SWB系统处理牛养殖废水的应用研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高,畜牧养殖业得到了飞速发展,而由此也带来了严重的环境污染。畜禽养殖污染已经成为重庆市农村的主要污染源,这不仅危及畜禽本身及人体健康,而且严重影响到农村经济特别是畜牧业经济的健康发展,治理养殖业环境污染已成为当前非常迫切的任务。
由于各种原因,目前养殖废水治理难度很大。要使养殖废水得到科学处理,套用传统生活污水生化处理工艺或物化处理技术并不是合理有效的方法,必须研究出投资少、运行成本低、处理效果好、管理方便的技术,包括工艺流程、处理装置和综合利用技术等。为此,我们针对重庆地势、气候等特点,研究了一种以人工湿地为主体的应用于分散性中小型畜牧养殖场废水处理的简易厌氧池+波式流人工山地湿地+生物塘系统(简称SWB系统)。着重研究了SWB系统各处理单元对SS、COD、TN、NH4_~+-N和TP等污染物的去除效果及机理,并进行了特性分析,得出以下主要结论:
(1)虽然进水为高浓度养殖废水,但SWB系统对几种主要污染物都具有较好的处理效果,出水水质较好。SS、COD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的平均去除率为91%、89%、79%、62%和88%。
(2)在SWB系统中,SS和COD主要通过截留、沉淀、微生物降解而去除;氮主要通过在湿地床体中进行硝化-反硝化反应而去除;磷主要通过填充在床体中的基质截留、吸附、沉淀作用而去除;重金属主要通过湿地植物的过量富集而去除。
(3)SWB系统不同构造物之间具有很好的互补性。
(4)在SWB系统中,可以选用风车草和美人蕉为湿地植物,选用石灰石单一基质和石灰石、粉煤灰、土壤组成的混合基质为湿地基质。
(5)SWB系统成本效益比(成本价值/经济效益)为1:1.2,环境经济效益显著,具有一定的推广前景。
本研究的创新点主要有以下三点:
(1)把SWB系统修建在山地上,利用重庆山地地势进行跌水曝气,可以实现无动力充氧,并研究了跌水高度和跌水流量对复氧量的影响。
(2)对人工湿地床体进行改造,使水体呈波式流态,不但增加了污水与基质(微生物)的接触,而且可以进行波式表面复氧。
(3)研究了波式流人工山地湿地床体内部DO浓度,发现床体表层、中部、底部等不同深度位置溶解氧状况不同,因此当污水流过床体时反复经历不同的氧化-还原环境,进行各种生化反应,有利于污染物的去除。
Animal husbandry is rapid expanding as state economic developing and living standards of residents upturning,and results in serious environmental pollution.Animal husbandry has become primary pollution source in rural area in Chongqing.It not only endangers animals' and human health,but also has a strong negative impact on development of rural economics.Animal husbandry pollution improvement has become one of pressing tasks in present.
Animal husbandry wastewater is difficult to control for various reasons.Apply traditional sewage sludge treatment plant to animal husbandry wastewater treatment mechanically is not a appropriate way.It's essential to study a technical that is low investment,low running cost, effective treatment and convenient management to treat animal husbandry wastewater.According to topography and climate in Chongqing,a simple anaerobic pool(SAP),wavy flow constructed terrace wetland(WFCTW)and biological pond(BP)system apply to treat dispersive medium and small sized stock farm wastewater was studied.Suspended substance(SS),chemical oxygen demand(COD),total nitrogen(TN),ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)and total phosphorus(TP)removal efficiencies and mechanisms in each processing unit were studied and characteristics of SWB system were analyze in this paper,it can reach following conclusions:
(1)Although the wastewater at the influent of the SWB system is high concentration cows farm composite waste,treatment showed high mean removal efficiencies of 91%,89%,79%,62% and 88%for SS,COD,TN,NH_4~+ -N and TP respectively.
