基于工作流模型的电子政务流程协同研究
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摘要
计算机作为20世纪最伟大的发明之一,使人们生活的各个领域发生了彻底的变化,而这种巨变逐渐改变了人们的生活习惯乃至思维方式。正如电子商务对现代商业所产生的巨大影响极大促进了现代商业的发展,政府作为我国最大的资源拥有者和利用者,更是急切需要将信息技术引入到日常政务之中以促使工作效率的提高和政务服务质量的改进,电子政务正是在这样一种背景下应运而生。
我国的电子政务建设近年来有了很大发展,对各级政府提高工作效率、改进服务质量起到了很好的促进作用。但由于政府的层级制组织结构,导致地区、部门之间分割严重,项目建设主体各自为政,形成大量信息孤岛,对实现电子政务协同带来了很大的困难。
要实现政务协同,就必须保证现有各系统之间能够无缝连接,但由于前期建设时的局限性,使得政府各部门现有系统之间兼容性不佳。为了解决这个问题,要么标准化重建所有系统,要么从软件角度完成各系统之间的连接。第一种办法标本兼治,却不易实现;第二种方法则考虑到了多方面的因素,较为切实可行。
本文首先介绍了电子政务的基本情况,包括其概念、内涵、发展现状和现存问题,以上述分析为铺垫,结合现今社会对电子政务提出的新要求,突显了协同在电子政务实施中的重要性,并依据电子政务系统的特性,结合协同理论的主要内容,确立了协同学应用于电子政务实施的理论基础。接着本文引出政务流程管理的思想,简要介绍了政务流程管理在电子政务实施中的意义和政务流程再造的方法,并选用Petri网作为工作流程建模工具,以办公自动化系统中的“发文”为例,建立了基于工作流技术的政务流程模型。最后在前人的基础上,提出了基于角色理论的多任务关联关系模型以确立多任务建模时各任务环节间的串并关系,通过对多任务模型中的关键部门任务调度算法进行分析,确保多任务时的总误工时间最小。为此本文引入现有算法,通过讨论算法的复杂度,结合实际运用中可能遇到的情况给出改进后的近似算法,然后利用Matlab实现两算法的效率比较,通过大样本运算得到仿真的结果,证实本文提出的近似算法的有效性。
As one of the greatest invention of the 20th century, Computer changed each field of living thoroughly, people's habit and the way of thinking was changed gradually by this transformation. E-commerce facilitated the development of current commerce enormously. As the greatest owner and user of resource, government was required to introduce information technology urgently in order to improve both working efficiency and service quality. E-government emerges as the times require under this background.
The E-Government building of our country had great development in last years, which facilitated the improvement of working efficiency and service quality of all levels government wonderfully. But because of bureaucracy organization structure in our country induced the division of area and department badly, each one gone his own way as item build main body, which formed a great deal information island alone, and brought prodigious difficulty to the cooperate E-Government.
In order to realize the cooperation of government affair, the zero gap connection among each using system should be guaranteed. But because of the limit of prophase build, the compatibility between existing systems of each department does not good. There are two ways to solve the problem: standardization rebuilding all systems, or finishing the connection among each system from software. Obviously the former can solve this question drastically, but can't realize easily. While the later can deal with it better by considering various factors.
On the base of introducing the basis of e-government, including the conception, intension, development status and existing questions, according to the analysis and combining the new requiring of nowadays for e-government, this thesis pointed out the importance of cooperation on the actualization of e-government. According to the characteristic of e-government system, uniting the main content of cooperation theory, established the theory's base of the application of cooperation theory in e-government actualization. Then, we import the management of government affair flow, including it's mean in e-government actualization and the method in government affair flow rebuilding. At last, Petri Net was selected as model building tool, taking the dispatch of Office Automation system as example, government affair flow model based on workflow technology was established. After that, establish the model of multitask correlation relationship for determining the serial and parallel relationship when confront multitask. Through the mathematical analysis to key department scheduling arrange of multitask model, the least of working time loss of multitask team working was insured. For this, the existing algorithms were introduced. Through the discussion of complexity degree of algorithm, we offer an improved approximated algorithm referring might meet instance in actual application, then realize efficiency comparing between two algorithms by Matlab, emulation results obtained from the analyze of time after time operation, so the validity of approximated algorithm was approved.
