, temperature and time of demulsification have been investigated in this thesis. The influence of the composite emulsifier on emulsion explosive also has been studied.
Based on technology of composite emulsifier, different kinds of emulsion explosive matrix containing additives are prepared. Anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant and polymer additives are mixed with Span80 respectively, and used as composite emulsifier of emulsion explosive matrix to enhance the intensity of interfacial membrane, so stability of emulsion explosive matrix can be improved. Stability of emulsion explosive matrix is studied by the methods of the high and low temperature circulation test, electrical conductivity test and content of recrystallized ammonium nitrate test. By the preparation of model emulsion, electrical conductivity and viscosity after the demulsification are measured, it is proved that the effect of composite emulsifier on stability of model emulsion. Through experiments, it concludes that it is feasible to improve the stability of emulsion explosive by using zincstearic and polyisobutylene succinimide. In the experiment, polyoxythyleneglycol ester of oleic acid is prepared, which is applied to the water-in-oil emulsion to improve the stability of emulsion explosive.
Nonionic surfactant is used as demulsifier in disqualified or waste emulsion explosive. The dosage of demulsifier, the recycling rate of ammonium nitrate, and the temperature and time of demulsification are studied. Device of demulsification also is designed which can be used in industrial practices.
利用乳化剂的复配技术,通过添加不同添加剂制备了不同配方的乳化炸药基质;在此基础上用阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、高分子添加剂分别与Span80复配作为乳胶基质的乳化剂,增强界面膜的机械强度,从而提高乳胶基质的稳定性。通过高低温循环试验与电导率、硝酸铵析出量测试相结合的方法,对不同类型复合乳化剂的乳胶基质进行了稳定性的研究。制备模型乳状液,讨论了乳状液破乳后体系电导率、粘度的变化情况,进一步佐证了复合乳化剂的作用。结果说明:用硬脂酸锌、聚异丁烯丁二酰亚胺来提高乳胶基质的稳定性是可行的。实验还制备了聚乙二醇油酸酯类乳化剂,并应用到油包水乳状液中,提高了乳状液的稳定性。
利用非离子表面活性剂作为不合格乳化炸药的破乳剂,对其用量、硝酸铵回收率、破乳温度、破乳时间进行了试验、研究,最后确定OP-10、Tween-80为破乳剂;最佳用量为不合格乳化炸药总重量的3%;最佳破乳时间为10min;最佳破乳温度为80℃。并设计破乳装置,具有一定的创新性及可工业化应用的前景。
Due to the existence of disqualified or waste emulsion explosive in production, so it is very important to research on demulsification of waste or disqualified emulsion explosive. Chemical demulsifier, temperature and time of demulsification have been investigated in this thesis. The influence of the composite emulsifier on emulsion explosive also has been studied.
Based on technology of composite emulsifier, different kinds of emulsion explosive matrix containing additives are prepared. Anionic surfactant, nonionic surfactant and polymer additives are mixed with Span80 respectively, and used as composite emulsifier of emulsion explosive matrix to enhance the intensity of interfacial membrane, so stability of emulsion explosive matrix can be improved. Stability of emulsion explosive matrix is studied by the methods of the high and low temperature circulation test, electrical conductivity test and content of recrystallized ammonium nitrate test. By the preparation of model emulsion, electrical conductivity and viscosity after the demulsification are measured, it is proved that the effect of composite emulsifier on stability of model emulsion. Through experiments, it concludes that it is feasible to improve the stability of emulsion explosive by using zincstearic and polyisobutylene succinimide. In the experiment, polyoxythyleneglycol ester of oleic acid is prepared, which is applied to the water-in-oil emulsion to improve the stability of emulsion explosive.
Nonionic surfactant is used as demulsifier in disqualified or waste emulsion explosive. The dosage of demulsifier, the recycling rate of ammonium nitrate, and the temperature and time of demulsification are studied. Device of demulsification also is designed which can be used in industrial practices.