(2)In the SWB system,SS are physically separated from the wastewater by filtration and sedimentation.The organic content of the trapped solids is then gradually decomposed,while the inorganic content is integrated and forms part of macrophytes bed matrix.Organic matter in the wastewater,represented by COD,is removed mainly through aerobic biological decomposition and anaerobic biological decomposition by microorganisms growing in the SAP flexible filler and WFCTW matrix.TN is changed into NH_4~+ -N by ammonification bacteria in SAP,and then NH_4~+ -N is removed mainly through changing into N_2 and N_2O by nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria.Sorption to storm is the main mechanism of phosphorus removal.Heavy metal ions can be uptook by macrophytes,so that harvesting macrophytes can remove heavy metals.
(3)Every processing unit of the SWB system has a very good complementary between each other.
(4)Cyperus alternifolius Linn and Canna indica Linn are feasible macrophytes in constructed wetland.In the SWB system,the four beds filled with different storms and a comparison was made for the P and N removal efficiency between limestone bed matrix and mixed storms bed matrix.The result showed pulverized fuel ash mixed with limestone can improve P and N removal efficiency.
(5)The SWB system along with cost-benefit ratio(cost value/economic benefit)of 1:1.2,and its environmental and economic benefit is greatly prominent.So it has a certain promotable and applied prospects.
This study of innovation in the following three points:
(1)The SWB system was constructed on the hill.So that it improve dissolved oxygen consistency by waterfall reoxygenation without electric energy.The relationship between height and flowrate of waterfall and waterfall reoxygenation was studied.
(2)Wastewater is drains through the matrix from bottom to top and from top to bottom repeatedly by setting up clapboards.So WFCTW is equipped with strongpoint of surface flow constructed wetland and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland.It can improve pollutant removal efficiency by enhancing the interactions between pollutants in the wastewater and microorganisms attached on the roots of macrophytes and surfaces of storms and increasing the availability of oxygen by wavy surface reoxygenation.
(3)DO situation in WFCTW was studied.The result showed DO in the surface,middle and bottom of bed matrix are different.So pollutants are good removed by various biochemical reactions when the sewage flowed in bed and repeated experience of Oxidation/reduction micro-environment.
由于各种原因,目前养殖废水治理难度很大。要使养殖废水得到科学处理,套用传统生活污水生化处理工艺或物化处理技术并不是合理有效的方法,必须研究出投资少、运行成本低、处理效果好、管理方便的技术,包括工艺流程、处理装置和综合利用技术等。为此,我们针对重庆地势、气候等特点,研究了一种以人工湿地为主体的应用于分散性中小型畜牧养殖场废水处理的简易厌氧池+波式流人工山地湿地+生物塘系统(简称SWB系统)。着重研究了SWB系统各处理单元对SS、COD、TN、NH4_~+-N和TP等污染物的去除效果及机理,并进行了特性分析,得出以下主要结论:
(1)虽然进水为高浓度养殖废水,但SWB系统对几种主要污染物都具有较好的处理效果,出水水质较好。SS、COD、TN、NH_4~+-N和TP的平均去除率为91%、89%、79%、62%和88%。
(2)在SWB系统中,SS和COD主要通过截留、沉淀、微生物降解而去除;氮主要通过在湿地床体中进行硝化-反硝化反应而去除;磷主要通过填充在床体中的基质截留、吸附、沉淀作用而去除;重金属主要通过湿地植物的过量富集而去除。
(3)SWB系统不同构造物之间具有很好的互补性。
(4)在SWB系统中,可以选用风车草和美人蕉为湿地植物,选用石灰石单一基质和石灰石、粉煤灰、土壤组成的混合基质为湿地基质。
(5)SWB系统成本效益比(成本价值/经济效益)为1:1.2,环境经济效益显著,具有一定的推广前景。
本研究的创新点主要有以下三点:
(1)把SWB系统修建在山地上,利用重庆山地地势进行跌水曝气,可以实现无动力充氧,并研究了跌水高度和跌水流量对复氧量的影响。
(2)对人工湿地床体进行改造,使水体呈波式流态,不但增加了污水与基质(微生物)的接触,而且可以进行波式表面复氧。
(3)研究了波式流人工山地湿地床体内部DO浓度,发现床体表层、中部、底部等不同深度位置溶解氧状况不同,因此当污水流过床体时反复经历不同的氧化-还原环境,进行各种生化反应,有利于污染物的去除。
Animal husbandry is rapid expanding as state economic developing and living standards of residents upturning,and results in serious environmental pollution.Animal husbandry has become primary pollution source in rural area in Chongqing.It not only endangers animals' and human health,but also has a strong negative impact on development of rural economics.Animal husbandry pollution improvement has become one of pressing tasks in present.
