合肥市景观空间格局分析及其应用研究
摘要
本文以合肥市主要建成区(包河区、庐阳区、瑶海区和蜀山区)为研究对象,采用景观生态学的数量化方法分析合肥市景观空间格局。首先根据景观生态分类的依据和原则,以及研究区域的特点和研究目的,将合肥城市景观划分为:建筑体景观、水域景观、道路景观、绿地景观、农业及其它景观等五种景观类型。然后以2004年合肥市各区土地利用现状图为主要信息源,运用GIS软件ArcView3.2的图像、数据处理功能,提取合肥城区五种景观类型的空间数据和属性数据。在此基础上选取多个不同的景观格局指标,利用景观格局指数软件FRAGSTATS3.3计算景观空间格局的异质性指数。
选取斑块面积、斑块平均面积、斑块数、斑块周长等指标对合肥市景观总体特征进行分析,分析结果为:景观的总斑块数为1906块,建筑体景观的数量最多,有1083块、占总数的56.8%,而且面积最大,占总面积的46.6%。选取形状指数、分维数、内缘比、孔隙度对合肥城区景观类型特征进行分析,斑块形状指数以绿地景观的最大,为1.763,建筑景观最小,为1.254;水体景观的分维数最大,为1.354,建筑体景观最小,为1.196;绿地景观的斑块孔隙度最大,为7.434,农业及其它景观最小,为3.050;内缘比最大的为水体景观18.832,道路景观的内缘比最小,为2.364;选取多样性、优势度、均匀度、分离度、破碎度、蔓延度对合肥城区景观异质性和绿地景观结构进行分析,景观类型的多样性指数分别为:建筑景观(5.514)、绿地景观(5.164)、农业及其它景观(3.597)、道路景观(3.486)、水域景观(2.103);景观类型的优势度大小依次为:建筑体景观(2.503)、道路景观(1.452)、水域景观(1.159)、绿地景观(1.118)、农业及其它景观(0.695);景观类型的均匀度大小分别为:道路景观(0.861)、建筑体景观(0.731)、绿地景观(0.724)、水域景观(0.611)、农业景观(0.539);景观类型的景观分离度大小分别为:绿地景观(40.403)、水域景观(19.981)、建筑体景观(11.242)、农业及其它景观(5.976)、道路景观(1.801);景观类型的景观破碎度大小分别为:农业景观16.034、道路景观11.025、水域景观4.013、建筑体景观3.468、绿地景观1.991;各类景观的蔓延度分别为:建筑体景观3.482、农业及其它景观4.597、水体景观5.122、道路景观5.275、绿地景观5.743。选取连通性指数和网络环度对合肥城区廊道网络进行分析,连通性指数为0.473491,环度为0.209614。结果表明:合肥市的主要建成区的景观生态空间格局主要以建筑体景观为主导,其景观多样性指数最大,而且斑块分维数也比较大;从景观的分离度和孔隙度看,这两个指标均以绿地景观为最大;建筑体景观的均匀度和优势度最大;绿地景观的均匀度最大,对整个景观有很强的影响;建筑景观的优势度最大,对景观的支配作用最大;农业及其它景观在城市景观中面积较少,并且均匀的分布在城市景观周围,对景观的作用较小。
通过对景观空间格局指数的分析,探讨合肥市城区景观生态空间格局特点,分析合肥市城市景观生态空间格局中存在的问题,根据景观生态空间格局优化的原则,提出城市景观生态优化的对策和措施:建议合肥围绕着巢湖建设城市,优化城市功能分区,逐步实现城市形态由单中心、高集聚向多中心、组团式转变,由单中心“环城时代”向现代化滨湖城市时代演变的城市格局;建议合肥城市总体的形态结构应体现为“山水背景,绿带穿城,板块分散,指状发展”的“星型”结构特征;建议合肥保护好城市的自然地貌,强调自然景观,适当降低城市建筑密度;建议合肥合理均匀配置绿地斑块与廊道。所提措施拟为合肥市的城市景观生态建设和土地利用优化提供依据。
Landscape pattern of Hefei is analyzed using quantitative analysis of landscape ecology. According to the principles of landscape classification and characteristics of region, landscape of Hefei is divided into five types, including construction landscape, water landscape, road landscape, vegetation landscape, and agricultural landscape. Major source of information is 2004 Hefei district map in land use. The spatial data and attribute date of Hefei's different landscapes are picked up using image and data processing functions of ArcView 3.2. Selecting different landscape indices, heterogeneity index of spatial pattern is calculating by landscape index calculation software Fragstats3.3.
