自制热电堆型热流计及其在建筑热工检测中的应用
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摘要
建筑能耗占全社会总能耗的比例不断增大,世界性的建筑节能事业已经全面展开。建筑热工检测作为一项重要的节能工作受到日益广泛的重视,相应的热流检测技术和仪器也得到了较大发展和普遍应用。本文针对建筑节能检测的需要,做了以下几方面工作:
首先,基于热电堆原理,采用电镀方式自制出了平板绕线式热流计。
其次,采用双热流计式导热仪所制热流计测头进行标定,计算得到其测头系数,并对其温差.输出热电势关系进行了线性拟合,获得了比较满意的结果;另外,分析了热流测头标定过程中可能产生的误差,其综合水平误差在5%左右,为热流计在工程实际中的应用提供了依据。
最后,为了检验自制热流计测头的可应用性,应用红外热像技术直观图像与热流计法量化分析对建筑墙体进行了现场检测。根据实测数据计算出墙体平均传热系数,与理论值比较,结果表明自制的热电堆型热流计检测精度不高,还有待于进一步改进。分析了房间外界因素如空调送风对检测数据的影响,讨论了对自制热流计检测数据造成影响的误差来源。
The scale of energy consumption for construction in the whole energy consumption occupies increases year by year, the work of construction energy conservation all over the world already has been in full swing. Being an important energy conservation work, the detection of the construction thermal performance has been received the more and more widely value, the corresponding heat flow detection technology and the instrument also has been obtained the great development and the universal application. In view of the construction energy conservation detection, this article concerns the following aspects:
Firstly, based on the thermopile principle, a wound rotor plate type heat flow meter was made by the electroplating method.
Secondly, a heat conduction meter with the double heat flow meters is selected to calibrate the self-made heat flow meter probe, whose coefficient is calculated and its temperature difference-output thermoelectric force curve is fit as linear to equation, whose result was quite satisfactory. Moreover, the comprehensive errors in the process of calibrating the heat flow meter probe are analyzed about 5%, to provide an evidence for application in engineering practice.
Finally, in order to test the utility of the self-made heat flow meter probe, the heat flow meter method with quantitative analysis combining the infrared thermal image technology has been carried on the scene detection to the construction wall. The average heat transfer coefficient of the wall was calculated according to the measured data, and then contrasted with the corresponding theoretical value. The result indicated that detecting accuracy of the self-made the thermopile heat flow meter is lower, so it must be improved further. The influences of exterior factors like the supplying air of the air-conditioning in the house to detecting data were analyzed; the errors influencing the results were discussed.
首先,基于热电堆原理,采用电镀方式自制出了平板绕线式热流计。
其次,采用双热流计式导热仪所制热流计测头进行标定,计算得到其测头系数,并对其温差.输出热电势关系进行了线性拟合,获得了比较满意的结果;另外,分析了热流测头标定过程中可能产生的误差,其综合水平误差在5%左右,为热流计在工程实际中的应用提供了依据。
最后,为了检验自制热流计测头的可应用性,应用红外热像技术直观图像与热流计法量化分析对建筑墙体进行了现场检测。根据实测数据计算出墙体平均传热系数,与理论值比较,结果表明自制的热电堆型热流计检测精度不高,还有待于进一步改进。分析了房间外界因素如空调送风对检测数据的影响,讨论了对自制热流计检测数据造成影响的误差来源。
The scale of energy consumption for construction in the whole energy consumption occupies increases year by year, the work of construction energy conservation all over the world already has been in full swing. Being an important energy conservation work, the detection of the construction thermal performance has been received the more and more widely value, the corresponding heat flow detection technology and the instrument also has been obtained the great development and the universal application. In view of the construction energy conservation detection, this article concerns the following aspects:
Firstly, based on the thermopile principle, a wound rotor plate type heat flow meter was made by the electroplating method.
Secondly, a heat conduction meter with the double heat flow meters is selected to calibrate the self-made heat flow meter probe, whose coefficient is calculated and its temperature difference-output thermoelectric force curve is fit as linear to equation, whose result was quite satisfactory. Moreover, the comprehensive errors in the process of calibrating the heat flow meter probe are analyzed about 5%, to provide an evidence for application in engineering practice.
Finally, in order to test the utility of the self-made heat flow meter probe, the heat flow meter method with quantitative analysis combining the infrared thermal image technology has been carried on the scene detection to the construction wall. The average heat transfer coefficient of the wall was calculated according to the measured data, and then contrasted with the corresponding theoretical value. The result indicated that detecting accuracy of the self-made the thermopile heat flow meter is lower, so it must be improved further. The influences of exterior factors like the supplying air of the air-conditioning in the house to detecting data were analyzed; the errors influencing the results were discussed.