我国的电子政务建设近年来有了很大发展,对各级政府提高工作效率、改进服务质量起到了很好的促进作用。但由于政府的层级制组织结构,导致地区、部门之间分割严重,项目建设主体各自为政,形成大量信息孤岛,对实现电子政务协同带来了很大的困难。
要实现政务协同,就必须保证现有各系统之间能够无缝连接,但由于前期建设时的局限性,使得政府各部门现有系统之间兼容性不佳。为了解决这个问题,要么标准化重建所有系统,要么从软件角度完成各系统之间的连接。第一种办法标本兼治,却不易实现;第二种方法则考虑到了多方面的因素,较为切实可行。
本文首先介绍了电子政务的基本情况,包括其概念、内涵、发展现状和现存问题,以上述分析为铺垫,结合现今社会对电子政务提出的新要求,突显了协同在电子政务实施中的重要性,并依据电子政务系统的特性,结合协同理论的主要内容,确立了协同学应用于电子政务实施的理论基础。接着本文引出政务流程管理的思想,简要介绍了政务流程管理在电子政务实施中的意义和政务流程再造的方法,并选用Petri网作为工作流程建模工具,以办公自动化系统中的“发文”为例,建立了基于工作流技术的政务流程模型。最后在前人的基础上,提出了基于角色理论的多任务关联关系模型以确立多任务建模时各任务环节间的串并关系,通过对多任务模型中的关键部门任务调度算法进行分析,确保多任务时的总误工时间最小。为此本文引入现有算法,通过讨论算法的复杂度,结合实际运用中可能遇到的情况给出改进后的近似算法,然后利用Matlab实现两算法的效率比较,通过大样本运算得到仿真的结果,证实本文提出的近似算法的有效性。
As one of the greatest invention of the 20th century, Computer changed each field of living thoroughly, people's habit and the way of thinking was changed gradually by this transformation. E-commerce facilitated the development of current commerce enormously. As the greatest owner and user of resource, government was required to introduce information technology urgently in order to improve both working efficiency and service quality. E-government emerges as the times require under this background.
The E-Government building of our country had great development in last years, which facilitated the improvement of working efficiency and service quality of all levels government wonderfully. But because of bureaucracy organization structure in our country induced the division of area and department badly, each one gone his own way as item build main body, which formed a great deal information island alone, and brought prodigious difficulty to the cooperate E-Government.
In order to realize the cooperation of government affair, the zero gap connection among each using system should be guaranteed. But because of the limit of prophase build, the compatibility between existing systems of each department does not good. There are two ways to solve the problem: standardization rebuilding all systems, or finishing the connection among each system from software. Obviously the former can solve this question drastically, but can't realize easily. While the later can deal with it better by considering various factors.
On the base of introducing the basis of e-government, including the conception, intension, development status and existing questions, according to the analysis and combining the new requiring of nowadays for e-government, this thesis pointed out the importance of cooperation on the actualization of e-government. According to the characteristic of e-government system, uniting the main content of cooperation theory, established the theory's base of the application of cooperation theory in e-government actualization. Then, we import the management of government affair flow, including it's mean in e-government actualization and the method in government affair flow rebuilding. At last, Petri Net was selected as model building tool, taking the dispatch of Office Automation system as example, government affair flow model based on workflow technology was established. After that, establish the model of multitask correlation relationship for determining the serial and parallel relationship when confront multitask. Through the mathematical analysis to key department scheduling arrange of multitask model, the least of working time loss of multitask team working was insured. For this, the existing algorithms were introduced. Through the discussion of complexity degree of algorithm, we offer an improved approximated algorithm referring might meet instance in actual application, then realize efficiency comparing between two algorithms by Matlab, emulation results obtained from the analyze of time after time operation, so the validity of approximated algorithm was approved.