Overall landscape feature of Hefei is analyzed by patch area, the average area of patch, number of patches and patch perimeter. The total number of landscape is 1906. The structure landscape has the largest number, 1083, 56.8% of the total and the largest area, accounting for 46.6% of the total area. Features of landscape types are analyzed through fractal dimension, patch shape index, patch density, inner edge index. The green landscape has the biggest shape index 1.763, but architectural landscape has the minimum 1.254. The largest fractal dimension is water landscape 1.354. The smallest is architectural landscape 1.196. The green landscape has the largest patch density 7.434. The agricultural landscape has the smallest patch density 3.050. The largest inner edge is water landscape 18.832 and the smallest is road landscape 2.364. Landscape heterogeneity of Hefei city and structure of vegetation landscape are analyzed through landscape indices including diversity, dominance, fragmentation, and evenness index. Landscape types of diversity index were architectural landscape 5.514, green landscape 5.164, agricultural landscape 3.597, road landscape 3.486 and water landscape 2.103. Landscape types of dominance were as follows: structure landscape 2.503, road landscape 1.452, water landscape 1.159, green landscape 1.118 and agriculture landscape 0.695. Landscape types of uniformity of size: road landscape 0.861, structure landscape 0.731, green landscape 0.724, water landscape 0.611, agricultural landscape 0.539. Landscape types of landscape fragmentation size are: agricultural landscape 16.034, road landscape 11.025, water landscape 4.013, structure landscape 3.468 and green landscape 1.991. The spread of all types of landscapes, respectively, structure landscape 3.482, agricultural 4.597, water landscape 5.122, road landscape 5.275, green landscape 5.743. By using connectedness index and the network, corridor network of is analyzed. The connectivity index was 0.473491 and central index was 0.209614. The construction landscape is in the main body of Hefei landscape. Its diversity index is the largest and its patch fractal dimension is relatively large. The evenness index of green landscape is the largest. The green landscape has strong influence on the entire landscape. The construction landscape has the largest dominance and the most dominant role on the landscape. The agricultural landscape is distributed around the urban landscape.
Through the index analysis of landscape spatial pattern and the discussion of landscape spatial pattern characteristics, to analysis the existing problems of the landscape spatial pattern of Hefei. According to the landscape ecological spatial pattern optimization principle that the policies and measures of urban landscape ecological optimization was proposed. Hefei should construct around Caohu to optimize the urban functions. It will gradually form from the center alone to the high concentration multi-center. It will form from single ring age to the modern era lakeside evolution of the urban cities pattern. Overall structure of Hefei should reflect the landscape background, a green belt through cities, board scattered, finger development of star structural characteristics. Hefei should protect the natural landscape, emphasizing the natural landscape, appropriate to reduce urban density. Hefei should reasonable proposal uniform patches and configuration green corridor. The basis of urban landscape ecological construction and land use were provided for the optimization of Hefei city.
选取斑块面积、斑块平均面积、斑块数、斑块周长等指标对合肥市景观总体特征进行分析,分析结果为:景观的总斑块数为1906块,建筑体景观的数量最多,有1083块、占总数的56.8%,而且面积最大,占总面积的46.6%。选取形状指数、分维数、内缘比、孔隙度对合肥城区景观类型特征进行分析,斑块形状指数以绿地景观的最大,为1.763,建筑景观最小,为1.254;水体景观的分维数最大,为1.354,建筑体景观最小,为1.196;绿地景观的斑块孔隙度最大,为7.434,农业及其它景观最小,为3.050;内缘比最大的为水体景观18.832,道路景观的内缘比最小,为2.364;选取多样性、优势度、均匀度、分离度、破碎度、蔓延度对合肥城区景观异质性和绿地景观结构进行分析,景观类型的多样性指数分别为:建筑景观(5.514)、绿地景观(5.164)、农业及其它景观(3.597)、道路景观(3.486)、水域景观(2.103);景观类型的优势度大小依次为:建筑体景观(2.503)、道路景观(1.452)、水域景观(1.159)、绿地景观(1.118)、农业及其它景观(0.695);景观类型的均匀度大小分别为:道路景观(0.861)、建筑体景观(0.731)、绿地景观(0.724)、水域景观(0.611)、农业景观(0.539);景观类型的景观分离度大小分别为:绿地景观(40.403)、水域景观(19.981)、建筑体景观(11.242)、农业及其它景观(5.976)、道路景观(1.801);景观类型的景观破碎度大小分别为:农业景观16.034、道路景观11.025、水域景观4.013、建筑体景观3.468、绿地景观1.991;各类景观的蔓延度分别为:建筑体景观3.482、农业及其它景观4.597、水体景观5.122、道路景观5.275、绿地景观5.743。选取连通性指数和网络环度对合肥城区廊道网络进行分析,连通性指数为0.473491,环度为0.209614。结果表明:合肥市的主要建成区的景观生态空间格局主要以建筑体景观为主导,其景观多样性指数最大,而且斑块分维数也比较大;从景观的分离度和孔隙度看,这两个指标均以绿地景观为最大;建筑体景观的均匀度和优势度最大;绿地景观的均匀度最大,对整个景观有很强的影响;建筑景观的优势度最大,对景观的支配作用最大;农业及其它景观在城市景观中面积较少,并且均匀的分布在城市景观周围,对景观的作用较小。