引文
[1]涂逢祥等.英、法、德三国建筑节能标准近期发展.建筑节能.2002(37):137-138
[2]田斌守.建筑节能现场检测方法.工程质量.2006(12)
[3]戴自祝,刘震涛,韩礼钟.《热流测量与热流计》.北京:中国计量出版社.1986
[4]A.C.Van Dorth.Thick Film Heat Flux Sensor.Sensors Actuators,1987,4:323-331
[5]B.W.Noel,H.M.Borella,M.R.Cates,W.D.Turley and G.C.Cala.Optical Heat Flux Gage.US.Patent,1991,5,(44):765
[6]N.Martins,M.G.Carvalho,N.H.Afgan and A.I.Leontiev.A new instrument for radiation heat flux measurement-analysis and parameter selection.Heat Recovery Systems and CHP.1995,8:787-796
[7]G.J.Borell and T.E.Diller.A Convection Calibration Method for Local Heat Flux Gages.Journal of Heat Transfer.1987,109(5):83-89
[8]E.Piccini,S.M.Guo and T.V.Jones.The Development of a New Direct-heat-flux Gauge for Heat-transfer Facilities.Measurement Science and Yechonlogy.2000,4(11):342-349
[9]曹玉璋,A.H.Epstein.双膜热流计的研究及其应用[J].航空学报,1985(5):76-81
[10]张国强,陈在康,王大安.建筑热工用动态热流计及其标定方法的研究.湖南大学学报.1996(3)
[11]付军隆.瞬态热流计的研制.北京科技大学博士论文,1998
[12]李超.微型薄膜瞬态热流计的研制.北京工业大学硕士论文,2005
[13]张恒等.一种新型环状热电堆传感器.传感器技术.2005(3)
[14]廖亚非,张清文,何容盛.自有知识产权热流计的研究.重庆建筑大学学报.2006(1)
[15]居滋培.热流传感器特性和标定方法分析.1998(1)
[16]陈宇腾,刘文春,李升宇.外墙外保温体系大型耐候性试验及热工检测技术研究[J].建筑节能,2006(2):43-45
[17]费慧慧,段恺.建筑节能现场检验方法及其影响因素[J].施工技术,2000,29(7):31-33
[18]潘雷,陈宝明,方肇洪,等.围护结构的现场检测和数据处理方法[J].建筑热能通风空调,2005,24(6):80-84
[19]田斌守,杨永恒,孟渊,等.应用热流计现场检测建筑物传热系数[J].新型建筑材料,2004,(8):59-61
[20]王小军,朱文献.防护热箱法现场检测外墙传热系数[J].上海建材,2005, (4):26-27
[21]黄峥,朱彤,赵鸿.非稳态法检测建筑围护结构传热系数[J].建筑节能,2005,(8):45-47
[22]Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guided Hot Box(ASTM C1363-97)[S].American Society for Testing and Materials,1997
[23]郑国良.热电堆传感器及其应用.传感器技术.1992(2)
[24]张子慧.热工测量与自动控制.建筑工业出版社.2000
[25]F.C.Stempel.Basic Heat Flow Calibration.Instrument Control Systems 1969,42(5):105
[26]E.R.G.Eckert,R.J.Goldstein.Measurements in Heat Transfer.New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1976
[27]JG/T3016-94《建筑用热流计》,1991
[28]JGJ132-2001采暖居住建筑节能检验标准
[29]W.M.Pitts,J.R.Shields and BFRL/NIST,Calibration of Heat Gages for Forum Heat Flux Measurement Working Group Interlaboratry Comparison,U.S.Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg,MD 20899,Report of Test FR4015,2001
[30]赵庆国,陈永昌等编.热能与动力工程测试技术.化学工业出版社,2006.p222
[31]绝热材料稳定热阻及有关特性的测定-热流计法,GB10295-88
[32]JW-Ⅲ型热流计式导热仪使用说明书
[33]陈聚文.红外成像仪检测技术在建筑节能中的应用.