引文
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[4]Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management office.The Business Reference Model VersiOn 2.0.Washington D.C.USA:office of Management and Budget,2003
[5]鲁瑶.美国电子政务现状分析[J].电子政务.2005,5:13-16
[6]陈蓉,孟庆国.电子政务流程再造的必然性和选择性[J].情报杂志,2006,5:112-114
[7]ChiuDKW,LiQing,Karlapalemkamalakar.A mata modeling approach to Workflow management system supporting exception handling.Inofrmation sysytem,1992,24(2):159-184
[8]KammerPeterJ,BoleerGerOryAlan,TaylorRiehard.Net Techniques for supporting dynamic and adaptive workflow.Computer supported cooperative work,2000,3(4):269-292
[9]SeherlisWL,Eisenberg.IT Research Innovation and E-Government.Communication of ACM,2003,46(1):67-68
[10]Her-mann Haken.协同学[M].凌复华译.上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005
[11]吴彤.耗散结构理论的自组织方法论研究.科学技术于辩证法[J].1998,6
[12]孙国强.关系、互动与协同:网络组织的治理逻辑[J].中国工业经济,2003,11:33-36
[13]IBM公司.Lotus电子政务解决方案[M].技术白皮书.北京:IBM中国有限公司,2000,3-4
[14]陈淑华.电子政务会给我们带来危机吗.OA'2001办公自动化国际学术研讨会论文集[C].北京:电子工业出版社,2001,138-139.
[15]温尊平,廖文杰.我国电子政务发展现状和趋势分析研究[J].情报杂志.2007,1:122-124
[16]范玉顺.工作流管理技术基础[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[17]范玉顺,吴澄.工作流管理技术研究与产品现状及发展趋势.计算机集成制造系统[J].2000,6:1-7
[18]Weimin Du,Ahmed Elmagarmid.Workflow Management:State of the Art vs.State of the Products[M].Istanbul:NATO Advanced Study Institute on Workflow Management,1997
[19]赵卫东,黄丽华,蔡斌.工作流过程模型研究[J].系统工程理论方法应用.2002,11(3):212-217
[20]W.M.P.van der Aalst.The Application of Petri Net to Workflow Management.Journal of Cireuits,SystemsandComputer,2002,8:21-66
[21]顾君忠.计算机支持的协同工作导论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[22]Khodakaram Salimifard,Wright M.Petri net-based modeling of workflow systems:An overview[J].EuropeanJournal of operational Research,2001,134:664-676
[23]叶鑫,王延章.基于业务对象的行政审批系统业务模型.系统工程理论与应用[J].2006,2:14-20
[24]CNNIC.中国互连网络状况发展报告,http://www.cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2005/01/18/2744.htm,2005
[25]国务院信息化工作办公室.2004年政府网站绩效评估报告.http://www.ciia.org.cn/,2004
[26]姚国章.电子政务原理[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005
[27]王长胜.中国电子政务发展报告NO.1[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003
[28]徐旭.推行电子政务提升行政效率[J].中共四川省委省级机关党校学报,2003,4:93-95
[29]谭彦红,王延.国外电子政务的发展及其借鉴.财经政法咨询[J].2003,3: 20-21
[30]彭鲜红.我国电子政务发展综述.科技情报开发与经济[J].2003,12(3):76
[31]中国互联网络信息中心.第十七次中国互联网发展状况统计报告[EB/OL].http://www.cnnic.net.cn,2006-01-17
[32]张建.跨部门协同电子政务的协作模式研究.东岳论丛[J].2006,7:205-206
[33]王学栋、杨跃峰.西方政府再造的政治理论[J].长春市委党校学报,2003,5:16-19
[34]曾长秋、薄明华.电子化政府:网络环境下的政府再造[J].电子科技大学学报社科版,2003(2)
[35]陈庭忠.电子政府与政府管理现代化[J].理论观察,2000,6
[36]曾星媛.基于电子政务的政府业务流程再造研究[J].情报探索,2007,7:78-80
[37]孙正文,毕建新.电子政务与政府业务流程整合[J].电子政务,2006,7:56-62
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