Animal husbandry wastewater is difficult to control for various reasons.Apply traditional sewage sludge treatment plant to animal husbandry wastewater treatment mechanically is not a appropriate way.It's essential to study a technical that is low investment,low running cost, effective treatment and convenient management to treat animal husbandry wastewater.According to topography and climate in Chongqing,a simple anaerobic pool(SAP),wavy flow constructed terrace wetland(WFCTW)and biological pond(BP)system apply to treat dispersive medium and small sized stock farm wastewater was studied.Suspended substance(SS),chemical oxygen demand(COD),total nitrogen(TN),ammonia nitrogen(NH_4~+-N)and total phosphorus(TP)removal efficiencies and mechanisms in each processing unit were studied and characteristics of SWB system were analyze in this paper,it can reach following conclusions:
(1)Although the wastewater at the influent of the SWB system is high concentration cows farm composite waste,treatment showed high mean removal efficiencies of 91%,89%,79%,62% and 88%for SS,COD,TN,NH_4~+ -N and TP respectively.
(2)In the SWB system,SS are physically separated from the wastewater by filtration and sedimentation.The organic content of the trapped solids is then gradually decomposed,while the inorganic content is integrated and forms part of macrophytes bed matrix.Organic matter in the wastewater,represented by COD,is removed mainly through aerobic biological decomposition and anaerobic biological decomposition by microorganisms growing in the SAP flexible filler and WFCTW matrix.TN is changed into NH_4~+ -N by ammonification bacteria in SAP,and then NH_4~+ -N is removed mainly through changing into N_2 and N_2O by nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria.Sorption to storm is the main mechanism of phosphorus removal.Heavy metal ions can be uptook by macrophytes,so that harvesting macrophytes can remove heavy metals.
(3)Every processing unit of the SWB system has a very good complementary between each other.
(4)Cyperus alternifolius Linn and Canna indica Linn are feasible macrophytes in constructed wetland.In the SWB system,the four beds filled with different storms and a comparison was made for the P and N removal efficiency between limestone bed matrix and mixed storms bed matrix.The result showed pulverized fuel ash mixed with limestone can improve P and N removal efficiency.
(5)The SWB system along with cost-benefit ratio(cost value/economic benefit)of 1:1.2,and its environmental and economic benefit is greatly prominent.So it has a certain promotable and applied prospects.
This study of innovation in the following three points:
(1)The SWB system was constructed on the hill.So that it improve dissolved oxygen consistency by waterfall reoxygenation without electric energy.The relationship between height and flowrate of waterfall and waterfall reoxygenation was studied.
(2)Wastewater is drains through the matrix from bottom to top and from top to bottom repeatedly by setting up clapboards.So WFCTW is equipped with strongpoint of surface flow constructed wetland and horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland.It can improve pollutant removal efficiency by enhancing the interactions between pollutants in the wastewater and microorganisms attached on the roots of macrophytes and surfaces of storms and increasing the availability of oxygen by wavy surface reoxygenation.
(3)DO situation in WFCTW was studied.The result showed DO in the surface,middle and bottom of bed matrix are different.So pollutants are good removed by various biochemical reactions when the sewage flowed in bed and repeated experience of Oxidation/reduction micro-environment.
引文
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