引文
[1]吕春绪,刘祖亮等.工业炸药[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1994:8-10
[2]王伟,顾定军.复合蜡.乳化炸药的专用材料[J].煤矿爆破.2004,(2):25-26
[3]汪旭光等.奖状炸药的理论与实践[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1985:19-23
[4]吕春绪.表面活性剂理论与技术[M].江苏:江苏科学技术出版,1991:7-13
[5]汪旭光.乳化炸药[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1986:110-113
[6]Adolf Berthman,Clemens Franze,Paul Lingens.Readily detonated water-containing explosives.Ger 1,147,5729(CA:Vol.58:6640h),1962
[7]Clemens Franze.Detonable emulsions and their application to explosives.Belg619,617(CA:Vol.58:7782a),1962
[8]Adolf berthman.Water-containing explosive.Gerl,123,963(CA:Vol.57:2489b),1962
[9]卢简游.RJ高威力乳化炸药的研究[J].爆破器材,1986,(6):13
[10]吴龙祥,阮建忠.MSA型乳化炸药的研究[J].爆破器材,1994,(5):7-11
[11]任晓民,崔安娜.RA型抗酸性水散装乳化炸药的研制[J].有色金属(矿山部分),1996,(3):32-36
[12]郭冰若,张秀亭,汪旭光.额尔登特乳化炸药厂生产过程自动控制系统的研究[J].化工自动化及仪表,1996,23(1):16-21
[13]倪欧琪.粉状乳化炸药微观结构研究[J].爆破器材,1998,27(3):6
[14]倪欧琪.粉状乳化炸药安全性能研究[J].爆破器材,1997,26(6):16-18
[15]李建军,汪旭光等.粉状乳化炸药爆炸特性的实验研究[J].爆破器材,1996,25(5):4-7
[16]申英锋,汪旭光等.乳化炸药粒径分布的表征方法及分步模拟算法[J].爆破器材,1998,27(5):1-4
[17]徐国财.乳化炸药基本粒子的测试与表征[J].爆破器材,1996,25(5):1-3
[18]邵利.乳化炸药稳定性快速预测方法研讨[J].煤矿爆破,1995,(4):13-17
[19]施军.工业炸药猛度及作功能力的计算方法[J].火炸药学报,1999,(3):49-50
[20]汪旭光,申剑英.乳化炸药多元分散体系三维结构模拟计算[J].爆破器材,1998,27(4):1-7
[21]汪旭光,申剑英.乳化炸药结构模型[J].爆破器材,1998,27(3):1-5
[22]罗宁,胡坤伦,徐国财.乳化基质的合成及其稳定性的初步研究[J].矿业科学技术,2005,(3):32-35
[23]P.贝歇尔.乳状液理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1978,101-133
[24]王丽琼,成心法.乳化基质膜研究[J].煤矿爆破,1995,(3):6-9
[25]李冰,胡坤伦,罗宁.复合乳化剂对提高乳化炸药稳定性的初步研究[J].火工品,2007,(3):37-39
[26]施军.废乳化炸药的回收利用[J].火炸药,1996,(3):28
[27]王胜利,杨福军.乳化铵油炸药不合格品处理方法的探讨[J].爆破器材,2001,(3):15-16
[28]许军英,梁秀英,赵玉芬.废乳化炸药回收利用方法的探讨[J].爆破器材,2001,(1):11-12
[29]葛建敏.乳化炸药不合格品的处理方法[J].爆破器材,1995,(1):12-14
[30]毕焰.废乳化炸药的回收处理[J].爆破器材,1990,(5):13-14
[31]黄文尧,郭子如,王自军,黄存健.轮碾机回收不合格乳化炸药的实践[J].中国民爆器材学会第五届年会论文集,102
[32]P.贝歇尔.乳状液理论与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1978,136-152
[33]邵利.乳化炸药稳定性快速预测方法研讨[J].煤矿爆破,1995,(4):13-17
[34]Paul,C.Hiemenz.Principles of colloid and surface chemistry[M].Marsel Decker Inc,1997:52-77
[35]陆明.表面活性剂及其应用技术[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2007,108-109
[36]李建军.国外乳化炸药的发展状况及趋势[J].矿业快报,2005,(3):6
[37]Ljungberg N,Bonini C,Bortolussi F,etal.New nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose whiskers in stactic polypropylene:Effect of surface and dispersion characteristics[J].Biomacromolecules,2005,6(5):2732-2739.