[34]李国华,吴立新,吴淼,曲敬信.红外热像技术及其应用的研究进展.红外与激光工程.2004.6
[35]左现广,唐鸣放.国内外建筑能耗调查与统计研究.重庆建筑.2003.2
[36]李晓英.影响红外测温的主要因素及对策.山西机械.2001.6
[37]赵为民,赵红.红外热像技术在检测建筑物渗漏中的应用.住宅科技.2004.5
[38]吴宗凡.红外热像仪的原理和技术发展.光学及光电仪器.1997.2
[39]王珍吾,孟庆林,张百庆.双面热流计法现场测墙体构造热阻.建筑节能.2004(9)
[40]杨玉忠,李丽梅.现场外墙热阻测量测点的选择.建筑科学.2007,4(23)
[41]许鸣.建筑物围护结构传热系数现场检测技术得探讨.常州市建筑科学研究院.2006
[42]曹玉璋.邱绪光.试验传热学,国防工业出版社,1999:256-259
[43]刘加平.非稳态条件下热流计的特性.西安冶金建筑学院硕士论文.1986
[44]郑洁,刘艳峰.建筑环境检测技术,重庆大学出版社,2007
[45]王晶晶.环境条件引起的热流计法测试误差研究.同济大学硕士论文.2007
[2]田斌守.建筑节能现场检测方法.工程质量.2006(12)
[3]戴自祝,刘震涛,韩礼钟.《热流测量与热流计》.北京:中国计量出版社.1986
[4]A.C.Van Dorth.Thick Film Heat Flux Sensor.Sensors Actuators,1987,4:323-331
[5]B.W.Noel,H.M.Borella,M.R.Cates,W.D.Turley and G.C.Cala.Optical Heat Flux Gage.US.Patent,1991,5,(44):765
[6]N.Martins,M.G.Carvalho,N.H.Afgan and A.I.Leontiev.A new instrument for radiation heat flux measurement-analysis and parameter selection.Heat Recovery Systems and CHP.1995,8:787-796
[7]G.J.Borell and T.E.Diller.A Convection Calibration Method for Local Heat Flux Gages.Journal of Heat Transfer.1987,109(5):83-89
[8]E.Piccini,S.M.Guo and T.V.Jones.The Development of a New Direct-heat-flux Gauge for Heat-transfer Facilities.Measurement Science and Yechonlogy.2000,4(11):342-349
[9]曹玉璋,A.H.Epstein.双膜热流计的研究及其应用[J].航空学报,1985(5):76-81
[10]张国强,陈在康,王大安.建筑热工用动态热流计及其标定方法的研究.湖南大学学报.1996(3)
[11]付军隆.瞬态热流计的研制.北京科技大学博士论文,1998
[12]李超.微型薄膜瞬态热流计的研制.北京工业大学硕士论文,2005
[13]张恒等.一种新型环状热电堆传感器.传感器技术.2005(3)
[14]廖亚非,张清文,何容盛.自有知识产权热流计的研究.重庆建筑大学学报.2006(1)
[15]居滋培.热流传感器特性和标定方法分析.1998(1)
[16]陈宇腾,刘文春,李升宇.外墙外保温体系大型耐候性试验及热工检测技术研究[J].建筑节能,2006(2):43-45
[17]费慧慧,段恺.建筑节能现场检验方法及其影响因素[J].施工技术,2000,29(7):31-33
[18]潘雷,陈宝明,方肇洪,等.围护结构的现场检测和数据处理方法[J].建筑热能通风空调,2005,24(6):80-84
[19]田斌守,杨永恒,孟渊,等.应用热流计现场检测建筑物传热系数[J].新型建筑材料,2004,(8):59-61
[20]王小军,朱文献.防护热箱法现场检测外墙传热系数[J].上海建材,2005, (4):26-27
[21]黄峥,朱彤,赵鸿.非稳态法检测建筑围护结构传热系数[J].建筑节能,2005,(8):45-47
[22]Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guided Hot Box(ASTM C1363-97)[S].American Society for Testing and Materials,1997
[23]郑国良.热电堆传感器及其应用.传感器技术.1992(2)
[24]张子慧.热工测量与自动控制.建筑工业出版社.2000
[25]F.C.Stempel.Basic Heat Flow Calibration.Instrument Control Systems 1969,42(5):105
[26]E.R.G.Eckert,R.J.Goldstein.Measurements in Heat Transfer.New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company,1976
[27]JG/T3016-94《建筑用热流计》,1991
[28]JGJ132-2001采暖居住建筑节能检验标准
[29]W.M.Pitts,J.R.Shields and BFRL/NIST,Calibration of Heat Gages for Forum Heat Flux Measurement Working Group Interlaboratry Comparison,U.S.Department of Commerce National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg,MD 20899,Report of Test FR4015,2001
[30]赵庆国,陈永昌等编.热能与动力工程测试技术.化学工业出版社,2006.p222
[31]绝热材料稳定热阻及有关特性的测定-热流计法,GB10295-88
[32]JW-Ⅲ型热流计式导热仪使用说明书
[33]陈聚文.红外成像仪检测技术在建筑节能中的应用.
[34]李国华,吴立新,吴淼,曲敬信.红外热像技术及其应用的研究进展.红外与激光工程.2004.6
[35]左现广,唐鸣放.国内外建筑能耗调查与统计研究.重庆建筑.2003.2
[36]李晓英.影响红外测温的主要因素及对策.山西机械.2001.6
[37]赵为民,赵红.红外热像技术在检测建筑物渗漏中的应用.住宅科技.2004.5
[38]吴宗凡.红外热像仪的原理和技术发展.光学及光电仪器.1997.2
[39]王珍吾,孟庆林,张百庆.双面热流计法现场测墙体构造热阻.建筑节能.2004(9)
[40]杨玉忠,李丽梅.现场外墙热阻测量测点的选择.建筑科学.2007,4(23)
[41]许鸣.建筑物围护结构传热系数现场检测技术得探讨.常州市建筑科学研究院.2006
[42]曹玉璋.邱绪光.试验传热学,国防工业出版社,1999:256-259
[43]刘加平.非稳态条件下热流计的特性.西安冶金建筑学院硕士论文.1986
[44]郑洁,刘艳峰.建筑环境检测技术,重庆大学出版社,2007
[45]王晶晶.环境条件引起的热流计法测试误差研究.同济大学硕士论文.2007
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