通过对景观空间格局指数的分析,探讨合肥市城区景观生态空间格局特点,分析合肥市城市景观生态空间格局中存在的问题,根据景观生态空间格局优化的原则,提出城市景观生态优化的对策和措施:建议合肥围绕着巢湖建设城市,优化城市功能分区,逐步实现城市形态由单中心、高集聚向多中心、组团式转变,由单中心“环城时代”向现代化滨湖城市时代演变的城市格局;建议合肥城市总体的形态结构应体现为“山水背景,绿带穿城,板块分散,指状发展”的“星型”结构特征;建议合肥保护好城市的自然地貌,强调自然景观,适当降低城市建筑密度;建议合肥合理均匀配置绿地斑块与廊道。所提措施拟为合肥市的城市景观生态建设和土地利用优化提供依据。
Landscape pattern of Hefei is analyzed using quantitative analysis of landscape ecology. According to the principles of landscape classification and characteristics of region, landscape of Hefei is divided into five types, including construction landscape, water landscape, road landscape, vegetation landscape, and agricultural landscape. Major source of information is 2004 Hefei district map in land use. The spatial data and attribute date of Hefei's different landscapes are picked up using image and data processing functions of ArcView 3.2. Selecting different landscape indices, heterogeneity index of spatial pattern is calculating by landscape index calculation software Fragstats3.3.
Overall landscape feature of Hefei is analyzed by patch area, the average area of patch, number of patches and patch perimeter. The total number of landscape is 1906. The structure landscape has the largest number, 1083, 56.8% of the total and the largest area, accounting for 46.6% of the total area. Features of landscape types are analyzed through fractal dimension, patch shape index, patch density, inner edge index. The green landscape has the biggest shape index 1.763, but architectural landscape has the minimum 1.254. The largest fractal dimension is water landscape 1.354. The smallest is architectural landscape 1.196. The green landscape has the largest patch density 7.434. The agricultural landscape has the smallest patch density 3.050. The largest inner edge is water landscape 18.832 and the smallest is road landscape 2.364. Landscape heterogeneity of Hefei city and structure of vegetation landscape are analyzed through landscape indices including diversity, dominance, fragmentation, and evenness index. Landscape types of diversity index were architectural landscape 5.514, green landscape 5.164, agricultural landscape 3.597, road landscape 3.486 and water landscape 2.103. Landscape types of dominance were as follows: structure landscape 2.503, road landscape 1.452, water landscape 1.159, green landscape 1.118 and agriculture landscape 0.695. Landscape types of uniformity of size: road landscape 0.861, structure landscape 0.731, green landscape 0.724, water landscape 0.611, agricultural landscape 0.539. Landscape types of landscape fragmentation size are: agricultural landscape 16.034, road landscape 11.025, water landscape 4.013, structure landscape 3.468 and green landscape 1.991. The spread of all types of landscapes, respectively, structure landscape 3.482, agricultural 4.597, water landscape 5.122, road landscape 5.275, green landscape 5.743. By using connectedness index and the network, corridor network of is analyzed. The connectivity index was 0.473491 and central index was 0.209614. The construction landscape is in the main body of Hefei landscape. Its diversity index is the largest and its patch fractal dimension is relatively large. The evenness index of green landscape is the largest. The green landscape has strong influence on the entire landscape. The construction landscape has the largest dominance and the most dominant role on the landscape. The agricultural landscape is distributed around the urban landscape.
Through the index analysis of landscape spatial pattern and the discussion of landscape spatial pattern characteristics, to analysis the existing problems of the landscape spatial pattern of Hefei. According to the landscape ecological spatial pattern optimization principle that the policies and measures of urban landscape ecological optimization was proposed. Hefei should construct around Caohu to optimize the urban functions. It will gradually form from the center alone to the high concentration multi-center. It will form from single ring age to the modern era lakeside evolution of the urban cities pattern. Overall structure of Hefei should reflect the landscape background, a green belt through cities, board scattered, finger development of star structural characteristics. Hefei should protect the natural landscape, emphasizing the natural landscape, appropriate to reduce urban density. Hefei should reasonable proposal uniform patches and configuration green corridor. The basis of urban landscape ecological construction and land use were provided for the optimization of Hefei city.
引文
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