[38]宋锦泉,熊代余,汪旭光.不合格乳化炸药的回收处理[J].金属矿山,2001,(6):20-22
[39]徐天桂,谢冬泉,刘尊义.长途公路运输对乳化炸药性能影响的模拟试验[J].爆破器材,1994,(4):2-3
[40]梁治齐,李金华.功能性乳化剂与乳状液[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000,145-148
[41]王泽山,张丽华,曹欣茂.废弃火炸药的处理与再利用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1999,226-231
[42]Miguel Rondo'n,Patrick Bouriat,and Jean Lachaise.Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions.1.Physicochemical Phenomenology of Demulsifier Action[J].Energy & Fuels,2006,(20):1600-1604
[43]李亚峰,张晓颖,班福忱.破乳絮凝法处理稠油污水[J].沈阳建筑大学学报,2005,16,(121):711-714
[44]赵国玺,表面活性剂作用原理[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003:562-572
[45]陈积松.我国乳化炸药的新进展[J].金属矿山,1996,(1):5-7
[46]吕春绪.乳化剂理论及其选择研究[J].爆破器材,1995,24,(1):1-6
[47]汪大立,徐国财.丁二酰亚胺乳化机理的探讨[J].爆破器材,1994,23,(5):1-4
[48]汪旭光,申英锋.乳化炸药结构与稳定性关系的研究[J].中国工程科学,2000,2,(1):25-29
[49]宋家良.乳化炸药的几何稳定性理论研究[J].煤矿爆破,2005,(4):1-3
[50]李治文,陈放,盛明德,施军.乳化炸药中司盘80的研究[J].爆破器材,1997,26,(6):6-8
[2]王伟,顾定军.复合蜡.乳化炸药的专用材料[J].煤矿爆破.2004,(2):25-26
[3]汪旭光等.奖状炸药的理论与实践[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1985:19-23
[4]吕春绪.表面活性剂理论与技术[M].江苏:江苏科学技术出版,1991:7-13
[5]汪旭光.乳化炸药[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1986:110-113
[6]Adolf Berthman,Clemens Franze,Paul Lingens.Readily detonated water-containing explosives.Ger 1,147,5729(CA:Vol.58:6640h),1962
[7]Clemens Franze.Detonable emulsions and their application to explosives.Belg619,617(CA:Vol.58:7782a),1962
[8]Adolf berthman.Water-containing explosive.Gerl,123,963(CA:Vol.57:2489b),1962
[9]卢简游.RJ高威力乳化炸药的研究[J].爆破器材,1986,(6):13
[10]吴龙祥,阮建忠.MSA型乳化炸药的研究[J].爆破器材,1994,(5):7-11
[11]任晓民,崔安娜.RA型抗酸性水散装乳化炸药的研制[J].有色金属(矿山部分),1996,(3):32-36
[12]郭冰若,张秀亭,汪旭光.额尔登特乳化炸药厂生产过程自动控制系统的研究[J].化工自动化及仪表,1996,23(1):16-21
[13]倪欧琪.粉状乳化炸药微观结构研究[J].爆破器材,1998,27(3):6
[14]倪欧琪.粉状乳化炸药安全性能研究[J].爆破器材,1997,26(6):16-18
[15]李建军,汪旭光等.粉状乳化炸药爆炸特性的实验研究[J].爆破器材,1996,25(5):4-7
[16]申英锋,汪旭光等.乳化炸药粒径分布的表征方法及分步模拟算法[J].爆破器材,1998,27(5):1-4
[17]徐国财.乳化炸药基本粒子的测试与表征[J].爆破器材,1996,25(5):1-3
[18]邵利.乳化炸药稳定性快速预测方法研讨[J].煤矿爆破,1995,(4):13-17
[19]施军.工业炸药猛度及作功能力的计算方法[J].火炸药学报,1999,(3):49-50
[20]汪旭光,申剑英.乳化炸药多元分散体系三维结构模拟计算[J].爆破器材,1998,27(4):1-7
[21]汪旭光,申剑英.乳化炸药结构模型[J].爆破器材,1998,27(3):1-5
[22]罗宁,胡坤伦,徐国财.乳化基质的合成及其稳定性的初步研究[J].矿业科学技术,2005,(3):32-35
[23]P.贝歇尔.乳状液理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,1978,101-133
[24]王丽琼,成心法.乳化基质膜研究[J].煤矿爆破,1995,(3):6-9
[25]李冰,胡坤伦,罗宁.复合乳化剂对提高乳化炸药稳定性的初步研究[J].火工品,2007,(3):37-39
[26]施军.废乳化炸药的回收利用[J].火炸药,1996,(3):28
[27]王胜利,杨福军.乳化铵油炸药不合格品处理方法的探讨[J].爆破器材,2001,(3):15-16
[28]许军英,梁秀英,赵玉芬.废乳化炸药回收利用方法的探讨[J].爆破器材,2001,(1):11-12
[29]葛建敏.乳化炸药不合格品的处理方法[J].爆破器材,1995,(1):12-14
[30]毕焰.废乳化炸药的回收处理[J].爆破器材,1990,(5):13-14
[31]黄文尧,郭子如,王自军,黄存健.轮碾机回收不合格乳化炸药的实践[J].中国民爆器材学会第五届年会论文集,102
[32]P.贝歇尔.乳状液理论与实践[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1978,136-152
[33]邵利.乳化炸药稳定性快速预测方法研讨[J].煤矿爆破,1995,(4):13-17
[34]Paul,C.Hiemenz.Principles of colloid and surface chemistry[M].Marsel Decker Inc,1997:52-77
[35]陆明.表面活性剂及其应用技术[M].北京:兵器工业出版社,2007,108-109
[36]李建军.国外乳化炸药的发展状况及趋势[J].矿业快报,2005,(3):6
[37]Ljungberg N,Bonini C,Bortolussi F,etal.New nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose whiskers in stactic polypropylene:Effect of surface and dispersion characteristics[J].Biomacromolecules,2005,6(5):2732-2739.
[38]宋锦泉,熊代余,汪旭光.不合格乳化炸药的回收处理[J].金属矿山,2001,(6):20-22
[39]徐天桂,谢冬泉,刘尊义.长途公路运输对乳化炸药性能影响的模拟试验[J].爆破器材,1994,(4):2-3
[40]梁治齐,李金华.功能性乳化剂与乳状液[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2000,145-148
[41]王泽山,张丽华,曹欣茂.废弃火炸药的处理与再利用[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1999,226-231
[42]Miguel Rondo'n,Patrick Bouriat,and Jean Lachaise.Breaking of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions.1.Physicochemical Phenomenology of Demulsifier Action[J].Energy & Fuels,2006,(20):1600-1604
[43]李亚峰,张晓颖,班福忱.破乳絮凝法处理稠油污水[J].沈阳建筑大学学报,2005,16,(121):711-714
[44]赵国玺,表面活性剂作用原理[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003:562-572
[45]陈积松.我国乳化炸药的新进展[J].金属矿山,1996,(1):5-7
[46]吕春绪.乳化剂理论及其选择研究[J].爆破器材,1995,24,(1):1-6
[47]汪大立,徐国财.丁二酰亚胺乳化机理的探讨[J].爆破器材,1994,23,(5):1-4
[48]汪旭光,申英锋.乳化炸药结构与稳定性关系的研究[J].中国工程科学,2000,2,(1):25-29
[49]宋家良.乳化炸药的几何稳定性理论研究[J].煤矿爆破,2005,(4):1-3
[50]李治文,陈放,盛明德,施军.乳化炸药中司盘80的研究[J].爆破器材,1997,26,(6):6-8
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